Scientia Geographica Sinica  2016 , 36 (6): 926-934 https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2016.06.016

Orginal Article

查格勒布鲁剖面CGS3a层段主元素记录的巴丹吉林沙漠35 000~25 000 a B. P.季风环境变化

郭亿华1, 李保生23, 牛东风2, 杨艺4, 温小浩2, 司月君5

1.广州地理研究所/广东省地理空间信息技术与应用公共实验室,广东 广州 510070
2.华南师范大学地理科学学院,广东 广州 510631
3.中国科学院地球环境研究所黄土与第四纪地质国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710061
4.地质出版社,北京 100083
5.广西师范学院地理科学与规划学院,广西 南宁530001

East Asian Monsoon Variations from Records of Primary Chemical Elements on Millennium Scale in Badain Jaran Desert of China During 35 000-25 000 a B.P.

Guo Yihua1, Li Baosheng23, Niu Dongfeng2, Yang Yi4, Wen Xiaohao2, Si Yuejun5

1.Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangzhou Institute of Geography,Guangzhou 510070, Guangdong, China
2. School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong, China
3. State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
4. Geological Publishing House, Beijing 100083, China
5. School of Geography and Planning, Guangxi Teachers Education University, Nanning 530001, Guangxi, China

中图分类号:  P532

文献标识码:  A

文章编号:  1000-0690(2016)06-0926-09

通讯作者:  李保生,教授。E-mail: libsh@scnu.edu.cn

收稿日期: 2015-03-15

修回日期:  2015-12-10

网络出版日期:  2016-10-21

版权声明:  2016 《地理科学》编辑部 本文是开放获取期刊文献,在以下情况下可以自由使用:学术研究、学术交流、科研教学等,但不允许用于商业目的.

基金资助:  国家自然科学基金重大项目(41290250)国家自然科学基金 (41471159)资助

作者简介:

作者简介:郭亿华(1987-),女,广东汕头人,硕士,研究方向为自然地理学与编辑出版。E-mail: 358516929@qq.com

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摘要

对巴丹吉林沙漠东南缘查格勒布鲁剖面该层段的CGS3a层段(Chagelebulu Section 3a)139个样品的主元素——SiO2、Al2O3、TOFE(Fe2O3+FeO)进行分析,划分出与地层旋回对应的5.5个化学元素旋回。研究认为:沙丘砂和黄土中SiO2呈现的峰和Al2O3、TOFE、(TOFE+Al2O3)/SiO2和CIA呈现的谷是类似于现代干冷的冬季风在过去多次作用的结果,而嗣后的湖相SiO2呈现的谷和Al2O3、TOFE、(TOFE+Al2O3)/SiO2和CIA的呈现的峰是类似于现代暖湿的夏季风在过去多次作用的结果。即35 000~25 000 a B. P.该沙漠经历了5次冬季风和6次夏季风交替的气候波动,这些气候事件与GRIP冰芯氧同位素记录的D/O(Dansgaard/Oeschger)事件相对应,Heinrich事件也在其中有很好体现。CGS3a层段所记录的千年尺度的气候波动可能是受到了北大西洋气候突变的影响。

关键词: 巴丹吉林沙漠 ; 查格勒布鲁剖面 ; CGS3a层段 ; 主元素 ; 季风环境变化

Abstract

The CGS3a segment of the Chagelebulu section in the southeastern of Badain Jaran Desert, records five and a half sedimentary cycles consisting of alternations between dune sands or loess and overlying fluviolacustrine during 35 000-25 000 a B.P. Based on the analysis of primary chemical elements (139 samples)—SiO2, Al2O3, TOFE(Fe2O3+FeO), we found that:1) The variation of the primary chemical element content shows five and a half chemical element cycles, which are approximately consistent with the sedimentary cycles. 2) Among SiO2, Al2O3, TOFE, (TOFE+Al2O3)/SiO2 and CIA, SiO2 has the highest content in the CGS3a (range: 44.98%-90.02%, average: 65.96%), followed by Al2O3 (range: 5.17%-15.37%, average: 11.87%), and then TOFE (range: 1.40%-6.90%, average: 4.19%), (TOFE+Al2O3)/SiO2(range: 0.07 -0.47, average:0.27) and CIA(range: 39.66-68.26, average: 58.97). 3) The contents of SiO2, Al2O3, and TOFE significantly differ among the different sedimentary facies. The average SiO2 content is higher in the dune sands than in the fluviolacustrine and loess, whereas the average Al2O3, TOFE, (TOFE+Al2O3)/SiO2 and CIA contents are higher in the fluviolacustrine and loess than in the dune sands. This study suggests that the peaks of SiO2 contents and the valleys of Al2O3, TOFE, (TOFE+Al2O3)/SiO2, and CIA contents in the dune sands and loess represent the dominant periods of East Asian winter monsoon, the valleys of SiO2 contents and the peaks of Al2O3, TOFE, (TOFE+Al2O3)/SiO2, and CIA contents in the fluviolacustrine reflect the dominant periods of East Asian summer monsoon. Therefore, we suggest that the CGS3a segment experienced at least five cold-dry climates and six warm-humid climates during 35 000-25 000 a B.P. Of these, the warm climate fluctuations (23LS, 25LS, 27LS, 29LS, 31LS, 33LS) correspond well to the Dansgaard-Oeschger events (D/O3-D/O8, ie, 25 000 a B.P., 26 000 a B.P., 29 000 a B.P., 31 000 a B.P., 32 000 a B.P., 35 000 a B.P.) recorded in the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP). Moreover, the cold period (28D, 30 600 a B.P. ± 2 900 a B.P.) correlates well with the Heinrich Event H3 (approximately between 29 000 a B.P. and 31 000 a B.P.). The abrupt changes of East Asian monsoon recorded in the CGS3a segment correspond well to Dansgaard-Oeschger climate fluctuations and Heinrich events, whicha indicate that the East Asian monsoon was probably affected by the climate changes in the North Atlantic. This study offers significant geological evidence to support the East Asian monsoonal millennial scale climatic fluctuations, which is the regional response to the millennial scale climate changes from the North Hemisphere in China’s deserts during 35 000-25 000 a B.P.

Keywords: Badain Jaran Desert ; Chagelebulu section ; CGS3a segment ; primary chemical elements ; East Asian monsoon variations on millennium scale

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郭亿华, 李保生, 牛东风, 杨艺, 温小浩, 司月君. 查格勒布鲁剖面CGS3a层段主元素记录的巴丹吉林沙漠35 000~25 000 a B. P.季风环境变化[J]. , 2016, 36(6): 926-934 https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2016.06.016

Guo Yihua, Li Baosheng, Niu Dongfeng, Yang Yi, Wen Xiaohao, Si Yuejun. East Asian Monsoon Variations from Records of Primary Chemical Elements on Millennium Scale in Badain Jaran Desert of China During 35 000-25 000 a B.P.[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016, 36(6): 926-934 https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2016.06.016

研究表明,全球海洋氧同位素3期(MIS3晚期)北半球中高纬度地区存在Heinrich事件和多次D/O(Dansgaard/Oeschger)振荡的气候波动[1~4]。近年,来自中国的冰芯[5]、湖泊[6~8]、石笋[9,10]、黄土[11,12]、南海钻孔[13]等也有类似的发现。但迄今为止,这种异常气候在中国沙漠区研究较少。

中国沙漠和沙地面积约为7.129×105km2,加之受沙漠风沙流影响的戈壁和沙漠化区域,其总面积达1.308×106km2[14],广泛分布于35°N ~50°N,75°E ~125°E的北方内陆盆地与高原,形成东西长4 500 km、南北宽600 km 的横亘于中国北方的断续延展的风成沙质荒漠沉积带,横跨极端干旱荒漠、干旱荒漠、干旱荒漠草原、半干旱干草原和半湿润森林草原5个生物气候亚带。其中,本文涉及的巴丹吉林沙漠位于中国东西部沙区之间的现代东亚夏季风降水尾闾部位,同时也处在东亚冬季风自中亚内陆荒漠向黄土高原和华北地区吹送的途径上,对季风气候变化比较敏感[15]。这种特殊的自然地理位置,对于查明第四纪环境演变及古季风进退变化具有特殊意义。

位于巴丹吉林沙漠东南缘的查格勒布鲁剖面是目前该沙漠记录的具有最多风成的沙丘砂堆积序列的地质剖面。20世纪90年代中期以来,一些研究者[15~20]采用不同气候代用指标剖析了该剖面沉积序列及其形成时的古气候,但大部分成果由于当时缺乏高密度样品的采集特别是年代测试样点不足,难以详细的讨论巴丹吉林沙漠存在的千年尺度气候变化问题。近年,我们发现该剖面具有相当于MIS3晚期即MIS3a(35 000~25 000 a B.P.)的一套主要是沙丘砂与湖相交替的5.5个旋回的沉积序列——CGS3a层段(Chagelebulu section 3a),按平均该层段每个旋回约持续1 800 a,这对于探讨MIS3a该沙漠千年尺度的气候变化问题提供难以多得的材料。鉴于此,笔者对该层段高密度(2 cm间隔)采集了一系列理化分析样品,在此前工作的基础上,根据对其年代测定以及主元素分析结果,试图探讨该沙漠35 000~25 000 a B.P.的气候演变,以期为理解巴丹吉林沙漠过去季风环境演变提供一些线索。

图1   查格勒布鲁剖面位置示意图

Fig.1   Geographical location of the Chagelebulu section

1 研究区域概况与查格勒布鲁剖面CGS3a层段岩性

1.1 研究区概况

查格勒布鲁剖面(以下简称查格剖面)所在的巴丹吉林沙漠位于内蒙古高原西部阿拉善荒漠中心,其范围大致在合黎山、北大山以北,拐子湖、古居延泽以南,雅布赖盐湖与雅布赖山以西北,宗乃山公路以西,黑河正义峡出山口、弱水东岸至古日乃湖以东,属中国第二大沙漠[1]。属大陆性温带荒漠草原气候。该地年降水量<100 mm,季节分配不均,多集中在夏季,年际变率大,年均温8~10℃,气温年较差达35℃以上,常年盛行偏西风,平均风速>3.5 m/s[21]

在巴丹吉林沙漠东南部边缘的雅布赖山西麓的宽平谷地,地表为全新世黄土并上覆风成沙丘。由于流水侵蚀作用,使这一谷地形成冲沟,两侧地层大量出露。查格勒布鲁剖面即是在其中选择的一个代表性的地质记录,39°53′50.6″N,103°19′25.5″E(图1),海拔约为1 800 m,出露厚度约19.83 m,含中上更新统与全新统[15]。CGS3a是指堆积深度5.86~8.62 m的一套沉积序列,共计11个层序:4层风成的沙丘砂,1层黄土,6层湖相,地层编号为23LS~33LS。若以沙丘砂和黄土与其上覆的湖相按一个沉积旋回计,则CGS3a可构成5.5个沉积旋回(该层段底部33LS计为0.5个旋回,见图2)。

1.2 查格勒布鲁剖面CGS3a层段岩性

为了查明CGS3a沉积相的岩性特征,对以2 cm间距采样所得的139个样品做了粒度分析,实验分析采用Malvern Mastersize 2000激光粒度分析仪(测量范围2~2 000 μm),流程参考黄土粒度分析方法[22]。并采用Folk and Ward [23]所制定的公式计算了CGS3a粒度参数Mz(平均粒径)和σ(标准离差)并显示于图2。现结合野外观测和实验结果将CGS3a沉积相特征阐述如下:

沙丘砂为灰黄—暗灰黄色或棕黄色。以砂(0.05~2.00 mm)粒级占为主,松散、分选较均匀,无层理。可分为2种类型:一是古流动沙丘砂(28D、30D、32D,共50个样品)灰黄色,松散—略胶结;砂质沉积物占绝对优势,以细砂为主,平均值52.27%,其次为中砂,34.22%;粉砂和黏土含量较低,平均值分别为4.07%和1.13%;Mz范围为1.9~3.6 Φ,平均值2.25 Φ,σ范围 0.59~1.74,平均值0.77。二是古固定—半固定沙丘砂(26FD,共13个样品)灰黄色,致密且分选中等,无层理并可见植物根系;以细砂为主,49.57﹪,其次为极细砂,24.77%;粉砂和黏土含量有所增加,平均值分别为15.25%和2.95%;Mz范围2.5~4.4 Φ,平均值3.12 Φ,σ范围 0.67~1.8,平均值1.07。

图2   CGS3a 粒度Mzσ分布

Fig. 2   The distribution curve of grain-size Mz and σ for CGS3a

黄土(24L,共3个样品)灰黄、略发青灰色,垂直节理发育,可能受到后期湖水潜育化作用而呈现轻微的青灰色;粉砂含量最高,以粗粉砂为主,42.27%;其次是黏土,23.80%;砂含量较低,以极细砂为主,8.88%;Mz范围5.58~5.67 Φ,平均值5.61 Φ,σ 范围2.237~2.238,平均值2.23。

湖相沉积(23LS、25LS、27LS、29LS、31LS、33LS,共73个样品)主要为灰黄、浅灰、青灰和灰绿色,略胶结。以粗粉砂为主,占40.38%;其次是黏土,占23.87%;砂含量较少,以极细砂和细砂为主,分别占9.57%和10.65%;Mz范围3.16~7.12 Φ,平均值5.89 Φ,σ 范围1.49~2.81,平均值2.03。

结合Mz-σ散点图(图3)可看出:沙物质高度集中的古流动沙丘砂分选最好,其次为古固定—半固定沙丘砂,而黏土等细粒物质含量相对增高的湖相和黄土分选性比较差;Mzσ的相关性也较高,r为0.85。

从沙丘砂或者黄土到其上覆湖相,Mzσ呈由低到高,形成了与沉积旋回相对应的5.5个粒度旋回。这一结果进一步说明,上述划分的CGS3a 5.5个沉积相旋回实际上也是相同数量的粒度粗细的变化旋回。

图3   CGS3a粒度Mzσ散点图

Fig.3   Mz-σ scattergram of CGS3a

2 实验方法与结果

2.1 CGS3a层段年代测定

对CGS3a及该层段之上覆的22D和下伏34D进行了9个样品年代测定。其中4个采用14C常规测试方法,所用材料为沉积物中的有机质,采用北京核仪器厂生产的低本底液体闪烁计数器测试,样品的层位、深度、测试材料及按Calib 5.0.1程序包中Intcal 04数据库[24,25]进行的校正结果见表1;5个采用TL(热释光)测试,所用材料为沉积物中提取的<10 μm的石英颗粒,采用美国HARSHAW化学公司出产的2000 A型热释光测试仪和英国牛津Littlemore 科学仪器公司生产的711型热释光断代仪测试,测试数据和结果见表2图2

表1   查格剖面CGS3a 14C年代及其树轮校正结果

Table 1   14C ages of some horizons in CGS3a and their calibrated results

地层编号深度(m)14C年龄(a B.P.)树轮校正(cal. a B.P.)测年材料校正软件
25LS中部6.922071±39726601±757有机质Cal. 5.01
27LS中部7.3224285±45929115±596有机质Cal. 5.01
29LS中部7.7326457±55631183±505有机质Cal. 5.01
31LS中部8.1329610±77433798±670有机质Cal. 5.01

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表2   查格剖面CGS3a及相关层位的热释光(TL)测定结果及其参数

Table 2   TL dating results and related parameters of some layers in CGS3a and some correlated layers

实验编号-层位深度(m)U(10-6)Th(10-6)K(%)年剂量(mGy)总剂量(Gy)TL年龄(a B.P.)
TGD629-22D中部5.742.798.902.111.3229.63×10325400±2000
BSD14-26FD7.082.479.701.791.1932.41×10327200±2400
BSD6-28D7.571.355.302.301.1535.188×10330600±2900
BSD4-30D7.901.214.802.381.1537.04×10332200±3150
BSD2-34D8.861.344.102.111.0437.04×10335600±3440

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CGS3a上覆的22D中部的年代为25 400±2 000 a B.P.,其下伏地层34D中部为35 600±3 440 a B.P.。据此可推断CGS3a的年代大致为25 000~35 000 a B.P.。

2.2 CGS3a主元素

对CGS3a按2 cm间隔采集了139个样品进行常量化学元素SiO2、Al2O3、TOFE(Fe2O3+FeO)、MgO、CaO、Na2O、K2O等分析。实验采用荷兰帕纳科公司生产的偏振能量色散X-射线荧光光谱仪(型号:帕纳科公司Epsilon 5)测定,采用粉末压片法制样。具体步骤为:称取4 g粒度<200目的样品,将其在105℃下烘干后放入制样模具,用硼酸镶边垫底,在30 t的压力下压成镶边外径为32 mm的样片放入干燥器中测量,经过计算机处理得到各元素的分析结果。所有样品在华南师范大学地理科学学院E5实验室进行。

在分析的常量元素中,由于SiO2、Al2O3、TOFE含量较高(三者含量之和的分布范围为65.42%~99.66%,平均值82.03%),且是说明环境变化的较好指标,故本文只以这几类主要氧化物为依据对环境及其变化进行讨论。另外,为了进一步说明环境变化,计算(TOFE+Al2O3)/SiO2比值和化学蚀变指数(CIA),[CIA=Al2O3×100/(Al2O3+CaO*+Na2O+K2O),公式中氧化物单位为均为摩尔比,CaO*指硅酸盐中CaO,校正公式为CaO*=0.35×2(Na2O%)/62][26]

将分析结果统计于表3中,可以看出:

1) 在CGS3a层段中,各个元素在不同层位含量不等甚至存在较大差别。SiO2含量最高,范围44.98%~90.02%,平均值65.96%;Al2O3含量第二高,范围5.17%~15.37%,平均值11.87%;TOFE范围1.40%~6.90%,平均值4.19%;(TOFE+Al2O3)/SiO2 范围0.07 ~0.47,平均值0.27;CIA范围39.66~68.26,平均值58.97。

2) 各个元素在不同沉积相分布上不尽相同甚至存在明显的差别(图4)。总体而言,SiO2含量平均值按照从古流动沙丘砂、古固定–半固定沙丘砂、湖相到黄土的次序依次降低;而Al2O3、TOFE、(TOFE+Al2O3)/SiO2和CIA平均值则按照此次序依次增高。需要说明的是,CGS3a中唯一的1层黄土——24L,其SiO2含量平均值较其上覆湖相23LS和下伏湖相25LS高,而TOFE和(TOFE+Al2O3)/SiO2平均值则反之,Al2O3和CIA含量接近[24L中SiO2平均值51.48,TOFE 5.87, (TOFE+Al2O3)/SiO2 0.3;23LS中SiO2平均值49.80,TOFE 6.46,(TOFE+Al2O3)/SiO2 0.43;25LS中SiO2平均值51.41,TOFE 5.97,(TOFE+Al2O3)/SiO2 0.40]。

另外不同沉积相的SiO2、Al2O3、TOFE、CIA与Mz之间存在较好的相关性,其相关系数r均达到0.89以上(图5),由图亦可看出:① 各个沉积相具有较为显著的独特像位,其中沙丘砂与湖相分野相当明显,而黄土与湖相散点混合;② SiO2Mz呈现较强负相关关系,而Al2O3、TOFE、和CIA则与Mz呈现较强正相关,即随着颗粒粒径变小,SiO2含量减少,Al2O3、TOFE、和CIA含量增加。

图4   CGS3a 粒度主元素、CIA和(TOFE+Al2O3)/SiO2分布

Fig.4   The distribution curve of the primary chemical elements, CIA and (TOFE+Al2O3)/SiO2 for CGS3a

图5   CGS3a SiO2、Al2O3、TOFE、CIA与Mz散点图

Fig.5   The scatter diagrams of SiO2-Mz, Al2O3-Mz, TOFE-Mz and CIA-Mz in the CGS3a

3) 随着沙丘砂或者黄土至上覆湖相在剖面上的相互交替,化学元素亦表现为峰谷相互交替且具有明显的周期性(见图4)。总体上,从沙丘砂或者黄土至上覆湖相,SiO2含量相应由高变低,Al2O3、TOFE、(TOFE+Al2O3)/SiO2和CIA含量相应由低变高,形成了与沉积旋回相对应的5.5个化学元素相对迁移–聚集旋回。

3 讨论与结论

大量研究表明MIS3晚期全球表现为气候异常暖湿,有大量湖泊发育,具有间冰期气候特征[27~29]。CGS3a层段拥有大量的湖泊沉积物恰恰与这种暖湿气候环境的“写照”是合拍的。可见,当东亚夏季风强盛时期,来自东部海洋气流能够向深居内陆的巴丹吉林沙漠漂移,水热条件较好,沙丘间的低洼处形成湖泊沉积。此时由于冬季风力的减弱,风力所携带而来的物质变细,另外周围进入湖泊中的物质经过后期流水的改造作用也会呈现不同程度的细化。因此,CGS3a湖相层位粒度Mzσ显示为颗粒变小和分选变差。而一般来说,Al2O3和TOFE被认为是在表生地球化学条件下相对稳定的元素,气候越干冷,其相对富集程度越低;反之,气候越暖湿,相对富集程度越高[30,31]。在湖相沉积的地质时期,温暖湿润的环境特别是夏季风盛行的环境下,侵入的石英和硅酸盐矿物相对减少,石英的SiO2稀释效应减弱,从而使得铝、铁元素的含量相对上升;另外,这种气候有利于土壤和植被的发育,由此产生的较多的黏粒和植物根系的吸附作用也可以使得铝、铁元素相对聚集。 因而湖相层位Al2O3和TOFE较沙丘砂明显富集。另外,湖相中较高的CIA值(平均值为64.57)也在一定程度上说明了其时为暖湿的气候环境,化学风化作用较为发育。

MIS3晚期全球暖湿的总体背景下,如果巴丹吉林沙漠存在气候波动的话,那也许就是CGS3a层段湖相之间发育的那些沙丘砂和黄土。从表3中可以看出,沙丘砂在相同化学成分含量上与湖相差异明显,说明沙丘砂堆积时与湖相沉积时的环境已大为不同。查格勒布剖面中现代流动沙丘0MD中SiO2、Al2O3、TOFE和CIA含量平均值依次79.12%、8.62%、2.43%和49.48,将其与前面所述的CGS3a不同沉积相的相关元素含量分布逐作一比较,可以发现剖面中古流动沙丘砂主元素含量与这些现代流动沙丘的相应含量颇为相近,而湖相的相应含量则与之存在明显差异。相对来说,古固定–半固定沙丘砂各元素含量则主要介于古流动沙丘砂与其他几种沉积相化学元素含量之间(表3)。据此,可以认为主导过去沙丘砂沉积环境是类似于沉积现代沙丘沙时的冷干多风的气候背景。可以想象,在西伯利亚–蒙古高压强烈影响下的冬季风盛行的时期,来自北方的干寒气流可以带动更细砂粒级的碎屑形成地表风沙流,强迫更多粉尘形成尘暴流失,并抑制黏粒滋生,颗粒粗化,形成流动沙丘。根据对现代风成沙丘砂碎屑矿物分析结果显示[32],其轻矿物含量占绝对优势(一般95%以上),而其中绝大多数属石英颗粒,这就不难解释CGS3a层段中沙丘砂SiO2为什么要较其他沉积相含量要高的现象。另外,此时物理风化作用强盛,使得生物活动性降低、胶体渐趋凝聚。因而稳定元素铝、铁的活动性减弱、加之沙丘沙中大量石英颗粒的稀释作用,导致其在沙丘砂中相对分散、含量降低不是偶然的。这就不难解释沙丘砂中Al2O3、TOFE和CIA等含量相对较低了。另外,沙丘砂中Mzσ分别显示为颗粒变粗和分选较好也在一定程度上反映了其时干冷多风的气候环境。当然,古固定–半固定沙丘砂与古流动沙丘砂的环境也不尽相同,前者沉积期间干冷多风的环境已较为缓和,风力有所减弱,可能还伴随着较多季节性降水,化学风化作用加强,Al2O3和TOFE等元素含量相对富集,这也在一定程度上稀释了SiO2含量,但此时干冷多风仍是其主导环境,而古固定-半固定沙丘砂的Mzσ分别显示与古流动沙丘砂较为相似的颗粒粗化和分选较好也支持了这一观点。据此可认为,古固定–半固定沙丘砂沉积时气候仍以干冷多风为主导。

表3   CGS3a各个沉积相主元素、(TOFE+Al2O3)/SiO2和CIA的分布

Table 3   The distributions of primary chemical elements, (TOFE+Al2O3)/SiO2 and CIA the sedimentary facies of the CGS3a

项目D(50)FD(13)L(3)LS(73)
范围平均范围平均范围平均范围平均
SiO2(%)72.53~90.0282.7556.56~75.4367.8449.67~54.0951.4844.98~77.2654.73
Al2O3(%)5.17~11.478.769.88~12.7210.9914.11~14.7714.529.98~15.3714.05
TOFE(%)1.40~2.902.082.90~5.403.925.50~6.305.872.90~6.905.61
(TOFE+Al2O3)/SiO20.09~0.200.130.18~0.320.220.36~0.420.390.17~0.470.37
CIA39.66~55.6450.9252.15~62.1556.8664.99~66.6765.9653.29~68.2664.57

注:LS湖相;L黄土;FD古固定-半固定沙丘砂;D古流动沙丘砂。括号中数值为样品个数。

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当冬季风力逐渐减弱(风沙速度≤5 m/s)但仍盛行时,降尘的发生频率有可能大为增加,24L也许这种气候的直接后果。这一期间降水相对增加,有可能形成通常认为的干草原环境,风化作用有所增强,所以,24L较沙丘砂表现为颗粒相对细化,分选变差,SiO2含量下降,Al2O3和TOFE等元素含量相对富集。至于24L的Mzσ和主元素含量与湖相较为接近,可能与其后期受到湖泊的干扰作用有关。

综上所述,查格剖面CGS3a层段中主元素的差异及其在剖面垂直方向上反映出的5.5个的锯齿状波动旋回,实际上是35 000~25 000 a B.P. 5.5个东亚冬、夏季风在巴丹吉林沙漠南缘相互对峙、盛衰更替的沉积响应过程。即在35 000~25 000 a B.P.该沙漠经历了5次以沙丘砂或黄土层位代表的冬季风为主导的干冷和6次以湖相层位代表的夏季风为主导的暖湿气候波动,共5.5个气候旋回。

值得一提的是,CGS3a湖相层位代表的暖事件与贵州七星洞石笋(28 300 a B.P.、30 100 a B.P.、31 900 a B.P.、33 300 a B.P.、35 500 a B.P.)[33]、南京葫芦洞(28 000 a B.P.、29 000 a B.P.、31 000 a B.P.、32 000 a B.P.、34 000 a B.P.、35 000 a B.P.)[34]、昆仑山阿羌剖面(25 000 a B.P.、26 600 a B.P.、29 700 a B.P.、31 000 a B.P.、32 200 a B.P.、35 000 a B.P.)[35]等所记录的暖事件在时间和气候性质上基本对应。

再把视角转向格陵兰地区,GRIP冰芯氧同位素曲线反映出6个D/O振荡(D/O3–D/O8)暖锋发生的时间依次距今为25 000 a、26 000 a、29 000 a、31 000 a、32 000 a、35 000 a[2],与CGS3a湖相发生的时间和气候性质基本上吻合,而前者暖锋之间的“冷谷”则与CGS3a的沙丘砂和黄土一一对应。另外,北大西洋的冰筏事件H3(29 000 a B.P.~31 000 a B.P.)[36],与CGS3a的28D(30 600 TL a B.P.±2 900 TL a B.P.)在时间上也是吻合的。

综上所述,可认为CGS3a主元素揭示出来的35 000~25 000 a B.P.千年尺度的气候突变事件在北半球中高纬度具有普遍性。这可为35 000~25 000 a B.P.北半球千年尺度气候波动中国沙漠地区气候响应提供一个理想的地质记录。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.


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[J]. 地质力学学报, 2014, 20(2): 174-184.

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-6616.2014.02.009      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

在对西天山赛里木湖盆地进行第四纪地质调查与5万填图基础上,发现沿该湖泊的不同湖岸阶地上都不同程度地发育了可指示湖面变化的湖滩岩。水准测量结果表明,典型的湖滩岩最常见于高出现今湖面7.1-9.4 m和33.4-39.4 m的低、高两级湖积台地上。对湖滩岩样品进行岩石学和矿物学研究进一步揭示,湖滩岩主要由内碎屑、藻团块、陆源碎屑、胶结物和填隙物等构成,胶结物主要为亮晶方解石,夹少量文石,表明赛里木湖周边的湖滩岩为典型的方解石胶结砂屑砾屑岩。湖滩岩样品的U系年代测试结果表明,低、高两级台地上的湖滩岩主要形成于距今24.8±1.5 ka至27.6±1.5 ka和55.4±3.8 ka的晚更新世晚期,大致对应末次冰期间冰阶MIS3阶段早期和末期的相对暖湿气候阶段。湖滩岩及其测年结果指示,赛里木湖最近一期最高湖面出现在距今55.4 ka左右末次间冰阶早期,其后由于气候的干旱化,湖面整体处于逐步下降过程,在相对暖湿期间经历了多次湖面相对稳定期并形成湖滩岩。

[Chen Mingyong, Xu Shengli,

Wu Zhonghai et al. The features and ages of lake beach rock around Sayram Lake In western Tian Shan and its significance on lake level fluctuation during the Last Interglacial Epoch MIS3.

Journal of Geomechanics, 2014, 20(2): 174-184.]

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-6616.2014.02.009      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

在对西天山赛里木湖盆地进行第四纪地质调查与5万填图基础上,发现沿该湖泊的不同湖岸阶地上都不同程度地发育了可指示湖面变化的湖滩岩。水准测量结果表明,典型的湖滩岩最常见于高出现今湖面7.1-9.4 m和33.4-39.4 m的低、高两级湖积台地上。对湖滩岩样品进行岩石学和矿物学研究进一步揭示,湖滩岩主要由内碎屑、藻团块、陆源碎屑、胶结物和填隙物等构成,胶结物主要为亮晶方解石,夹少量文石,表明赛里木湖周边的湖滩岩为典型的方解石胶结砂屑砾屑岩。湖滩岩样品的U系年代测试结果表明,低、高两级台地上的湖滩岩主要形成于距今24.8±1.5 ka至27.6±1.5 ka和55.4±3.8 ka的晚更新世晚期,大致对应末次冰期间冰阶MIS3阶段早期和末期的相对暖湿气候阶段。湖滩岩及其测年结果指示,赛里木湖最近一期最高湖面出现在距今55.4 ka左右末次间冰阶早期,其后由于气候的干旱化,湖面整体处于逐步下降过程,在相对暖湿期间经历了多次湖面相对稳定期并形成湖滩岩。
[9] Wang Yongjin, Hai Cheng,

Edwards R L et al. Millennisl-and orbital-scale changes in the East Asian monsoon over the past 224000 years

[J]. Nature, 2008, 451: 1090-1093.

https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06692      URL      PMID: 18305541      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

High-resolution speleothem records from China have provided insights into the factors that control the strength of the East Asian monsoon. Our understanding of these factors remains incomplete,however,owing to gaps in the record of monsoon history over the past two interglacial-glacial cycles. In particular,missing sections have hampered our ability to test ideas about orbital-scale controls on the monsoon,the causes of millennial-scale events and relationships between changes in the monsoon and climate in other regions. Here we presented an absolute-dated oxygen isotope record from Sanbao cave,central China,that completes a Chinese-cave-based record of the strength of the East Asian monsoon that covers the past 224,000 years. The record is dominated by 23,000-year-long cycles that are synchronous within dating errors with summer insolation at 65掳 N,supporting the idea that tropical/subtropical monsoons respond dominantly and directly to changes in Northern Hemisphere summer insolation on orbital timescales. The cycles are punctuated by millennial-scale strong-summer-monsoon events (Chinese interstadials),and the new record allows us to identify the complete series of these events over the past two interglacial-glacial cycles. Their duration decreases and their frequency increases during glacial build-up in both the last and penultimate glacial periods,indicating that ice sheet size affects their character and pacing. The ages of the events are exceptionally well constrained and may thus serve as benchmarks for correlating and calibrating climate records.
[10] 崔英方, 汪永进, 刘殿兵.

黔西南雾露洞石笋记录的MIS3晚期亚洲季风变化和南北极气候的联系

[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 2011, 31(3): 101-107.

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[Cui Yingfang, Wang Yongjin, Liu Dianbing.

High-Resolution talagmite δ18 O records of Asian monsoon changes in southwest Guizhou during the late episode of MIS3:A test of the Bi-Polar See-Saw model at centennial scale.

Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2011, 31(3): 101-107.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[11] 翟新伟, 李富强, 吴松.

会宁剖面黄土粒度记录的MIS3阶段气候变化研究

[J]. 干旱区地理, 2013, 36(5): 773-780.

Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

深海氧同位素第三阶段(MIS3)是末次冰期中的一段特殊时期,通过对会宁黄土剖面粒度变化特征的研究分析恢复重建了会宁MIS3阶段古气候。会宁剖面记录了较明显的5次降温事件&mdash;&mdash;Heinrich事件(H2:23.22~23.51 ka,H3:30.52~31.19 ka,H4:38.3~39.93 ka,H5:43.67~44.82 ka,H6:63.54~64.41 ka),其中的MIS3阶段根据粒度特征分为3 a(46.36~55.48 ka)较为温湿,3b(30.04~46.36 ka)干冷,3c(24.47~30.04 ka)温湿三个阶段,具明显的D-O旋回。

[Zhai Xinwei, Li Fuqiang, Wu Song.

Huining MIS3 stage climate change based on the loess grain size record.

Arid Land Geography, 2013, 36(5): 773-780.]

Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

深海氧同位素第三阶段(MIS3)是末次冰期中的一段特殊时期,通过对会宁黄土剖面粒度变化特征的研究分析恢复重建了会宁MIS3阶段古气候。会宁剖面记录了较明显的5次降温事件&mdash;&mdash;Heinrich事件(H2:23.22~23.51 ka,H3:30.52~31.19 ka,H4:38.3~39.93 ka,H5:43.67~44.82 ka,H6:63.54~64.41 ka),其中的MIS3阶段根据粒度特征分为3 a(46.36~55.48 ka)较为温湿,3b(30.04~46.36 ka)干冷,3c(24.47~30.04 ka)温湿三个阶段,具明显的D-O旋回。
[12] Sun Youbin, Clemens S C,

Morrill C et al. Influence of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation on the East Asian winter monsoon

[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2012, 5(1): 46-49.

https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1326      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

The last glacial period was characterized by abrupt, millennial-scale climate change. These climate fluctuations are particularly pronounced in records of the East Asian monsoon system(1-8), and seem to be linked to changes in North Atlantic circulation. Here we present records of grain size variations from the northwestern Chinese Loess Plateau, dated using optically stimulated luminescence. We reconstruct changes in the strength of the East Asian winter monsoon over the past 60,000 years and find reconstructed millennial-scale variations that are broadly correlated with temperature variations over Greenland, suggesting a common forcing. We investigate the effect of a slow-down of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation on the monsoon system using a coupled climate model simulation with added freshwater flux into the northern North Atlantic, and find a strengthening winter monsoon circulation over the regions that supply dust to the Loess Plateau and a reduction in summer monsoon precipitation over East Asia. We conclude that Atlantic meridional overturning circulation is a driver of abrupt change in the East Asian winter and summer monsoon systems, and that the northern westerlies play a role in transmitting this signal from the North Atlantic to the Asian monsoon regions.
[13] Du Jianghui, Huang Baoqi.

Variations in upper water structure during MIS 3 from the western South China Sea

[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2010, 55(3): 301-307.

Magsci      [本文引用: 1]     

[14] 朱震达, 吴正, 刘恕, . 中国沙漠概论(修订版)[M] . 北京: 科学出版社, 1980: 1-7.

[本文引用: 1]     

[Zhu Zhenda, Wu Zheng, Liu Shu et al. Introduction of Chinese desert(revision) . Beijing: Science Press, 1980: 1-7.]

[本文引用: 1]     

[15] Gao Quanzhou, Tao Zhen,

Li Baosheng et al. Palaeomonsoon variability in the southern fringe of the Badain Jaran Desert,China,since 130ka BP

[J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2006, (31): 265-283.

https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1242      URL      [本文引用: 3]      摘要

Abstract Taking the Chagelebulu Stratigraphic Profile as a typical example, a comprehensive study has been conducted to elucidate the palaeoclimatic and geomorphic evolution patterns in the southern fringe of the Badain Jaran Desert, which were found to be complex and polycyclic in the past 130 ka. However, the fluctuating magnitude is not as remarkable as that in the eastern China sandy region. The shift in climate from interglacial to glacial and the uplift process of the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau are the two leading forces driving the evolution of the climate and desert landforms in this area. Seventeen cycles of cold, dry and warm, humid climatic stages were recognized in the Upper Pleistocene Series of the profile. The sharp uplift of the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau superimposed a cool and arid climatic trend in this area. As a result of the climatic changes, the desert in this area has undergone multiple stages of expansion and contraction since 130 ka bp . The middle Holocene Epoch and the early stage of the Late Pleistocene Period were the main periods when the sand dunes became stabilized, and the early and late phases of the Holocene Epoch and late phase of the Pleistocene Epoch were the main periods when the previously stabilized sand dunes became mobile. The late phase of the Pleistocene Epoch was the most mobile stage, when the aeolian sand activities formed the essential geomorphic pattern of the Badain Jaran Desert. Copyright 08 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[16] 李保生, 高全洲, 阎满存, .

150kaBP以来巴丹吉林沙漠东南区域地层序列的新研究

[J]. 中国沙漠, 2005, 25(4): 457-465.

Magsci      摘要

巴丹吉林沙漠东南部边缘查格勒布鲁剖面中更新统/上更新统下部、上更新统下部/上更新统上部和上更新统上部/全新统的地质界线依次发生在59AGS/60L、39FD/40G和9L/10FD之沉积界面上。其时限依次大致为150kaBP、75kaBP和10kaBP,该剖面记录了150kaBP以来25个旋回的沙漠与湖相等沉积交替变更的历史过程。通过该剖面粒度和SiO<sub>2</sub>、Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>、Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>、FeO在地层中的分布特征、软体动物化石指示的古生态等综合研究表明,所述这些沉积旋回是自那时以来,在北半球冰期间冰期气候波动影响下,冬夏古季风往复更迭所导致的非季风沙区沙漠期与间沙漠期多次正逆交替演变的结果。

[Li Baosheng, Gao Quanzhou,

Yan Mancun et al. A recent study on sedimentary sequence of southeastern Badain Jaran Desert since 150 ka BP.

Journal of Desert Research, 2005, 25(4): 457-465.]

Magsci      摘要

巴丹吉林沙漠东南部边缘查格勒布鲁剖面中更新统/上更新统下部、上更新统下部/上更新统上部和上更新统上部/全新统的地质界线依次发生在59AGS/60L、39FD/40G和9L/10FD之沉积界面上。其时限依次大致为150kaBP、75kaBP和10kaBP,该剖面记录了150kaBP以来25个旋回的沙漠与湖相等沉积交替变更的历史过程。通过该剖面粒度和SiO<sub>2</sub>、Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>、Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>、FeO在地层中的分布特征、软体动物化石指示的古生态等综合研究表明,所述这些沉积旋回是自那时以来,在北半球冰期间冰期气候波动影响下,冬夏古季风往复更迭所导致的非季风沙区沙漠期与间沙漠期多次正逆交替演变的结果。
[17] 李云卓, 李保生, 高全洲, .

巴丹吉林查格勒布剖面记录的150 ka BP以来的常量化学元素波动

[J]. 中国沙漠, 2005, 25(1): 10-16.

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-694X.2005.01.002      URL      摘要

IEECAS SKLLQG

[Li Yunzhuo, Li Baosheng,

Gao Quanzhou et al. 2005.Fluctuations of main chemical elements since 150 ka BP as indicated in Chagelebulu Stratigraphical Section,Badain Jaran Desert.

Journal of Desert Research, 2005, 25(1): 10-16.]

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-694X.2005.01.002      URL      摘要

IEECAS SKLLQG
[18] Guo Yihua, Li Baosheng,

Wang Fengnian et al. East Asian monsoon variations on millennial scale during 35,000-25,000 a BP from records of grain size, CaCO3 and organic matter in the Badain Jaran Desert, China

[J]. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2015, 8(9): 6545-6553.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-014-1689-z      URL      摘要

The CGS3a segment of the Chagelebulu section in the southeastern Badain Jaran Desert in China records five and a half sedimentary cycles consisting of aeolian dune sands or loess alternating with overlying fluviolacustrine during 35,000–25,000 a BP. Based on the analyses of grain size, calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) and organic matter (OM) for 139 samples in the CGS3a segment, we found that the values of mean particle size (Mz) ( 01 ) and standard deviation ( σ ), CaCO 3 , and OM from the lacustrine facies generally tended to be higher than those of the underlying dune sands or loess. These data indicate that the grain size was fine and poorly sorted with high values of CaCO 3 and OM in the lacustrine facies, and grain size was coarse and well sorted with low values of CaCO 3 and OM in the dune sands and loess. A graph of these values showed five and a half oscillations between layers, which were generally similar to the sedimentary cycles. A sedimentary cycle between the dune sands or loess and lacustrine facies in the CGS3a segment represents a cold–dry and warm–humid climate cycle. Therefore, we suggest that the CGS3a segment experienced at least five and a half climate cycles (five cold–dry climates and six warm–humid climates) during 35,000–25,000 a BP. Of these, the warm climate fluctuations correspond well to the Dansgaard-Oeschger events (D/O3-D/O8) recorded in the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP). Moreover, the cold period 28D (30,60065±652,900 a BP) correlates well with the Heinrich Event H3 (approximately between 29,000 and 31,000 a BP). These results suggest that the driving forces of the East Asian monsoon in China’s deserts are probably as the same as the Dansgaard-Oeschger events and Heinrich oscillations in the Northern Hemisphere during that period. This study reveals the East Asian monsoonal climatic fluctuations on millennial scale in China’s deserts during 35,000–25,000 a BP.
[19] Guo Yihua, Li Baosheng, Wang Fengnian et al. Holocene millennial-scale climate variations from the record of primary chemical elements in Badain Jaran Desert, China[J]. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, DOI: 10.1007/S12517-015-2123-x.

URL     

[20] Yang Yi, Li Baosheng,

Li Yunzhuo et al. Climatic changes indicated by trace elements in the chagelebulu stratigraphic section,badain jaran desert,China,since 150 kyr B P

[J]. Geochemistry Internationa, 2008, 46(1): 96-103.

https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016702908010096      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

This paper analyzes the contents of 16 trace elements in the strata of the Chagelebulu Stratigraphic Section, Badain Jaran Desert, since 150 kyr B.P. and discovered that both the contents of the relatively stable elements, such as P, Mn, Zr, Cr, Pb, Rb, Nb, Y, and the relatively active elements, such as V, Sr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As fluctuated with the sedimentary cycles composed of 25 aeolian dune sands, loess, paleosols, lacustrine facies, alluvial, and colluvial sandy gravels, showing 25 cycles of low-high variation and a fluctuant jagged graph of chemical elements鈥 migration and accumulation. The lower contents of the elements in the aeolian sands show the erosion, migration and deposition of wind power in a cold and arid climate. The relative accumulation of sandy-gravel layers, especially the lacustrine facies, loess, and paleosols correlates with the section鈥檚 position in the special depression relief with a background of warm and humid climate. The above-mentioned variational characteristics were mainly caused by 25 cycles of arid-cold, windy, and warm-humid climatic fluctuation on the southern fringe of the Badain Jaran Desert since 150 kyr B.P. The essential reason bears a relationship with the back and force swing of the East Asia winter monsoon and summer monsoon influenced by climatic vicissitudes during the glacial and interglacial periods.
[21] Dmroes M, Peng G.

The climate of China

[M]. Heidelberg : Springer-Verlag, 1988: 336.

[本文引用: 1]     

[22] 鹿化煜, 安芷生.

前处理方法对黄土沉积物粒度测量影响的实验研究

[J]. 科学通报, 1997, 42(23): 2535-2538.

Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

<p>&lt;正&gt;中国黄土堆积的粒度变化是东亚冬季风强度变化较好的替代性指标,黄土沉积物粒度测量已成为第四纪东亚古气候变化研究的一项重要内容。另外,在工程建设上它也有重要的应用。但是,国内外对用于粒度测量的黄土古土壤样品前处理还存在很大差异,因而使测量结果难以对比,在某种程度上影响了研究结论的可信性。在这里我们报道采自黄土高原西北-东南方向一条大断面上的黄土古土壤样品利用不同方法前处理后进行粒度测量的结果,并与化学提纯的石英样品测量结果对比,分析各种前处理方法对粒度测量的影响。</p>

[Lu Huayu, An Zhisheng.

Pretreatment methods influences on grain size measurement of Loess.

Chinese Science Bulletin, 1997, 42(23): 2535-2538.]

Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

<p>&lt;正&gt;中国黄土堆积的粒度变化是东亚冬季风强度变化较好的替代性指标,黄土沉积物粒度测量已成为第四纪东亚古气候变化研究的一项重要内容。另外,在工程建设上它也有重要的应用。但是,国内外对用于粒度测量的黄土古土壤样品前处理还存在很大差异,因而使测量结果难以对比,在某种程度上影响了研究结论的可信性。在这里我们报道采自黄土高原西北-东南方向一条大断面上的黄土古土壤样品利用不同方法前处理后进行粒度测量的结果,并与化学提纯的石英样品测量结果对比,分析各种前处理方法对粒度测量的影响。</p>
[23] Folk P L, Ward W D.

Brazos reviver bar:a study in the significance of grain size parameters

[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 1957, 27(1): 3-26.

https://doi.org/10.1306/74D70646-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

A bar on the Brazos River near Calvert, Texas, has been analyzed in order to determine the geologic meaning of certain grain size parameters and to study the behavior of the size fractions with transport. The bar consists of a strongly bimodal mixture of pebble gravel and medium to fine sand; there is a lack of material in the range of 0.5 to 2 mm, because the source does not supply particles of this size. The size distributions of the two modes, which were established in the parent deposits, are nearly invariant over the bar because the present environment of deposition only affects the relative proportions of the two modes, not the grain size properties of the modes themselves. Two proportions are most common; the sediment either contains no gravel or else contains about 60% gravel. Three sediment types with characteristic bedding features occur on the bar in constant stratigraphic order, with the coarsest at the base. Statistical analysis of the data is based on a series of grain size parameters modified from those of Inman (1952) to provide a more detailed coverage of non-normal size curves. Unimodal sediments have nearly normal curves as defined by their skewness and kurtosis. Non-normal kurtosis and skewness values are held to be the identifying characteristics of bimodal sediments even where such modes are not evident in frequency curves. The relative proportions of each mode define a systematic series of changes in numerical properties; mean size, standard deviation and skewness are shown to be linked in a helical trend, which is believed to be applicable to many other sedimentary suites. The equations of the helix may be characteristic of certain environments. Kurtosis values show rhythmic pulsations along the helix and are diagnostic of two-generation sediments.
[24] Stuiver M, Reimer P J.

Extend 14C database and revised CALIB radiocarbon calibration program

[J]. Radiocarbon, 1993, 35(1): 215-230.

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[25] Reimer P J, Baillie MGL,

Bard E et al. INTCAL04 terrestrial radiocarbon age calibration, 0-26 cal kyr B P

[J]. Radiocarbon, 2004, 46: 1029-1058.

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[26] Honda M, Shimizu H.

Geochemical, mineralogical and sedimentological studies on the Taklimakan Desert sands

[J]. Sedimentology, 1998, 45(6): 1125-1143.

https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.1998.00202.x      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Major-element composition, mineral composition and grain-size distribution have been studied for Quaternary aeolian sediments from the Taklimakan Desert, north-western China, together with the variation of chemical and mineralogical compositions of different grain-size fractions. Aeolian sediments from the Taklimakan Desert have higher ratios of feldspar/quartz and calcite/quartz, finer grain size, poorer roundness of quartz and feldspar grains and lower abundances of frosted quartz, than found in aeolian sediments from other deserts such as the Saudi Arabian Desert. In spite of these immature mineralogical and sedimentological features, the aeolian sediments from the Taklimakan Desert show low regional variations in major-element and mineral compositions and are homogenized. These observations confirm that two processes, glacial activity within surrounding mountains and aeolian activity at the Tarim Basin, are important in the homogenization of the Taklimakan Desert sands. Taklimakan Desert sediments are constantly and effectively supplied from basement rocks in the surrounding mountains by glacial erosion. The supplied sediments are further homogenized by aeolian activity in the desert and are partly blown away, serving as the source of Chinese aeolian loess. Compositional differences are observed between loess (mainly 10–4065 m particles) and the <4565 m fraction of the Taklimakan Desert sediments, as well as between loess and whole rock of the Taklimakan Desert sediments. These observations provide constraints for precise modelling of loess formation, and for assessment of the chemical composition of the upper continental crust based on the chemical composition of aeolian loess.
[27] Antje H L,

Voelker. Global distribution of centennial-scale records for Marine Isotope Stage(MIS)3:A data-base

[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2002, 21(10): 1185-1212.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00139-1      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

To provide an overview on the spatial distribution of centennial-scale climate records of MIS 3 glacial, terrestrial and marine sites have been compiled in three tables according to their temporal resolution and publication status. For a total of 183 sites, detailed information on their geographical setting, the available proxy data, and “average” climate conditions during the interstadial and stadial phases of Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles are presented. Marine records are the most abundant with nearly twice as many sites as the ice core and terrestrial sites combined. The spatial distribution of all records is biased towards the northern hemisphere, for the marine records especially towards the North Atlantic region. Terrestrial records cluster in western Europe, the western United States, and China. Spatial gaps and potential future sites for high-resolution climate studies are also discussed.
[28] Shi Yf, Yu G,

Liu Xd et al. Recon struction of the 30-40kaB P.enhanced India monsoon climate based on geological records from the Tibetan Plateau

[J]. Plaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2001, 169(2): 69-83.

[29] 李炳元.

青藏高原大湖期

[J]. 地理学报, 2000, 55(5): 174-182.

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[Li Bingyuan.

The last greatest lakes on the xizang (tibetan) plateau.

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2000, 55(5): 174-182.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[30] 关有志, 陈振英, 贾惠兰.

萨拉乌苏河地区第四纪地层中的元素分布与古气候

[J]. 中国沙漠, 1986, 6(1): 36-39, 45.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

本文试图通过研究萨拉乌苏河滴哨沟湾第四纪地层中的元素分布,认识该地区第四纪以来气候的变迁与沉积环境。文中指出滴哨沟湾地区晚更新世以来存在三个暖湿期和三个干冷期。风成沙和黄土是晚更新世以来相对干冷气候时期沉积的。

[Guan Youzhi, Chen Zhenying, Jia Huilan.

Ancient climate and element distribution in the Quaternary Strata in Sjara-Osol-Gol district.

Journal of Desert Research, 1986, 6(1): 36-39, 45.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

本文试图通过研究萨拉乌苏河滴哨沟湾第四纪地层中的元素分布,认识该地区第四纪以来气候的变迁与沉积环境。文中指出滴哨沟湾地区晚更新世以来存在三个暖湿期和三个干冷期。风成沙和黄土是晚更新世以来相对干冷气候时期沉积的。
[31] 高尚玉, 董光荣, 李保生, .

萨拉乌苏河第四纪地层中化学元素的迁移和聚集与古气候的关系

[J]. 地球化学, 1985, (3): 269-276.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

正 过去半个多世纪中,国内外学者在萨拉乌苏河地区做了大量考察和研究工作,取得了一系列成果。但是,以往都把重点放在该区第四纪地层划分、考古、古人类、古生物和古地理环境等方面。对于在地层中化学元素的迁移和聚集与古气候的关系,探讨不多。 作者于1978—1980年在该区进行了综合考察,并选定萨拉乌苏河谷内地层出露较全

[Gao Shangyu, Dong Guangrong,

Li Baosheng et al. Migration and accumuation of chemical elements in the Quaternary Strata of the Saawusu River area in relation to climatic evoution.

Geochimica, 1985, (3): 269-276.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

正 过去半个多世纪中,国内外学者在萨拉乌苏河地区做了大量考察和研究工作,取得了一系列成果。但是,以往都把重点放在该区第四纪地层划分、考古、古人类、古生物和古地理环境等方面。对于在地层中化学元素的迁移和聚集与古气候的关系,探讨不多。 作者于1978—1980年在该区进行了综合考察,并选定萨拉乌苏河谷内地层出露较全
[32] 李保生, 董光荣, 高尚玉, .

萨拉乌苏河地区地层中的碎屑矿物及其所反映的中更新世末期以来之气候环境变化

[J]. 岩石矿物学杂志, 1991, 10(1): 84-90.

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[Li Baosheng, Dong Guangrong,

Gao Shangyu et al. The change in climatic environment of the saawusu river area since the terminal of mid-Pleistocene as indicated by detrital minerals in quaternary sediments.

Acta Petrologica Et Mineralogica, 1991, 10(1): 84-90.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[33] 彭子成, 张兆峰, 蔡演军, .

贵州七星洞晚更新世晚期石笋的古气候环境记录

[J]. 第四纪研究, 2002, 22(3): 273-282.

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2002.03.011      URL      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

<p>用热电离质谱(TIMS)-铀系法高精度地测定了贵州七星洞石笋的年龄,其生长年限为43020&plusmn;960~12650&plusmn;290aB.P.,相当于深海氧同位素2阶段到3阶段后期。石笋的生长率变化反映了当时气候从暖湿多雨和印度洋季风强劲的环境,逐渐转化为冷干少雨、东亚冬季风强劲的环境。石笋的氧同位素变化表明:43000~29600aB.P.相当于深海氧同位素3阶段后期。该阶段<sup>&delta;18</sup>O平均值负于全阶段的平均值,气候暖湿多雨,此青藏高原夏季出现强的低气压,有利于印度洋季风携带孟加拉湾大量水汽进入青藏高原;29600~14600aB.P.相当于深海氧同位素2阶段,该阶段<sup>&delta;18</sup>O平均值高于全阶段的平均值,气候冷干少雨,对应于末次盛冰期;14600~12650aB.P.阶段<sup>&delta;18</sup>O平均值略负于全阶段的平均值,气候向温湿趋势发展。石笋氧同位素曲线还显示了HeinrichH1,H2,H3和H4的突冷事件和DansgaardOeschger(DO)IS1~IS11的暖事件旋回,这表明北大西洋发生的气候突发事件,在低纬度的贵州地区找到了印记。大西洋环流的终止和产生,可以通过大气内部的动力过程,影响到亚洲季风控制区。对于表征全球变化的事件是否具有同时性,还有待我们思考和研究。</p>

[Peng Zicheng, Zhang Zhaofeng,

Cai Yanjun et al. The paleoclimatic records from the late Pleistocene stalagmite in Guizhou Qixing Cave.

Quaternary Sciences, 2002, 22(3): 273-282.]

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2002.03.011      URL      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

<p>用热电离质谱(TIMS)-铀系法高精度地测定了贵州七星洞石笋的年龄,其生长年限为43020&plusmn;960~12650&plusmn;290aB.P.,相当于深海氧同位素2阶段到3阶段后期。石笋的生长率变化反映了当时气候从暖湿多雨和印度洋季风强劲的环境,逐渐转化为冷干少雨、东亚冬季风强劲的环境。石笋的氧同位素变化表明:43000~29600aB.P.相当于深海氧同位素3阶段后期。该阶段<sup>&delta;18</sup>O平均值负于全阶段的平均值,气候暖湿多雨,此青藏高原夏季出现强的低气压,有利于印度洋季风携带孟加拉湾大量水汽进入青藏高原;29600~14600aB.P.相当于深海氧同位素2阶段,该阶段<sup>&delta;18</sup>O平均值高于全阶段的平均值,气候冷干少雨,对应于末次盛冰期;14600~12650aB.P.阶段<sup>&delta;18</sup>O平均值略负于全阶段的平均值,气候向温湿趋势发展。石笋氧同位素曲线还显示了HeinrichH1,H2,H3和H4的突冷事件和DansgaardOeschger(DO)IS1~IS11的暖事件旋回,这表明北大西洋发生的气候突发事件,在低纬度的贵州地区找到了印记。大西洋环流的终止和产生,可以通过大气内部的动力过程,影响到亚洲季风控制区。对于表征全球变化的事件是否具有同时性,还有待我们思考和研究。</p>
[34] 汪永进, 吴江滢, 吴金全, .

末次冰期南京石笋高分辨率气候记录与GRIP冰芯对比

[J]. 中国科学D辑, 2000, 30(5): 533-539.

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1006-9267.2000.05.012      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

对采自南京汤山洞穴一支长400余mm的石笋进行了高精度 TIMS-U系定年和氧碳同位素测试,建立了末次冰期中晚期(54 000~19 000aBP)中国东部高分辨率的古气候变化时间序列.从石笋氧同位素变化曲线中,不仅检出东亚夏季风降水史中的Heinrich事件,而且首次发现了末 次冰期东亚夏季风活动区气候变化同样存在着Dansgaard-Oeschger旋回,与极地GRIP冰芯记录有良好的对比关系.但明显的差别主要有: (1)中国东部气候变化的干冷化趋势十分明显,由石笋氧同位素曲线构成的连续4个Bond旋回,迭覆在末次冰期长期变冷的气候背景上,可能与青藏高原 MIS3阶段特强夏季风事件有关;(2)石笋气候曲线反映的干冷事件与GRIP冰芯中的对应事件存在1000~2000 a的相位差,似有必要考虑不同测年方法相互校正问题.

[Wang Yongjin, Wu Jiangying,

Wu Jinquan et al. Comparison of climate record by the high resolution climate records of Nanjing stalagmite and GRIP Ice Core in the Last Glacial Period.

Science in China(D), 2000, 30(5): 533-539.]

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1006-9267.2000.05.012      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

对采自南京汤山洞穴一支长400余mm的石笋进行了高精度 TIMS-U系定年和氧碳同位素测试,建立了末次冰期中晚期(54 000~19 000aBP)中国东部高分辨率的古气候变化时间序列.从石笋氧同位素变化曲线中,不仅检出东亚夏季风降水史中的Heinrich事件,而且首次发现了末 次冰期东亚夏季风活动区气候变化同样存在着Dansgaard-Oeschger旋回,与极地GRIP冰芯记录有良好的对比关系.但明显的差别主要有: (1)中国东部气候变化的干冷化趋势十分明显,由石笋氧同位素曲线构成的连续4个Bond旋回,迭覆在末次冰期长期变冷的气候背景上,可能与青藏高原 MIS3阶段特强夏季风事件有关;(2)石笋气候曲线反映的干冷事件与GRIP冰芯中的对应事件存在1000~2000 a的相位差,似有必要考虑不同测年方法相互校正问题.
[35] 李保生, 温小浩, Zhang D D, .

昆仑山北麓阿羌黄土剖面AQS3层段记录的末次间冰阶千年尺度的气候波动

[J]. 第四纪研究, 2008, 28(1): 140-149.

Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

<p>通过对昆仑山北麓阿羌黄土剖面AQS3层段的年代测试、粒度参数(Mz和&sigma;)以及主要氧化物(SiO<sub>2</sub>,Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>,TOFE(Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>+FeO)和(Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>+TOFE)/SiO<sub>2</sub>比值)分析,并结合区域相关地层反映的古环境和腹足类化石指示的古生态,认为AQS<sub>3</sub>记录了末次间冰阶19个旋回的干冷与暖湿的气候波动。其中,15个具有千年尺度旋回的各个温暖期能够较好地与GRIP冰芯氧同位素曲线中的D-O事件在时代和气候性质上进行一一对比。可能是由于地处毗邻冰川山麓、加之海拔较高,故该层段粒度与主要氧化物显示的气候变动的幅度并不大,然而却相当敏感。不仅于此,这种千年尺度的温暖气候变化在昆仑山北麓及其近邻区域也有明显的表现。例如,在昆仑山北麓普鲁地层剖面中,指示暖干气候作用下形成的含石膏等盐类的砂土砾石层的TL年龄为距今31000年、45500~41600年、45900年和54500年,可以依次与GRIP&delta;<sup>18</sup>O中的间冰段D/O6,D/O12,D/O13和D/O15进行对比;在阿尔金山北麓,类似的并具有荒漠漆的砂土砾石层的TL年龄为37200aB.P.和59700aB.P.,分别相当于D/O9和D/O17间冰段;在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的高阶地(海拔1310m),可能代表了剧烈升温的气候背景下,环塔里木盆地四周高山冰雪大量消融导致的塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的&quot;大湖期&quot;,其日历年为33197aB.P.,与GISP2冰芯氧同位素曲线在33000aB.P.的暖阶段相当。发生在昆仑山北麓及毗邻区域AQS3时期若干温暖阶段的地层学证据以及其在时间上能够与GRIP和GISP2冰芯氧同位素曲线相关暖峰的耦合,表明由阿羌剖面末次间冰阶粒度和主氧化物峰谷变化反映出来的多次冷暖波动,其根本原因还是受到北半球D/O振荡的强烈影响。</p>

[Li Baosheng, Wen Xiaohao,

Zhang D D et al. Millennial-Scale climate fluctuations during the last interstadial recorded in the AQS3 segment of the aqiang loess section in the North piedmont of the kunlun mountains.

Quaternary Sciences, 2008, 28(1): 140-149.]

Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

<p>通过对昆仑山北麓阿羌黄土剖面AQS3层段的年代测试、粒度参数(Mz和&sigma;)以及主要氧化物(SiO<sub>2</sub>,Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>,TOFE(Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>+FeO)和(Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>+TOFE)/SiO<sub>2</sub>比值)分析,并结合区域相关地层反映的古环境和腹足类化石指示的古生态,认为AQS<sub>3</sub>记录了末次间冰阶19个旋回的干冷与暖湿的气候波动。其中,15个具有千年尺度旋回的各个温暖期能够较好地与GRIP冰芯氧同位素曲线中的D-O事件在时代和气候性质上进行一一对比。可能是由于地处毗邻冰川山麓、加之海拔较高,故该层段粒度与主要氧化物显示的气候变动的幅度并不大,然而却相当敏感。不仅于此,这种千年尺度的温暖气候变化在昆仑山北麓及其近邻区域也有明显的表现。例如,在昆仑山北麓普鲁地层剖面中,指示暖干气候作用下形成的含石膏等盐类的砂土砾石层的TL年龄为距今31000年、45500~41600年、45900年和54500年,可以依次与GRIP&delta;<sup>18</sup>O中的间冰段D/O6,D/O12,D/O13和D/O15进行对比;在阿尔金山北麓,类似的并具有荒漠漆的砂土砾石层的TL年龄为37200aB.P.和59700aB.P.,分别相当于D/O9和D/O17间冰段;在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的高阶地(海拔1310m),可能代表了剧烈升温的气候背景下,环塔里木盆地四周高山冰雪大量消融导致的塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的&quot;大湖期&quot;,其日历年为33197aB.P.,与GISP2冰芯氧同位素曲线在33000aB.P.的暖阶段相当。发生在昆仑山北麓及毗邻区域AQS3时期若干温暖阶段的地层学证据以及其在时间上能够与GRIP和GISP2冰芯氧同位素曲线相关暖峰的耦合,表明由阿羌剖面末次间冰阶粒度和主氧化物峰谷变化反映出来的多次冷暖波动,其根本原因还是受到北半球D/O振荡的强烈影响。</p>
[36] Labeyrie L, Leclaire H,

Waelbroeck C et al. Temporal variability of the deep-waters of the North West Atlantic Ocean and orbital and millenninal scales

[J]. Geophysical Monograph, 1999, 112: 77-98.

[本文引用: 1]     

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