Based on the combining forecasts, production function and the author’s previous work, this article evaluated the future grain supply and demand balance of Tibet at the county scale after considering the impact of climate change. The results show that: 1) The areas with high grain production in Tibet will be concentrated in the Yarlung Zangbo River, Nyangqu River and Lhasa River Region and other river valley areas. The areas with high grain demand will be mainly in counties and cities with larger populations. Increasing meat consumption in the future will consume more feed grain. 2) The grain supply and demand balance in Tibet will have obvious geographic differences between the north and the south. It will be relatively satisfying in the south, but will be relatively terrible in the north. 3) At current status, the gain self-sufficiency ratio of Tibet is 70.58%, failing to achieve an overall balance between grain supply and demand, and it will be 62.59% and 53.55% in 2030 and 2050. Although the total grain demand cannot be completely met in the future, it can still guarantee staple grain self-sufficiency. 4) Climate change will have a positive impact on the grain self-sufficiency. It is estimated that in 2030 and 2050, climate change will increase the self-sufficiency ratio by 2.45% and 2.09% in Tibet. This study can help clarify future food security status and develop the agricultural layout in Tibet, thus ensuring food security in this border area and promoting sustainable development of the plateau agriculture.

COVID-19 pandemic has substantially impacted the domestic tourist source market demand in tourism destinations. Exploring the spatially differentiated characteristics and mechanisms of these impacts can provide insights into destination resilience's theoretical and practical implications. The study takes the Confucius Temple scenic area in Nanjing as the research case and analyzes the impact on its 309 domestic tourist source cities (at prefecture-level and above) under the major public health events. The study uses methods such as Geographic Concentration Index, Attractive Radius Index, and exploratory time-space data analysis to explore the spatio-temporal change in the tourist source market after the pandemic. We construct the Loss Index to quantitatively evaluate the impact, spatial difference, and the pattern of the pandemic on tourist source market demand with the bivariate spatial autocorrelation method. The results show that: 1) after the pandemic, the spatial clustering characteristics of the source market and the trend of proximity travel are more obvious; the degree of damage to the source demand is differentiated in space; the source market for medium- and long-distance tourist source market shows higher vulnerability. 2) The impact of the pandemic on the scale of the tourist source market is greater than the spatial pattern; the evolution of the spatial pattern of the tourist market in pre-and post- pandemic has strong consistency and positive spatial integration, with a stable local structure and a low probability of spatial-time transition. 3) There are obvious differences in spatial correlation characteristics between short-haul sources within 250 km and medium-haul sources within 900 km. This paper provides a more refined quantitative assessment of the extent of damage and its spatial differentiation across tourist source markets in the aftermath of the pandemic. This study further enriches the theoretical research results on the impact of crisis events on the source markets of neighborhood-based scenic destinations. Also, it guides destinations in developing recovery strategies for different source markets.

Wind erosion climatic erosivity is an index constructed after comprehensive parameterization of wind speed, precipitation, and so on. It is usually used to characterize the potential wind erosion level under the comprehensive influence of a series of climatic conditions. Many studies have been carried out in the calculation of wind erosion climatic erosivity, temporal and spatial changes and driving factors of wind erosion climatic erosivity around the world. However, previous studies in China mainly focused on arid and semi-arid areas inland, and rarely involved coastal areas, which probably also has high wind erosion climatic erosivity. Therefore, the main coastal areas of China were selected as the research area. Based on the observation data of 64 meteorological stations in the main coastal areas in China from 1960 to 2019, we calculated the average level of wind erosion climatic erosivity by the model proposed by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and we analyzed its variation by Mann-Kendall test model, Morlet wavelet and so on. In order to reveal the influencing factors of change accurately, we selected four indicators for analysis, including the Multivariate El Niño-Southern Oscillation Index (MEI), the number of days with average wind speed>8 m/s (QSD), Rainfall erosivity (Re), and Drought Index called Surface Wetness Index (SWI). The following results are obtained: 1) Wind erosion climatic erosivity of coastal areas in China were in range of 0.34-197.32, and the average value was 38.78, which was similar to the average value of inland arid and semi-arid areas in China. The seasonal characteristic of wind erosion climatic erosivity of coastal areas was that winter (14.13) >autumn (11.74) >spring (9.99) >summer (2.57). 2) The mean annual and seasonal wind erosion climatic erosivity of coastal areas in China both had decreased significantly without mutation point during research time, and the first major cycle was 12 years in inter-annual changes, and it was 5 years in spring or winter, 26 years in summer or autumn. 3) The number of days with average wind speed >8 m/s (QSD) was the main positive driving factor of wind erosion climatic erosivity in China's main coastal areas; The Multivariate El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) may indirectly drive changes in wind erosion climatic erosivity by affecting precipitation; rainfall and drought mainly had negative impacts on changes in wind erosion climatic erosivity in winter when wind speed dropped.

The low mountain and hilly areas in Northeast China are important grain producing areas and commercial grain bases. High-intensity agricultural cultivation has caused serious soil erosion and increasing erosion ditch hazards. An area of 106.5 km² in the upper reaches of the East Liaohe River was selected as the study area, and the geometric parameters and latitude and longitude of erosion ditches with length ≥ 50 m and depth ≥ 0.5 m in the study area were verified and measured in the field based on the remote sensing images with 2 m resolution and manual prediction of erosion ditches by GIS. Based on DEM, the spatial information of slope gradient, slope aspect and elevation of erosion gullies was obtained; the basic characteristics and spatial and temporal evolution trends of erosion gullies in the study area were analyzed, and the influence of slope gradient and slope aspect on the development of erosion gullies was discussed. The results show that: 1) There are 322 erosion gullies in the study area, with a distribution density of 3.0 gullies /km², a gully density of 0.8 km/km², and a fragmentation degree of 1.4%. The development of erosion gullies is fast, and the intensity of gully erosion has reached an intense degree, which should be paid enough attention to. 2) Erosion gullies are mainly distributed on sloping arable land from 6° to 9°, the influence of slope gradient on gully erosion is obvious, and the high-intensity reclamation of sloping arable land is the main driving force for the increase of gully erosion. 3) There are more erosion gullies on the sunny slope (S, E, etc.), and least erosion gullies on the shady slope (N). Slope aspect also has a certain influence on gully erosion. The research results provide scientific data for understanding the occurrence and evolution of erosion gullies in low mountain and hilly areas of Northeast China.

The relationship between human and nature is a central topic of geography, and a major problem in the development of human society. In the report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Xi Jinping clearly put forward the important thesis of ‘Human and Natural Life Community’. How to implement the public policy discourse into the concrete action practice depends on scholars’ empirical analysis on typical cases. The previous studies on the relationship between human and nature usually take individual or family as the analysis unit, discussing the interaction between the individual or family and the specific type of natural object. Relatively little works have been done dissecting how the relationship between human and nature in specific regions are constructed. Taking Xiawu Village in Tibet as a case study, field investigations were carried out for villagers and government workers based on qualitative methods such as semi-structured interviews and participatory observation. This paper examines the relationship between local society and nature, and analyzes how to construct the community of life for human and nature from the perspective of daily life practice. The findings are as follows: 1) When Tibetan villagers interact with highland barley (Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste) and cattle, they connect with the latter through multiple life practice strategies, such as material, emotion, space and identity transformation. Through the practice of man’s naturalization, a representational community of life for human and nature is constructed. At this time, highland barley and cattle, as instrumental nature, are the physical representation of the villagers, narrating the daily life when human actors are absent. 2) When Tibetan villagers interact with Cordyceps and Macaca, they conn-ect with the latter by means of life practice strategies such as meaning, system, and space negotiation. Through the practice of humanization of nature, a linked community of life for human and nature is constructed. At this time, Cordyceps and Macaques, as objectified nature, were constructed by society, given social life, and gradually embedded in human’s daily life.

Modern gully agriculture is a new regional type of agriculture developed in the process of man-land coupling in the loess hilly and gully legion. Its sustainable development has great practical significance for the high-quality development of regional agriculture, optimization of "production-living-ecological" space and rural revitalization. Based on the cognition of human-earth system science, the connotation, sustainable development direction, typical development patterns and guarantee system of modern gully agriculture were discussed, and relevant research prospects were proposed. This paper also provides a theoretical reference for systematically understanding the patterns of gully agriculture and promoting its sustainable development in loess hilly and gully region. The conclusions are as follows: 1) Gully agriculture is an important functional type of rural regional system, which has the characteristics of multi-scale and multi-level. Thus, the sustainable development of gully agriculture should focus on micro, meso and macro scales to realize the sustainable development of soil ecosystem, farmland ecosystem and agricultural regional system synergistically. 2) On the premise of ensuring food security and ecological security, adjustment of agricultural structure should be actively promoted to develop multifunctional agriculture. Through the "3C" model, namely, the internal circulation of agriculture itself, external circulation of agriculture and the big circulation of agriculture based on agricultural multifunction, it helps to realize the optimization of the production structure, the extension of the industrial chain and the complementarity of urban and rural functions, which can promote the development of rural economy and urban-rural integration. 3) Innovation and promotion of the driving patterns such as comprehensive land consolidation pattern, agricultural structure adjustment pattern, comprehensive development of characteristic resources pattern and land transfer scale production pattern can help to improve the efficiency and quality of agricultural production. 4) The furture is expand interdisciplinary research of geography and other disciplines, and deepen the research in "theory-practice" paradigm. To explore and establish the agricultural production guarantee system that integrates technology research and application, talent training, policy and institutional support, are the important measure to comprehensively improve the efficiency of agricultural resources utilization and overall production efficiency of gully agriculture and promote the modernization of gully agriculture.

This article analyzes how featured town has become a new state space through state rescaling and ''state-capital'' relationship transformation. Taking the spatial restructuring of Intelligence Valley in Hangzhou as an example, three major findings are reported as follows. First, in the process of land use transformation, the governments of Zhejiang Province and Hangzhou city have shifted the scale of power downwardly and outwardly in terms of land regulation, governance networks, and policy incentives, in order to strengthen the regulatory capacity and autonomy of sub-city administrative agencies, which realizes the localization of power in Intelligence Valley. Second, in the process of industrial upgrading, multi-level governments eliminate inefficient industries through the construction of industrial regulatory regime, policy mobilization, corporate compensation and administrative punishment. Subsequently, governments have guided the reterritorialization of capital with resource injection, administrative empowerment, and the improvement of social status. Third, the interaction between the new configuration of the power and the transformation of ''state-capital'' relationship jointly promote Intelligence Valley to become a new state space to sustain high-quality development. In general, the construction of featured towns reveals the development trends of China's state spatial selectivity in sub-city-scale, in which the city strategically constructs a ''sub-city-scale new state space'' to cope with the crisis of land use shortage and industrial inefficiency.

The spatial structure and distribution of “Non-grain” cultivated land in Wanshan area, which is located in karst valley landform, were analyzed by using spatial autocorrelation and hotspot analysis, The driving factors of regional difference of cultivated land non-grain conversion were discussed with the help of the geodetic probe model, and the driving mechanism of cultivated land non-grain conversion was studied in combination with the topography and geomorphologic environment of karst troughs and valleys. The results show: 1) There are more “Non-grain” cultivated land in Wanshan area, and the proportion of cultivated land to woodland and garden land is large, so there is strong spatial aggregation in spatial distribution. 2) Among the many factors, tthe distance from the rural roads is the main driving force, which leads to the formation of different types of “Non-grain” cultivated land. 3) The formation and distribution of “Non-grain” arable land in the region are significantly affected by external driving forces, and different types of “Non-grain” arable land have different driving forces, but there are some internal links between them. 4) Under the influence of the original driving force (topographic factor) and external driving force (location factor) accompanied by measures such as returning farmland to forests and grasslands, ecological restoration, etc., the trough valley low, valley slope and valley top cultivated land “Non-grain” types are roughly the same.

As a historical process, the evolution of spatial organization in the metropolitan area results from regional economic growth, multi-scale division of labour and multi-subject power relations. This study constructs a multi-scale comparative analysis framework to compare and summarizes the spatial characteristics, organizational rules and evolutionary mechanism of the spatial organization evolution of Shanghai and Los Angeles metropolitan areas. In this way, it is conducive to exploring the characteristics of the spatial organization of China's metropolitan areas. Los Angeles is representative of ''polycentric'' ''low-density'', and ''scattered'' after the transformation of the post-Fordist economy. After the reform and opening-up, Shanghai clustered the benefits of national policy preference and global capital transfer. The rise of many industrial parks and new towns promoted the transformation of Shanghai's spatial organization from ''monocentric'' to ''polycentric''. The adjustment of industrial structure and division of labour are the main reasons for the evolution of spatial organization in metropolitan areas. However, due to the differences in multi-scale spatiality, the processes of evolution are significantly different. As an intermediary for the country to be embedded in the global production network, the spatial organization of the Shanghai metropolitan area is a product of multi-scale political interaction and integration. A large amount of infrastructure investment and construction has attracted global capital, reshaped spatial organization, and strengthened the government's role in uneven regional growth. The construction of a multi-scale comparative analysis framework based on a relationship perspective, which regards cities as a collection of abstractions and concrete practices, provides a new theoretical perspective for understanding and analyzing the mechanism of spatial organization evolution in specific situations.

River terraces can act as a geomorphic record of tectonic uplift and have been used to characterize regional geomorphologic evolution. The terrain of the Guizhou Plateau has gradually developed a pattern of higher and lower elevation in the west and east, respectively since the Cenozoic. River terraces have shown positive and sensitive responses to this process. The Qingshuijiang River in eastern Guizhou is a tributary of the Yuanjiang River. A two-strath terrace has generally formed on both banks of the Qingshuijiang River, characterized by well-preserved fluvial facies. This study comprehensively analyzed the formation ages of the terrace morphology of four sections along the river. The results showed that the formation age of the T2 terrace in the Mazhai and Wengdong sections in the upstream area is 51-57 ka B.P., whereas that of the T1 terrace is 25 ka B.P. The formation age of the T2 terrace of the Sanjiang and Shidong sections in the downstream area is 122-102 ka B.P., whereas that of the T1 terrace is 78 ka B.P. The bedrock height of the T2 terrace of each profile was selected to calculate the river incision rate. The results showed similar river incision rates between the two profiles in the upstream area (Mazhai and Wengdong) of 0.41-0.34 m/ka respectively, significantly higher than that of the two profiles in the downstream area (Sanjiang and Shidong). This result indicated a higher incision rate upstream, with the incision rate gradually decreasing downstream. The upper reaches of the Qingshuijiang River have experienced differential uplift under the influence of tectonism since the Late Pleistocene. This process was characterized by a large tectonic uplift in the west and a rapid incision rate, whereas the opposite pattern occurred in the east.

During the Bohai period of the Tang Dynasty, the Northeast China was influenced by the culture of the Central Plains and underwent great changes in terms of urban patterns and architectural styles. The change provides a large number of ancient city sites for studying the social development of the Northeast China today. With ArcGIS software and spatial analysis methods, this paper studies on the distribution characteristics of 234 ancient city sites in the Bohai Kingdom of Tang Dynasty in Northeast China, and the relationship between the spatial pattern of ancient city sites and natural conditions. By analyzing 234 ancient city sites with Nearest Neighbor Analysis, this paper argues that Ancient Bohai City relics in Tang Dynasty were mainly concentrated in 4 agglomeration areas, namely the Tumen River-Yalu River Agglomeration Area (A), Mudan River Agglomeration Area (B), Songhua River-Liao River Agglomeration Area (C), Muling River Agglomeration Area (D). Among them, accounting for 47.43% of the total sites, the Tumen River-Yalu River Agglomeration Area is the most significant one located in the south of the study area. This paper also discusses the distribution of Ancient Bohai City relics in the way of from sparse to dense from north to the south, forming an obvious pattern of spatial clusters. In the climatic environment of the time, natural factors such as water and heat conditions became the main factors affecting the city sites. In order to adapt to the cold climate of the northeast, the outer walls of the city buildings were thicker than those in the central plains; sites below 500 m in elevation accounted for nearly 70% of the total number; nearly 80% of the city sites were built in flatter areas below 9°; in order to have better lighting, most of the city sites were chosen to face south on slopes; more than 80% of the sites were chosen to be within 1000 m from the river. These show that natural conditions had an important influence on the choice of the Bohai city site. Human factors such as political, economic, military and transportation locations guided the number and distribution of ancient city sites. These human factors include Bohai agriculture, animal husbandry and handicrafts economic form which made Bohai city site closer to the means of production. Bohai Kindom is also the transportation hub of the northeast of the Tang Dynasty. Transportation routes have an impact on the distribution of the city site. Bohai and surrounding people have been at war, that part of the city site plays an important military defense function. In summary, the distribution of the ancient city sites in Bohai is the result of both natural and humanistic influences, and is an important reflection of human adaptation to nature and the use of nature.

Based on the national dynamic monitoring data of the floating population in 2017, using the binary logistic regression model and SUEST inspection, this paper makes an empirical study and further analysis of the influencing factors on the Hukou transfer intention of the rural-urban and urban-urban floating population and draws the following conclusions: 1) In general, the Hukou transfer intention of urban-urban floating population is significantly higher than that of the rural-urban floating population. The household register value and social assimilation have significant impacts on the Hukou transfer intention of the two types of floating population, but the degree of influence is different between the two. 2) In comparison, the household register value of the outflow place significantly hinders the Hukou transfer intention of rural-urban migrants, and has a weak influence on the Hukou transfer intention of urban-urban migrants. The household register value of the destination and social assimilation have a more significant impact on the Hukou transfer intention of urban-urban floating population. 3) The impact of household registration value and social assimilation on the floating population’s Hukou transfer intention is different in cities and the distance of migration. 4) The root cause of these differences are the differences in values and behavior patterns shaped by different household registration identities.

Against the backdrop of new urbanization in China, the home purchase intention of floating population in the destination city is closely related to the process of citizenization. However, existing studies have paid insufficient attention to the spatial heterogeneity of floating population’s home purchase intention and its influencing factors. Based on China Migrants Dynamic Survey in 2016, this study investigates the determinants of floating population’s home purchase intention and their spatial heterogeneity using the multi-scale geographically weighted regression (MGWR). The results show that the overall willingness of China’s urban floating population to purchase a home in the city of their inflow is on the low side, especially in the southeastern coastal region where the floating population congregates, where the floating population has the lowest willingness to purchase a home. The results of the MGWR model indicate that different factors exerting significant impacts on floating population’ home purchase intention have spatial scale differences. Among them, significant variables such as hukou status, inter-provincial migration have obvious regional differences in the influence of the floating population’s home purchase intention in different regions. Specifically, marital status, hukou status and occupation at the individual level and housing price, public financial expenditure and medical resources at the city level have greater impacts on the willingness of floating population to purchase a dwelling in southeast China than other regions. The impacts of income, frequency of migration, owning a dwelling and migration with children are more significant in northeast China. The educational attainment and housing provident fund have more significant positive effects on floating population’s home purchase intention in northwest China, while the negative impact of inter-provincial migration decreases from northwest to middle central China. This study provides theoretical basis and policy recommendations for alleviating the housing problem of the floating population and advancing the process of urbanization.

In the context of global climate change, habitat adaptation studies of the karst tiankeng plants are gradually being highlighting. However, it is unclear what ecological strategies plants adopt to acclimate to tiankeng microhabitat, and how plant life history, genetic history, and ecological factors contribute to functional trait variation. Therefore, we analyzed the degree of variation of 8 functional traits from 34 woody species in a typical moderate-degraded Shenxiantang Tiankeng of Zhanyi Nature Reserve of Yunnan Province. The relationship between functional trait variation and family group, life type, growth type and ecological factors and the explanatory effect of soil factors on plant trait variation were further explored at intraspecific and interaspecific levels. Our results showed that the characteristics of woody species from tiankeng underground forest were large leaf thickness, small specific leaf area and large leaf dry matter content. Interspecific variation of plant traits in shrubs was generally smaller than that of trees, and the degree of variation of plant traits did not significantly difference between evergreen and deciduous tree species. The majority of intraspecific and interspecific variation of leaf traits was greater than that of branchlet traits. The average intraspecific variation coefficient of plant traits in the Shenxiantang Tiankeng amounted to 23.45%, which was lower compared to the vegetation types in other non-karst regions. It indicated that plants had less shape plasticity under the karst tiankeng regions. Soil nutrients were the dominant environmental factor which determined the variability of community traits at the sample site scale. Moreover, the phylogenetic history of species and their life history characteristics were also internal drivers of functional trait variation in this zonal vegetation. In conclusion, during the long-term evolution of species, the functional traits and their degree of variability were influenced by a combination of non-biological environmental factors, phylogenetic processes, and life history strategies. This study aims to provide materials and evidence for the value of species refuges in karst tiankengs with negative topography, and to contribute scientific support for enhancing the ecosystem service functions of karst ecologically vulnerable areas and nature reserves in Yunnan Plateau, and for scientifically undertaking ecological restoration of tiankeng external areas and zonal vegetation.

Urban agglomeration characterized by compact regional cooperation and frequent human mobility has been an obvious direction of urban and socio-economic development in China. However, in the formation of urban agglomeration, rapid impervious expansion and tremendous anthropogenic heat sources making urban areas hotter, which generates the urban heat island (UHI) effect and associated extreme heat events, threatening public health and sustainable development. Although studies have documented the impact of UHI on the urban environment by using a single urban agglomeration as the research object, there is still a lack of knowledge of the driving mechanism of the spatiotemporal pattern of UHI on the national scale. In this study, we observed the urban expansion and the spatiotemporal pattern of UHI in 19 urban agglomerations of China from 2000 to 2015 by using long-term impervious data and MODIS surface temperature data. Furthermore, by using Redundancy analysis (RDA) and linear regression model with the datasets that represent the nature and socio-economic driving factors, we quantified the driving mechanism of spatiotemporal pattern of UHI for all urban agglomerations. Results show that the impervious surface expanded rapidly with its proportion increased from 2.08% to 5.33% during 2000-2015 in China’s urban agglomerations, concentrating in coastal urban agglomerations such as the Pearl River Delta. The proportion of heat island (PHI) was high and the intensity of heat island (SUHII_agg) was higher in summer nighttime than in daytime. The eastern and numerous of northern urban agglomerations such as Harbin-Changchun had strong cooling capacity in summer, however the SUHII_agg increased in nighttime to varying degrees. Besides, the PHI and the SUHII_agg in winter nighttime was higher than that in daytime. And the SUHII_agg in the north, northwest and east urban agglomerations increased in winter nighttime. We found vegetation was significantly reducing the nighttime PHI, while the precipitation was negatively affecting the SUHII_agg in summer nighttime (22%) and latitude was positively affecting the SUHII_agg in winter nighttime (56%). Meanwhile, the nighttime lights was negatively affecting the SUHII_agg(24%) and positively affecting the PHI (27%) while the population negatively affecting the SUHII_agg in summer nighttime (31%).These show that natural environmental factors dominantly contribute to the SUHII_agg, while the human disturbance factors dominantly contribute to the PHI. These show that the interaction between radiation changes and human activities has an important impact on the nighttime UHI effect in China. Since the urban expansion and immigration keep ongoing, the UHI effect is predicted to be more intense and of longer duration in China. Thus, the pathway to balance the development of urban agglomeration and the mitigation of the urban heat environment is a major challenge for government policymaking in China. This study expands the knowledge of the spatiotemporal UHI change at the national scale, which provides a scientific basis for urban planning, alleviating urban heat challenges, and achieving sustainable development.

Exploring vegetation cover changes in alpine regions and their influencing factors has become one of the focal issues for scholars at home and abroad. Based on MODIS-NDVI data and meteorological data, this study analyzed the spatial and temporal characteristics of vegetation NDVI in the Southwest Tibetan Plateau (SWTP) from 2000 to 2020 and the effects of climate change and human activities on vegetation NDVI by using trend analysis, correlation analysis and residual analysis. The results showed that NDVI in the SWTP has been increasing in the past 20 years. There are obvious differences in the growth rates of vegetation NDVI in different time periods mainly as follows: autumn > growing season > summer > whole year > spring > winter; although there are differences in the distribution pattern of vegetation NDVI in different time periods, the vegetation cover in the eastern part of the plateau is significantly higher than that in the western part. The vegetation status is basically stable in most areas of the plateau, with significant local improvement and degradation in some areas. On the interannual scale, the increase of temperature and precipitation led to the increase of vegetation NDVI, and on the seasonal scale, the increase of temperature in spring, autumn and winter led to the increase of vegetation NDVI, and the increase of precipitation leads to the decrease of vegetation NDVI, and the increase of temperature in summer and growing season led to the decrease of vegetation NDVI, and the increase of precipitation leads to the increase of vegetation NDVI. Human activities have a positive impact on most areas of the plateau, and a negative impact in some areas, concentrated in counties with semi-agricultural and semi-pastoralism and purely pastoralism.

With the transformation of urban economy to metropolitan economy, urban space is accelerating to expand to suburbs, and the fringe areas have developed rapidly. The development of suburbs presents a new stage characteristic—post-suburbanization. This article puts Shanghai’s suburbs in the post-suburbanization landscape, and uses the post-suburbanization theory to examine the spatial growth of Shanghai's suburbs. Results found: 1) Post-suburbanization is an important stage in the process of suburbanization, which is a new spatial settlement form after the centrifugal and decentralized development of multiple elements. Compared with traditional suburbanization, post-suburbanization space is obviously different in spatial distribution, spatial utilization, spatial relationship, spatial governance mode, etc. 2) The suburbs of Shanghai have entered a new era of post-suburbanization, with more complex and diversified functional spaces in the outer suburbs, more independent suburban spaces, and present urban-like forms. 3) The development of post-suburbanization space has gone through three stages: industrial satellite towns serving industrial production after the founding of the People's Republic of China; development zones for reforming experimental fields after the opening up; and new towns created by comprehensive functional spaces after 2000. Different spatial carriers reshape the elements of suburban landscape and promote the formation of new spatial settlement form. 4) The development-oriented post-suburbanization construction is a new round of large-scale suburban development and construction of local governments to maintain their own growth accumulation strategy, and its formation is the result of the growth alliance under the leadership of the local government.Government's entrepreneurial behaviors; space repair of capital; The participation of residents in space production has obviously promoted the formation of post-suburbanization in China.

The abundant forest cover information has been recorded on the historical topographic maps which can offer the first-hand information of long time period of forest cover change and satisfy the research of land cover reconstruction and its environmental effect. By the meaning of map interpretation and data digging, this study has extracted the forestland cover information from historical topographic maps (1950) and contemporary land use map (2020), and analyze the change process and spatial-temporal pattern of forestland cover during 1950 to 2020. The results showed that: 1) It is very accurate for the forestland cover information recorded in the historical topographic maps which can effectively represent the fundamental spatial-temporal pattern characteristics of forestland in Northeast China in the middle of 20^th century; In the past 70 years, the total area of forestland in Northeast China had rapidly increased by 10.04×10⁴ km², and meanwhile the forestland coverage ratio had increased from 34.67% to 44.97%. Except Baishan City, the area of forestland in the cities level is increasing and the forestland area of net growth of top five cities have exceeded 5 000 km². 2) During the study period, the region areas of maintained, increased and decreased forestland were 28.36×10⁴ km², 15.49×10⁴ km² and 5.45×10⁴ km² respectively. The maintained region for forestland mainly were distributed on the Changbai Mountains, the Lesser and Greater Khingan Mountains which have spatially formed the inverted U-shaped pattern, and the area have covered the 64.68% of whole forestland in 2020. The increasing district of forestland was concentrated in the Liaohe Plain, the west of Changbai Mountains, the east side of the Sanjiang Plain and the east-east sides of Da Hinggan Mountains, and the decreased region of forestland was scattered in many place. 3) The region disappeared the forest have been mainly occupied by the grassland and grain farming which have accounted for the 88.18% of whole decreased forestland area, and it is basically equal for the forestland occupied by waterbody or urban-rural construction, accounting for about 2.00% of whole decreased area. 4) The site condition and quality of forestland have been greatly improved. On the one hand, the average distance from forestland to the nearest towns has shrunk by 2.26 km, and more than half of the newly increased forestland have located the region within no more than 10 km distance to the towns, and it means the forestland have spatially expanded to the near center of town. On the other hand, the average elevation of forestland has been decreased by 41.44 m, and more than half of the newly increased forestland have concentrated the region within 300 m elevation above the sea level, which means the increasing forests have grown on the plains and gentle slopes region.

Based on the spatial data of tourist destinations in Guizhou, the analysis methods including mean nearest-neighbor distance, geodetector method, etc. are adopted to research the spatial distribution characteristics of tourist destinations in four time sections of Guizhou from 1990 to 2018, and analyze the evolution process of key tourist destinations in these periods. It also discusses the relationship between the spatial distribution of tourism destination and the geographical environment, social and economic factors, and further carries out the driving force analysis. The results show that: 1) In the four periods, tourist destinations are distributed in a condensed state, showing the transition from point-clump aggregation to planar and zonal aggregation. 2) The evolution process of tourism revenue is more sensitive and intense than that of total tourist flow in the whole province. Both of them are dominated by longitude variation, and present the trend that the proportion of the west is larger than that of the east. 3) The vertical distribution of tourist destinations in the whole province is approximately normal; The tourist resources in carbonate rocks are mostly natural attractions, while where in clastic rocks is mainly the aggregate distribution of ethnic minority attractions; The number of tourist destinations distributed in the 5 km buffer zone of the fault line is about 90%, and its spatial distribution is basically consistent with the strike of the fault line; The Triassic, Cambrian and Permian strata are the main distribution areas of tourist destinations; The tourist destinations are obviously distributed along the provincial road. 4) The distribution of tourist destinations in the whole province is mainly driven by seven factors including the distance from tourist destinations to river valleys, the distance from county-level administrative centers, the straight-line distance of expressways, the density of land transportation network, the density of expressway network, the distance from fault lines, and the density of river valleys; The combination of the factors that the distance from river valleys, the distance from county-level administrative centers, the straight-line distance from expressways, and the density level of transportation network, controls centrally the overall pattern of spatial distribution of tourism destinations in Guizhou.

A new ‘parietal art’ composed of 5 handprints and 5 footprints on travertine deposit has been found during the second scientific expedition of Tibetan plateau in Chusang Village, Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region. Anatomical measurement, 3D model simulation, Uranium dating and morphology analysis has been conducted on this ‘parietal art’. The results indicate that: 1) The ‘parietal art’ was created deliberately on the soft travertine before it fossilized; 2) The fossil travertine with ‘parietal art ’ was dated to between around 169 000 and 226 000 B.P.） based on uranium series dating, which includes a direct dating age of a fingerprint on the surface (188 000 to 207 000 B.P.); 3) This discovery is one of the earliest records of hominin activities on the Tibetan plateau, and it also provides new evidence for hominin to adapt to low temperature and hypoxia environment; 4) This ‘parietal art’ is the world’s earliest rock art and the handprints on it are also the earliest handprints left by hominin. 5) This “parietal art “demonstrate that the ‘unknown type of hominin’ has cognitive and spatial perception capabilities. In addition, the discovery of this rock art will also have the potential to rewrite the history of human art and to deepen our understanding of the cognition level of ancient hominin that have already disappeared.

Based on the perspective of coupled social-ecological system, scientific measurement of ecosystem service trade offs and synergies plays a vital role in regional sustainable development, ecological security, and human well-being. In order to promote the sustainable development of ecosystem services in nature reserves and improve human well-being, taking Potatso National Park as the research area, this article measures the spatial characteristics of its social value (aesthetic value, cultural value, recreation value) and ecological value (habitat quality, carbon storage, water yield ) with the help of SolVES model and InVEST model. Then the spatial trade-off and synergy relationship between social value and ecological value of Potatso National Park is deeply analyzed using bivariate spatial autocorrelation method. The results show that: 1) The hotspots of social value exhibit a ‘multi-core and multi-strip’ spatial pattern, with an 8.6 of social value index (the index is between 1-10), and the closer it is to the water body, the greater its contribution to social value (the contribution is 45.9%). 2) Relatively high and high spatial range of ecological value accounts for half of the park area (49.91%), mainly located in Bitahai Lake area and Zano area in the northeast of Niru with well-preserved virgin forest. 3) There is a significant spatial dependence between social value and ecological value, among which the areas with low social value and high ecological value are the main spatial aggregation characteristics of the park. This study provides a scientific basis for sustainable management decision-making of ecosystem services and help to improve the theoretical framework of social-ecological system based on ecosystem services.

It is of great significance to explore the formation of water resources and the water balance in Tianchi area for the protection of water resources and ecological environment. Based on the topographic and geomorphologic conditions, the special geological lithology and ring-radial fault structure characteristics of Tianchi area, the water circulation conditions and hydrodynamic characteristics of Tianchi Lake were analyzed. The "hydraulic peak elimination" effect of the ring fault structure and the water conduction effect of the radial fault are clarified, and the possibility of groundwater divide expansion in Tianchi recharge area is demonstrated. Based on the analysis of water circulation and hydrodynamic conditions in Tianchi area, and meteorological and hydrological monitoring data of Tianchi area from 2003 to 2020, the water balance of Tianchi Lake was calculated and analyzed based on the water balance method. The results show that the precipitation conditions in Tianchi area can maintain the water level balance of Tianchi Lake. The water balance of annual excretion of 3.6×10⁷m³ of Tianchi Lake can be maintained when the precipitation is within 850-2 200 m from the outside of the surface watershed around Tianchi Lake. The average surface elevation of the water balance area is 125 m higher than that of Tianchi water surface (2 189.7 m). many ring faults and radial faults in Tianchi area. All the above faults are tensile faults. The ring faults all inclined to Tianchi which provided favorable conditions for groundwater recharge to Tianchi Lake. The formation above 1700 m in Tianchi area is mainly composed of pumice rock and pyroclastic rock, mostly of porosity structure and strong permeability. The special geological structure conditions and stratigraphic lithology in Tianchi area make the surface divide around Tianchi not coincide with the underground watershed in the groundwater recharge area. The dominant seepage conditions of the fault structure around Tianchi constitute the "peak elimination" effect of groundwater potential energy. The ring-radial fault structure and the good permeability of the stratum lithology in Tianchi area make it possible to expand the groundwater watershed. Combined the synthetic analysis result of the of water circulation and hydrodynamic conditions in Tianchi area, and meteorological and hydrological monitoring data of Tianchi area from 2003 to 2020, the water balance of Tianchi Lake was calculated and analyzed based on the water balance method. The results show that the precipitation conditions in Tianchi area can maintain the water balance of annual excretion of 3.6×10⁷ m³ of Tianchi Lake. The distance of the water balance zone boundary is within 850-2 200 m from the outside of the surface watershed around Tianchi Lake. The average surface elevation of the water balance area is 125 m higher than that of Tianchi Lake water surface (2 189.7 m). The factors that may affect the calculation result of water balance, such as precipitation, runoff of Tianchi Lake water, calculation parameter value, condensation water amount and evaporation amount, are analyzed and discussed.

Conservation tillage has become the core technology to conquer the degradation of black soil. Since soil is a home to a variety of organisms, it is very important to regard soil as a living system to evaluate the impact of conservation tillage on the health of black soil. Therefore, based on the long-term conservation tillage trial established by the Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the responses of soil biodiversity and its function to conservation tillage were comprehensively elucidated in this study. Compared with conventional tillage, conservation tillage strongly improved the species richness (1%-8%), density (25%-57%), and biomass (30%-50%) of the entire soil assemblages, including microorganisms, nematodes, collembolans, mites and earthworms, as well as the connectance of soil food web (14%-32%). Furthermore, conservation tillage promotes the performance of soil biotic function in soil structure formation, soil carbon sequestration, nitrogen efficient utilization and crop yield stability. These results suggest that conservation tillage can effectively utilize the functional potential of soil organisms, which is of great significance to supporting the healthy and sustainable development of agriculture in the black soil region of Northeast China.

Beautiful village construction is an important measure of agricultural and rural modernization, beautiful China construction and comprehensive rural revitalization. It is of great significance to study the evolution characteristics and influencing factors of its spatial pattern for rational planning and layout of beautiful countryside. Thus, taking 140, 560 and 1216 beautiful village in 2014, 2017 and 2020 as the research object, GIS spatial analysis method is used to study the evolution characteristics of the spatial pattern of beautiful village, and geographic detectors and multi-scale geographic weighted regression are used to explore the influencing factors of the spatial pattern of beautiful village and their spatial differentiation. The results show that: 1) The spatial agglomeration of beautiful village is enhanced, and the main agglomeration areas show a trend of ‘zone-network-plane’ distribution, and the hot spots spread inward from coastal areas. 2) The spatial differentiation of beautiful village is the result of the joint action of multiple factors, but the explanatory degree of each influencing factor is significantly different, among which national intangible cultural heritage, 5A scenic spot and population density have the greatest explanatory power to the spatial distribution of beautiful village. 3) The main influencing factors have obvious spatial differences on the spatial distribution of beautiful village, and the local imbalance is significant. The positive correlation and negative correlation analysis units are blocky and banded.

The analysis of the characteristics and location of regional high-tech manufacturing industry embedded in global R&D network is one of the frontiers and hot fields of economic geography research. Zhejiang Province, a region with developed shipbuilding industry in China, was taken as an example. Based on patent data and order data, UCINET6.0 and R programming language software were used to describe the geographical characteristics and spatial correlation of shipbuilding network in Zhejiang province, and to identify the technology network embedment of shipbuilding industry in global latecomer regions under the international R&D division. The results show that: 1) the research and development of shipbuilding in Zhejiang mainly focuses on B63B and B63H, and the shipbuilding technology network node mainly concentrates in Zhoushan. The main cooperation areas of shipbuilding research and development are Hangzhou, Shanghai, Beijing, Taizhou, Wenzhou and Ningbo, which are mainly the cities in Zhejiang province. 2) The analysis of order data shows that the status change of Zhejiang shipbuilding technology cooperation in the inter-provincial and international shipbuilding technology network. In 2015, domestic technical partners of Zhejiang were mainly Liaoning, Fujian and Taiwan. In 2018, Shanghai, Guangxi, Hainan and Tianjin were added, and the scope of domestic cooperation expanded and the frequency of cooperation increased. As for the international technical cooperation, the main cooperation partners changed from Italy, Denmark and other European countries in 2015 to Japan, South Korea and Singapore in 2018. 3) Zhejiang shows that there are no obvious advantages in the node of shipbuilding technology cooperation network in the Yangtze River Delta, whose cooperation products focus on the production and research of container ships and bulk carriers with low added value, mainly through the signing of technical cooperation agreements, simple supply and marketing, and the undertaking of maintenance or modification and upgrade orders. Furthermore, multi-scale spatial relation and geographical distance feature of path dependence of shipbuilding industry research and development was clarified in the process of global localization. And it’s suggested the shipbuilding industry in China should integrate national system diversity, market diversity and its own research and development cluster level of shipbuilding, breakthrough shipbuilding research and development value chain space lock from the near to the distant, form a cross-domain and multi-agent collaborative innovation roadmap.

Against the deepening of China’s reform and opening up and high-speed economic growth, the number of transmigrants in China has soared over the last decade. Though most of the transmigrants tend to sojourn for less than five years in major metropolises such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, their emergence gradually contributes to the reconstruction of urban social space in China. Now, due to transmigrants ’ preference for residing close to their compatriots, scattered immigrant enclaves in major metropolises are becoming characterized by different nationalities or nations. This topic has attracted widespread attention from scholars and the public. As such, this study sheds light on three typical immigrant enclaves as case study regions, including the South Korean enclave in Wangjing, Beijing, the Japanese enclave in Gubei, Shanghai and the African enclave in Xiaobei, Guangzhou, in order to discuss the following questions. 1) How and why have different ethnic groups chosen their residence city? 2) How do ethnic groups interact with residence cities, and what are the formation mechanism and characteristics of three immigrant enclaves? Based on the comparative study of the three immigrant enclaves in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, we found that: Firstly, many of the South Korean Transmigrants have expatriated to Beijing are enterprise-oriented, trade-oriented and education-oriented, the Japanese Transmigrants in Shanghai are enterprise-oriented, and the African Transmigrants in Guangzhou are trade-oriented. Secondly, the immigrant enclaves in three cities have been established under similar institutional backgrounds, such as global economic restructuring, bilateral relationship, and immigrant policy of China, which led to a policy-led or economy-led character of immigrant enclaves. Despite all this, due to distinct urban hard and soft environment, and ethnicity factors, the formation mechanisms of immigrant enclaves vary from city to city, from ethnic group to ethnic group. As a result, there are three immigrant enclave models: The Japanese enclave in Gubei is the special zone model, the South Korean enclave in Wangjing is the coupled modes, and the African enclave in Xiaobei is the ethnic model. Besides, the study also points out that immigrant enclaves in China are different from their counterparts in the west, where they are usually treated as a serious social problem brought by social deprivation and spatial differentiation. Against the contexts of China ’s unique situation and “sojourned” transmigrants, the immigrant enclaves in China are the results of transmigrants ’ efforts on adapting to China ’s immigrant policies, urban policies, and city’s public services. Now, the cities in China have entered a new stage, featured by both capital internationalization and immigrant internationalization in a completely distinct way. Therefore, we should put emphasis on the immigrant enclave governance and service, so as to build an exemplary role in the country and promote the in-depth opening and high-quality development in China.