地理科学  2017 , 37 (12): 1917-1924 https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.12.016

Orginal Article

武汉市不透水地表时空格局分析

张扬, 刘艳芳, 刘以

武汉大学资源与环境科学学院, 湖北 武汉 430079

Spatial and Temporal Patterns Analysis of Impervious Surface in Wuhan City

Zhang Yang, Liu Yanfang, Liu Yi

School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China

中图分类号:  X83

文献标识码:  A

文章编号:  1000-0690(2017)12-1917-08

收稿日期: 2016-12-1

修回日期:  2017-05-11

网络出版日期:  2017-12-20

版权声明:  2017 《地理科学》编辑部 本文是开放获取期刊文献,在以下情况下可以自由使用:学术研究、学术交流、科研教学等,但不允许用于商业目的.

基金资助:  国家自然科学基金项目(41771432)资助

作者简介:

作者简介:张扬(1992-),男,河南周口人,博士研究生,主要从事城市遥感研究。E-mail:zhangy1010@whu.edu.cn

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摘要

根据植被-不透水地表-土壤(V-I-S)模型,以武汉市2002、2009、2015年3期Landsat影像为数据源,利用线性光谱混合模型进行亚像元分解获取不透水地表比例的空间分布。在此基础上采用梯度分析、景观格局指数等方法对研究区内不透水地表空间格局及变化进行分析。得到以下结论:武汉市2002、2009、2015年的平均不透水地表比例分别是27.53%,34.65%,40.51%,呈不断增长的趋势。主城区的不透水地表比例明显高于新城区,但新城区不透水地表比例增加幅度大于主城区。武汉市不透水地表主要沿长江、汉江两条轴线分布,随着与城市中心距离的增大,不透水地表比例递减后趋于稳定,三环线内4 km和三环外10 km范围是平均不透水地表比例增量最大的圈层。2002~2015年,武汉市由自然地表与极低盖度等级占主导的景观格局逐渐演变为以中高盖度不透水盖度等级占主导。

关键词: 线性光谱混合模型 ; 不透水地表 ; 景观格局 ; 武汉市

Abstract

Impervious surface is considered as an indicator of urban ecological environment and impervious surface area data, which is important to urban planning and environmental and resources management. The reconciliation between the V-I-S model and LSMA provided a continuum field model, which offered an alternative, effective approach for characterizing and quantifying the spatial and temporal changes of impervious surface. In this article, we extracted the impervious surface information from Landsat images of 2002, 2009 and 2015 within the metropolitan area of Wuhan by a fully constrained linear spectral mixture model based on the vegetation-impervious surface-soil (V-I-S) model. Here, gradient analysis was adopted to analyze spatial distribution and four different landscape indicators were chosen to analysis landscape patterns dynamics of impervious surface from 2002 to 2015. Rusults of this study were as follows: The average impervious surface coverage of Wuhan was respectively 27.53% in 2002, 34.65% in 2009 and 40.51% in 2015, which showed a trend of rising. The areas of high impervious surface coverage value of Wuhan are mainly distributed along the Yangtze River and Han River as well as in some secondary centers such as Jiangxia and Hannan and that of low value are mainly distributed in suburban counties. For the period 2002 to 2009, areas of new impervious surfaces mainly formed around existing urban areas and mostly concentrated in circumjacent areas of Wuhan Economy and Technology Development Zone and Donghu New Technology Development Zone as well. After 2009, it was observed that the distribution of new impervious surfaces was scattered. The impervious surface coverage of main urban area is obviously higher than new urban district, but the impervious surface coverage of new urban district increase rapidly. With the increase of the distance to downtown, impervious surface coverage tended to be stable after progressive decrease. The range of 10km outside the third-ring road and 4 km within it was the area of largest increment of average impervious surface coverage. Landscape pattern analysis results showed that natural surface and area of very high density impervious surface had a low degree of fragmentation, strong spatial continuity and a very simple shape. Conversely, low density and medium density impervious surface area had a high degree of fragmentation, weakest spatial continuity and a very complex shape. The patches shape shows that natural surface had a high dominant position in 2002, but after that changed to high density impervious surface after 2015.

Keywords: linear spectral mixture model ; impervious surface ; landscape pattern ; Wuhan City

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张扬, 刘艳芳, 刘以. 武汉市不透水地表时空格局分析[J]. 地理科学, 2017, 37(12): 1917-1924 https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.12.016

Zhang Yang, Liu Yanfang, Liu Yi. Spatial and Temporal Patterns Analysis of Impervious Surface in Wuhan City[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017, 37(12): 1917-1924 https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.12.016

不透水地表是能阻止水分向土壤渗透的人工地表,常见的有建筑、道路、广场、停车场等[1,2]。伴随着城市化的快速发展,城市及城市周边以植被为主的自然景观转变为不透水地表,进而影响区域气候、碳循环和水循环,引起城市热岛效应、水体污染、城市内涝、生物多样性退化等生态环境问题[3,4,5,6,7]。城市不透水地表(urban impervious surface,UIS)被认为是评价城市生态系统健康及人居环境质量的关键指标之一,受到环境科学、全球变化以及人地关系等诸多学科关注[1,8]

美国地质调查局(USGS)与美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)基于夜间灯光指数发展了第一个全球1 km建设用地不透水地表数据集,表明中国具有全球面积最大的不透水地表面积[9]。匡文慧等的研究表明,2008年中国不透水地表面积占国土总面积比例达到了0.86%,城市不透水地表平均比例约为66%[10]。已有研究表明,当流域内城市不透水地表比例大于25%,将导致城市环境严重退化[9]。因此,在流域和城市尺度上监测不透水地表并分析其时空格局变化,对于指导中国城市规划与可持续发展的有重要的理论与现实意义。

相对于地面实测,利用遥感数据提取不透水地表具有多时相、范围广和获取成本低等诸多优势而成为最常用的研究手段。但城市景观复杂,地物具有强烈的空间异质性,使得使用中等空间分辨率遥感影像进行城市研究中普遍存在混合像元问题,给不透水地表的提取带来困难[11]。Ridd于1995年提出V-I-S(Vegetation-Impervious surface-Soil)模型,将复杂的城市土地覆盖类型简化为植被、不透水地表和土壤3种土地覆盖类型的组合,为定量分析城市环境各组分提供了理论基础[12]。Wu在综合上述方法的基础上,运用线性光谱分解模型(Linear Spectral Mixing Model,LSMM),以美国的大都市区Columbus地区为研究区,探索基于 V-I-S 模型的城市不透水表面覆盖制图与评价,将城市地表覆被的混合像元假设为植被、高反照率地表、低反照率地表、土壤的 4 种地物光谱特征的组合物,成功地将线性光谱分离技术与V-I-S模型结合,估算了Columbus 地区的亚像元级别的不透水地表盖度(Impervious Surface Cover,简称ISC)的空间分布,获得可信的估算精度[13]。以中等分辨率影像为数据源,将 V-I-S 模型与混合像元分解模型结合,提取城市不透水表面,已经成为目前估算城市不透水表面的常用方法[14,15,16,17,18,19,20]

Landsat卫星影像以其空间分辨率与城市研究满足的最小空间分辨率相当、具有多光谱波段、存档时间序列长、获取成本低等特点成为城市研究中广泛使用的卫星影像。Landsat8卫星发射后,其搭载的陆地成像仪(OLI)传感器获取的影像在波段数量和波段范围上均有改进,为不透水地表提取提供了新的数据源[20,21]。本文基于TM和OLI数据源提取武汉都市发展区3个时期的不透水地表并分析其时空格局。

1 研究区域与数据来源

1.1 武汉市概况

武汉是湖北省会,位于江汉平原东部,地处29°58'~31°22'N,113°41'~115°05'E之间。武汉是长江与汉水交汇处,呈武昌、汉口、汉阳三镇鼎立的城市格局,是中部地区经济、教育、文化中心和中国重要的水陆交通枢纽。本研究以《武汉市城市总体规划(2010~2020年)》确定的都市发展区为研究区,包括主城区和部分近郊区[21],面积约3 300 km2图1)。21世纪以来,武汉都市发展区经济发展迅速、人口快速增长,城市扩张向三环线外推移变快,土地覆盖变化显著。此外,武汉都市发展区水域面积较多,境内江河纵横、湖港交织,对城市景观格局影响较大。

图1   研究区范围

Fig.1   Location of the study area

1.2 数据来源与预处理

研究使用的遥感数据为2002年9月3日、2009年9月6日获取的TM影像和2015年10月25日获取的OLI影像,轨道号为P123/R39,影像质量完好且云层覆盖较少。采用地面控制点GCPs对影像进行几何校正,校正后图像像元均方根误差小于0.5个像元。通过辐射定标将影像的亮度值DN值转换为标准星上反射率,以消除多光谱影像中的日照条件差异[22]。有研究认为,大气纠正对不透水地表提取贡献不显著,故未对影像进行大气纠正[23,24]。验证数据为与OLI影像时段相近的Pleiades-1影像。

2 研究方法

利用线性光谱混合分解模型提取武汉都市发展区2002、2009、2015年3个时期的不透水地表,运用空间分析、梯度分析、景观格局分析等方法,阐明武汉市不透水地表的空间分布格局及分异规律,揭示2002~2015年武汉市都市发展区地表覆盖变化过程。

2.1 不透水地表提取

1) 线性光谱混合分解模型。像元的反射率可以表示为端元组分的光谱反射率和它们在像元中所占的面积百分比(盖度)的函数,在有些情况下表示为端元组分的光谱反射率和其他地面参数的函数[25,26]。在线性光谱混合模型中,每一光谱波段中单一像元的反射率表示为它的端元组分反射率与它们各自盖度的线性组合。其表达式如下:

Rb=i=1nfiRi,b+eb

式中,为第b 波段的光谱反射率;为端元数目;为端元在像元中所占的比例权重; Ri,b为端元在b 波段的反射率;为非模型化的残余误差值。

通过比较光谱特征,选择高反照率、低反照率、植被及土壤4类端元并确定其波谱特征。由于水体表现为低反射率,为了保证后续的光谱混合分析更为准确,本研究采用修正归一化水体指数(MNDWI)法[27]对武汉都市发展区内的河流、湖泊等水体进行掩膜剔除。应用具有限制条件的最小二乘法求解4个端元线性光谱混合模型,得到各个端元的盖度图像。不透水地表在影像光谱特征上表现为高反照率地表与低反照率地表的组合,其盖度可由低反照率端元和高反照率端元盖度相加得到[28]

2) 精度分析。选用2015年不透水地表盖度提取数据对比时相邻近的Pleiades-1高分辨率影像进行精度评价,计算均方根误差RMSE、残差项和相关系数。具体步骤:将提取的不透水地表数据(30 m×30 m)重分类为10个等级(0~0.1,0.1~0.2,…,0.9~1),按照3×3像元大小(90 m×90 m)在不透水地表数据中分层随机选择样本,以其像元空间平均值为不透水地表盖度遥感估算值,目视解译参考影像对应区域的不透水地表盖度作为不透水地表的实际值。以10个样本/每等级选择验证样本点,考虑到不透水地表实际分布的不确定性,适当增加总样本数,最终选择了131个样本点用于精度验证。计算结果表明不透水地表提取精度总体较高,RMSE值为0.005 9,远小于0.01;为0.018 7;达到0.895。

2.2 梯度分析

选择梯度分析法中的圈层法定量分析不同时期不透水地表的梯度分异特征。由于三环线与武汉市两江三镇的城市格局及主城区形态接近,因此选择三环线作为梯度分析中缓冲区建立的起始边界[29]。以三环线为起始边界,2 km为缓冲距离,有效覆盖武汉都市发展区内的主要不透水地表比例高值区,向内和向外共建立了16个梯度带, 根据距三环线的距离依次编号为R1~R16。

2.3 景观格局分析

将不透水地表盖度应用于景观格局分析中,可以表征地表覆盖特征及同一土地利用类型中生物物理组成状况的差异[30]。根据2002~2015年武汉市不透水地表盖度的分布状况,采用等间距法分为极高覆盖度(ISC≥90%)、高覆盖度(70%≤ISC<90%)、中覆盖度(50%≤ISC<70%)、低覆盖度(30%≤ISC<50%)、极低覆盖度(10%≤ISC<30%)、自然地表(ISC<10%)。选用香农多样性指数(Shannon’s Diversity Index, SHDI)、斑块密度(Patch Density, PD)、聚集度指数(Aggregation Index, AI)和周长-面积分维数(Perimeter-area fractal dimension, PAFRAC)分析不透水地表景观格局特征。其中,香农多样性指数表示地表覆盖景观的丰富程度和复杂程度,斑块密度表征破碎化程度,聚集度指数表征地表覆盖的空间配置情况,周长-面积分维数表示斑块形状特征和复杂性[31]

3 结果分析

3.1 不透水地表总体特征

经计算,武汉都市发展区2002、2009、2015年的平均不透水地表比例分别是27.53%,34.65%,40.51%,呈不断增长的趋势。如果去除水体,2002、2009、2015年的平均不透水地表比例可达到34.39%,41.54%,48.53%,这与国内外相关研究得到的主要城市40%多的平均值相差不大[32]。3个年份不透水地表比例的标准差分别是0.315 8、0.362 0、0.413 4,说明3个年份武汉都市发展区内不透水地表比例之间的空间差异也增大。

3.2 不透水地表空间格局

武汉市不透水地表具有明显的沿长江、汉江两条轴线的分布特征,不透水地表盖度由中心城区向外围递减且有江夏、汉南等多个不透水地表次中心,形成以中心城区为主体,多轴多层次的分布格局(图2)。2002~2009年不透水地表增长区主要分布在中心城区周边,以西南部的武汉经济技术开发区和东南部的东湖新技术产业开发区周边最为集中,以外延增长为主;2009~2015年,武汉都市开发区内不透水地表增长区分布零散,既有外延增长,也有内填式增长。此外,近年来沙湖、南湖等湖泊日益萎缩,这些湖泊周边也是重要的不透水地表增长区。

图2   2002~2015年武汉市不透水地表盖度等级

Fig.2   The distribution of impervious surface area of Wuhan City in 2002-2015

武汉都市发展区内的13个城区3个年份不透水地表比例如图3所示。除了洪山区外的6个中心城区(江汉区、硚口区、武昌区、江岸区、青山区、汉阳区)3个年份的不透水地表比例均在60%以上,明显高于新城区(东西湖区、汉南区、蔡甸区、江夏区、黄陂区、新洲区),不透水比例最高的江汉区3个年份的不透水地表比例均在80%以上,2015年达到87.11%。若去除水体,水域面积占比大的武昌区、汉阳区、汉南区、江岸区和汉阳区的不透水地表比例将会更高。2002~2015年,洪山区和6个新城区的不透水地表比例增长幅度最大,反映了城市扩张由中心城区向外围逐步推进的特征。

图3   2002~2015年武汉市各区不透水地表比率分布

Fig.3   The distribution figure of impervious surface area percentage of Wuhan City, 2002-2015

3.3 不透水地表梯度分析

基于2002~2015年不透水地表分布,利用GIS空间分析得到2002~2015年不透水地表分布圈层变化趋势图(图4)。由于武汉市中心有长江干流穿过,R1环内水体占比大而使得平均不透水地表比例被拉低。随着与城市中心距离的增加,中心城区的不透水地表比例增大,平均不透水地表比例上升趋势明显并迅速升到最大值。随着梯度圈由市中心向郊区移动,不透水地表比例降低,图形以相对缓慢的趋势下降,直到达到相对平稳的状态。比较3个时期平均不透水地表比例变化情况发现,R5~R11梯度圈,即三环线内4 km和三环外10 km范围是不透水地表比例增加最多的区域,说明这一区域的不透水地表比例在2002~2015年增加较快,是武汉都市发展区土地城镇化推进的重点区域。

图4   2002~2015年各圈层带平均不透水地表盖度

Fig.4   The percentage of impervious surface area of each gradient partition, 2002-2015

3.4 不透水地表景观格局分析

图5表明,2002~2015年武汉市不透水地表景观香农多样性指数经历低--低的变化过程,即从2002年自然地表与极低盖度等级占主导的景观格局,到2009年各种盖度等级面积较为接近,再到2015年演变为以中高盖度不透水盖度等级占主导。

图5   2002~2015年武汉市不透水地表盖度等级的景观格局变化

Fig.5   Landscape pattern change of impervious surface area classes in Wuhan City in 2002-2015

组分空间构型分析表明,不透水地表盖度最低的自然地表和最高的极高覆盖度等级斑块团聚程度较高,破碎化程度低,而不透水地表盖度处于中间水平的低覆盖度等级和中覆盖度等级的斑块斑块较为破碎,团聚程度低。研究期内各不透水地表盖度等级斑块密度均有所增加,表明随着不透水地表盖度增大,其斑块数量越多,破碎化程度加剧。

斑块形状特征分析表明,不透水地表盖度最低的自然地表和最高的极高覆盖度等级斑块形状相对其他盖度等级较为简单,周长-面积分维数值最小。研究期内,极高覆盖度等级周长-面积分维数呈先降低后升高的趋势,说明极高覆盖度等级斑块形状经历了从趋于不规则再到规则化的过程,而其他不透水地表盖度等级的周长-面积分维数较为稳定。

从斑块连接情况来看,自然地表和极高覆盖度等级聚集度较高且在研究期内相对稳定,表明自然地表和极高覆盖度等级斑块之间的连接性一直较强,而其他盖度等级的聚集度呈下降趋势,斑块连接性减弱。

4 结论与讨论

以V-I-S模型为理论基础,利用线性光谱混合模型可以很好地从Landsat影像中提取武汉都市发展区不透水地表,光谱分解结果可靠,取得了较高的提取精度。应用GIS空间分析和景观格局指数方法,分析了武汉市不透水地表空间格局和变化特征,得到以下结论:

1) 武汉市2002、2009、2015年的3个年份的平均不透水地表比例不断增大,不透水地表比例内部差异也逐渐增大。2002~2009年不透水地表增加区主要分布在中心城区周边,以外延增长为主;2009~2015年,不透水地表增长区分布零散,既有外延增长,也有内填增长。

2) 武汉市不透水地表具有明显的沿长江、汉江两条轴线的分布特征,且有江夏、汉南等多个不透水地表次中心。中心城区的不透水地表比例明显高于新城区,但2002~2009年新城区不透水地表比例增加幅度大于中心城区。随着与城市中心距离的增大,不透水地表盖度递减后趋于稳定,三环线内4 km和三环线外10 km范围是平均不透水地表比例增长最快的区域。

3) 6个不透水地表盖度等级中,自然地表和极高覆盖度等级的斑块破碎化程度低,空间连接性强,形状简单;而低覆盖度和中覆盖度的斑块最为破碎,连接性最弱,形状更加复杂。2002~2015年,武汉市由自然地表与极低盖度等级占主导的景观格局逐渐演变为以中高盖度不透水盖度等级占主导。

由于阴影的影响、先验知识缺乏等问题,线性光谱分解模型对于中等分辨率影像不透水地表提取精度仍不够高,未来可以考虑从多平台、多传感器的遥感观测系统中获取有效信息,如使用合成孔径雷达图像和光学影像等多源遥感影像融合的方法来提高不透水地表的提取精度。不透水表面的增长对城市区域的热环境、植被生长、水环境及水文循环、生物多样性都有一定影响,如何定量化这些影响及揭示不透水地表生态环境效应的机理有待进行更深入的研究。此外,不透水地表分布在流域管理、城市规划等方面的实际应用仍处于起步阶段,有待进一步的加强。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.


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不透水面信息的提取方法与应用是近年来城市规划、热岛效应分析、水环境监测和水资源管理等诸多领域的研究热点。遥感技术的发展使不透水面快速准确提取成为可能。从影像特征(光谱、空间几何、时间)选择、分类器(参数、非参数)选择和空间尺度(像元、亚像元尺度)选择3个方面归纳和总结了各种不透水面遥感提取方法原理、应用现状和存在问题,回顾了不透水面在城市化监测、人口估计、水环境监测、热岛效应分析、水文气候建模分析等领域的应用,指出了不透水面遥感提取和应用的发展方向。

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对石家庄市LandsatTM 数据进行土地覆被分类,计算各土地覆被类型的能量平衡分量。找出感热、潜热、储热通量在下垫面的分配差异并分析下垫面面积比例与感热/净辐射的关系。发现密集不透水面感热单位面积能量达314.1 W/m2,49.9%的净辐射转换为感热。城市植被、水体净辐射的61.2%,65.9%变成潜热;感热/净辐射与城市植被和水体面积比例负相关,面积比例小于30%,感热/净辐射随之减少而快速增长;大于30%则随之增加缓慢降低。感热/净辐射与不透水面面积比显著正相关,可见,城市近地层温度升高主要由不透水面产生的感热交换引起。

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对石家庄市LandsatTM 数据进行土地覆被分类,计算各土地覆被类型的能量平衡分量。找出感热、潜热、储热通量在下垫面的分配差异并分析下垫面面积比例与感热/净辐射的关系。发现密集不透水面感热单位面积能量达314.1 W/m2,49.9%的净辐射转换为感热。城市植被、水体净辐射的61.2%,65.9%变成潜热;感热/净辐射与城市植被和水体面积比例负相关,面积比例小于30%,感热/净辐射随之减少而快速增长;大于30%则随之增加缓慢降低。感热/净辐射与不透水面面积比显著正相关,可见,城市近地层温度升高主要由不透水面产生的感热交换引起。
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不透水表面是城市中一种人工地表特征,隔离地表水下渗到上壤,割断了城市地表与地下水文联系,主要由城市中的道路、停车场、广场及屋顶等建筑物组成。不透水表面影响城市的地表径流、水文循环、水体质量、局部气候、生物多样性等生态环境要素,是监测城市生态系统及环境变化的重要指标,也是许多生态环境模型的主要输入参数。本文归纳了不透水表面提取技术及其对城市自然生态环境影响的研究进展。从遥感提取技术方面看,亚像元分解等新的运算方法提取中尺度分辨率遥感影像的不透水表面,将是未来遥感技术应用到城市自然资源环境研究的趋势。在数据源方面,中分辨率(10~100m)与高分辨率(0.3~5m)遥感数据为不透水表面指数在大范围、多时段的获取提供了可靠基础。在不透水表面指数应用方面,城市地表覆被监测与模拟可以为城市未来发展及规划管理提供基础。鉴于不透水表面决定了城市地区的地表水文循环、非点源污染、能量分布、植被变化及生物多样性等生态环境要素,因此搭起深入理解城市景观格局与生态过程相互关系的桥梁,是研究城市化的生态环境效应的最佳切入点。

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https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2010.09.018      URL      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

不透水表面是城市中一种人工地表特征,隔离地表水下渗到上壤,割断了城市地表与地下水文联系,主要由城市中的道路、停车场、广场及屋顶等建筑物组成。不透水表面影响城市的地表径流、水文循环、水体质量、局部气候、生物多样性等生态环境要素,是监测城市生态系统及环境变化的重要指标,也是许多生态环境模型的主要输入参数。本文归纳了不透水表面提取技术及其对城市自然生态环境影响的研究进展。从遥感提取技术方面看,亚像元分解等新的运算方法提取中尺度分辨率遥感影像的不透水表面,将是未来遥感技术应用到城市自然资源环境研究的趋势。在数据源方面,中分辨率(10~100m)与高分辨率(0.3~5m)遥感数据为不透水表面指数在大范围、多时段的获取提供了可靠基础。在不透水表面指数应用方面,城市地表覆被监测与模拟可以为城市未来发展及规划管理提供基础。鉴于不透水表面决定了城市地区的地表水文循环、非点源污染、能量分布、植被变化及生物多样性等生态环境要素,因此搭起深入理解城市景观格局与生态过程相互关系的桥梁,是研究城市化的生态环境效应的最佳切入点。
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Remote sensing of impervious surfaces in the urban areas:Requirements,methods,and trends

[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2012,117:34-49.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.02.030      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

78 Comprehensive review on methods to extract, estimate and map impervious surfaces. 78 Discussions on the mapping requirements of urban impervious surfaces. 78 Problems and prospects in remote sensing of impervious surfaces in the urban areas. 78 Impact of new sensing systems on the models and algorithms in urban remote sensing. 78 First to discuss about research traditions in urban remote sensing.
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Global distribution and density of constructed impervious surfaces

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We present the first global inventory of the spatial distribution and density ofconstructed impervious surface area (ISA). Examples of ISA include roads, parking lots,buildings, driveways, sidewalks and other manmade surfaces. While high spatialresolution is required to observe these features, the new product reports the estimateddensity of ISA on a one-km2 grid based on two coarse resolution indicators of ISA 01040000“ thebrightness of satellite observed nighttime lights and population count. The model wascalibrated using 30-meter resolution ISA of the USA from the U.S. Geological Survey.Nominally the product is for the years 2000-01 since both the nighttime lights andreference data are from those two years. We found that 1.05% of the United States landarea is impervious surface (83,337 km2) and 0.43 % of the world0104000064s land surface (579,703km2) is constructed impervious surface. China has more ISA than any other country(87,182 km2), but has only 67 m2 of ISA per person, compared to 297 m2 per person in theUSA. The distribution of ISA in the world0104000064s primary drainage basins indicates that watersheds damaged by ISA are primarily concentrated in the USA, Europe, Japan, China and India. The authors believe the next step for improving the product is to include reference ISA data from many more areas around the world.
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21世纪初中国人工建设不透水地表遥感监测与时空分析

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进入21世纪中国快速的城市化、工业化受到世界瞩目.基于国家资源环境遥感时空信息平台动态更新的中国土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)数据集以及人工建设不透水地表(ISA)空间数据集,在国家尺度监测21世纪初(2000~2008年)人工建设用地与不透水地表的增长.结果表明,我国21世纪初8年间受新一轮国土开发战略、社会经济高速增长等因素的影响,全国人工建设用地与不透水地表面积分别以3468.30,2212.24km2/a的速度高速增长,到2008年不透水地表面积占国土总面积的0.86%.2000~2008年城市用地扩张速度是20世纪90年代的2.18倍,以1788.22km2/a的平均速度扩张了2000年面积的43.46%,其中城市不透水地表面积以1348.85km2/a的速度增长了2000年面积的53.30%.总体上,8年间中国城市不透水地表面积呈现高速增长的态势,京津冀、珠三角与长三角三大城市群以及西部地区属于快速增长的区域.8年间,我国七大流域地表水环境均不同程度地受到不透水地表增长的潜在影响,而且不透水地表面积比例大于10%的子流域面积显著增加,集中分布在海河、长江、珠江三大流域.到2008年我国国土流域面积的14.42%不同程度地受到不透水地表分布的影响.

[Kuang Wenhui, Liu Jiyuan, Zhang Zengxiang et al.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of impervious surface areas across China during the early 21st century

.Chinese Science Bulletin, 2013,Z1:465-478.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

进入21世纪中国快速的城市化、工业化受到世界瞩目.基于国家资源环境遥感时空信息平台动态更新的中国土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)数据集以及人工建设不透水地表(ISA)空间数据集,在国家尺度监测21世纪初(2000~2008年)人工建设用地与不透水地表的增长.结果表明,我国21世纪初8年间受新一轮国土开发战略、社会经济高速增长等因素的影响,全国人工建设用地与不透水地表面积分别以3468.30,2212.24km2/a的速度高速增长,到2008年不透水地表面积占国土总面积的0.86%.2000~2008年城市用地扩张速度是20世纪90年代的2.18倍,以1788.22km2/a的平均速度扩张了2000年面积的43.46%,其中城市不透水地表面积以1348.85km2/a的速度增长了2000年面积的53.30%.总体上,8年间中国城市不透水地表面积呈现高速增长的态势,京津冀、珠三角与长三角三大城市群以及西部地区属于快速增长的区域.8年间,我国七大流域地表水环境均不同程度地受到不透水地表增长的潜在影响,而且不透水地表面积比例大于10%的子流域面积显著增加,集中分布在海河、长江、珠江三大流域.到2008年我国国土流域面积的14.42%不同程度地受到不透水地表分布的影响.
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[12] Ridd M K.

Exploring a V-I-S (Vegetation-Impervious surface-Soil) model for urban ecosystem analysis through remote-sensing-comparative anatomy for cities

[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1995,16(12):2165-2185.

https://doi.org/10.1080/01431169508954549      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Growing interest in urban systems as ecological entities calls for some standards in parameterizing biophysical composition of urban environments. A vegetation-impervious surface-soil ( V-I-S) model is presented as a possible basis for standardization. The V-I-S model may serve as a foundation for characterizing urban/near-urban environments universally, and for comparison of urban morphology within and between cities. Inasmuch as the model may be driven by satellite digital data, it may serve as a global model of urban ecosystem analysis and comparison world-wide. The V-I-S model may prove useful for urban change detection and growth modelling, for environmental impact analysis from urbanization, for energy- and water-related investigations, and for certain dimensions of human ecosystem analysis of the city as well.
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Estimating impervious surface distribution by spectral mixture analysis

[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2003,84(4):493-505.

https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1146.2009.01622      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Estimating the distribution of impervious surface using remote sensing images is very important in monitoring urban environments and programming urban developments.In present work,the impervious surface distribution is estimated through a fully constrained linear spectral mixture model using Landsat TM/ETM+data for the metropolitan area of Shanghai.Comparison of the accuracy of three methods,i.e.,pixel purity index (PPI),normalized pixel purity index (NPPI),and land surface temperature assistant normalized pixel purity index (T-NPPI) is carried out.Furthermore,the variation of the impervious surface distribution from year 2002 to year 2008 is analyzed.Experimental results show that T-NPPI leads to the best result while PPI is the worst one;it is shown that the ratio of impervious surface fraction to the total area of Shanghai is at a very high level.The spatial pattern of impervious surface of Shanghai is sprawling from the urban areas to the suburb areas by comparing the impervious surface distribution variation during the period of year 2002 to year 2008.
[14] Hu X F,Weng Q H.

Estimation of impervious surfaces of Beijing, China, with spectral normalized images using linear spectral mixture analysis and artificial neural network

[J].Geocarto Int,2010,25(3):23-53.

https://doi.org/10.1080/10106040903078838      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

The objective of this article is to evaluate the effectiveness of various algorithms for estimating impervious surfaces. Linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) network using original and spectral normalized images were applied to two ASTER images acquired on 31 August and 9 April 2004, respectively. Accuracy assessment was performed with a Quickbird image. Root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) were calculated and compared. Results indicated that LSMA with original images provided the poorest results. RMSE was 14.8% for the August image and 22.4% for the April image. Results from LSMA with normalized images improved significantly with RMSE of 12.6% for the August image and 18.9% for the April image. The MLP modelling with original images generated slightly better results with RMSE of 12.2% and 18.4% for each image. The MLP modelling of normalized images provided the best estimation, yielding a RMSE of 12.1% for the August image and 18.2% for the April image.
[15] Weng F Q,Pu R L.

Mapping and assessing of urban impervious areas using multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis:a case study in the city of Tampa,Florida

[J].Geocarto Int,2013,28(7):594-615.

https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2013.764355      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

The advance in remote sensing technology makes people easily assess urban growth. In this study, a multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) was examined in a sub-pixel analysis of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery to map three physical components of urban land cover (LC): impervious surface, vegetation and soil, and compared with a traditional spectral mixture analysis (SMA) in mapping the physical components. A comparative analysis of the impervious surface areas (ISA) mapped with MESMA and SMA indicates that MESMA produced more accurately results of mapping urban physical components than those by SMA. With the multiyear Landsat TM data, we quantified sub-pixel percentage of ISA and the percentage of ISA changes to assess urban growth in Tampa, FL during the past 20 years. The experimental results demonstrate that MESMA approach is effective in mapping and monitoring urban land use/LC changes using moderate-resolution multispectral imagery at a sub-pixel level.
[16] Weng Q,Hu X.

Medium spatial resolution satellite imagery for estimating and mapping urban impervious surfaces using LSMA and ANN

[J].IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sensing,2008,46(8):397-406.

https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2008.917601      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Remote sensing estimation of impervious surface is significant in monitoring urban development and determining the overall environmental health of a watershed, and it has therefore attracted more interest recently in the remote sensing community. The main objective of this paper is to examine and compare the effectiveness of two advanced algorithms for estimating impervious surfaces from medium spatial resolution satellite images, namely, linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) and artificial neural network (ANN). Terra's Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer [(ASTER); acquired on June 16,2001] and a Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image (acquired on June 22, 2000) of Indianapolis, IN, were used for the analysis. The LSMA was employed to generate high- and low-albedo, vegetation, and soil fraction images (endmembers), and an image of impervious surfaces was then estimated by adding high- and low-albedo fraction images. Furthermore, an ANN model, specifically the multilayer-perceptron feedforward network with the back-propagation learning algorithm, was employed as a subpixel image classifier to estimate impervious surfaces. Accuracy assessment was performed against a high- resolution digital orthophoto. The results show that ANN was more effective than LSMA in generating impervious surfaces with high statistical accuracy. For the ASTER image, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the impervious surface map with the ANN model was 12.3%, and the one that resulted from LSMA was 13.2%. For the ETM+ image, the RMSE with the ANN model was 16.7%, and the one from LSMA was 18.9%. The better performance of ANN over LSMA is mainly attributable to the ANN'S capability of handling the nonlinear mixing of image spectrum. In order to test the seasonal sensitivity of satellite images for estimating impervious surfaces, LSMA was applied to two additional ASTER images of the same area, which are acquired on April 5, 2004, and October 3, 2000, respectively. The results were then compared with the ASTER image acquired in June in terms of RMSE. The June image had the highest accuracy, whereas the October image was better than the one in April. Plant phenology caused changes in the variance partitioning and impacted the mixing-space characterization, leading to a less accurate estimation of impervious surfaces.
[17] 李志,魏宗强,刘雅静,.

1995 年以来中国中部城市不透水面增长变化监测及其增长模式研究——以南昌市为例

[J].地理科学,2015,35(11):1444-1451.

URL      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

以典型样地基准化法结合约束性线性光谱分解法对南昌市主城区1995 年以来不透水面增长格局演变及其模式进行研究。结果表明:研究区不透水面格局呈&ldquo;较散-集中-扩散&rdquo;发展的总体规律,主导模式从&ldquo;以轴线延伸式&rdquo;向&ldquo;以卫星填充式、零星飞地式增长&rdquo;进行转变;格局变化与经济社会发展阶段演变、便捷技术及材料的广泛使用,地区土地政策、城市规划、城建投资等因素有关;制定理性的城市规划、重点关注郊区用地过快增长、推广使用绿色透水建材、透水的施工技术等可减缓研究区过快增长的不透水率。

[Li Zhi,Wei Zongqiang,Liu Yajing et al.

Reach on Chinese central city impervious surface area growth pattern in recent 20 years: Take nanchang as a case

.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,31(11):1444-1451.]

URL      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

以典型样地基准化法结合约束性线性光谱分解法对南昌市主城区1995 年以来不透水面增长格局演变及其模式进行研究。结果表明:研究区不透水面格局呈&ldquo;较散-集中-扩散&rdquo;发展的总体规律,主导模式从&ldquo;以轴线延伸式&rdquo;向&ldquo;以卫星填充式、零星飞地式增长&rdquo;进行转变;格局变化与经济社会发展阶段演变、便捷技术及材料的广泛使用,地区土地政策、城市规划、城建投资等因素有关;制定理性的城市规划、重点关注郊区用地过快增长、推广使用绿色透水建材、透水的施工技术等可减缓研究区过快增长的不透水率。
[18] 刘珍环,王仰麟,彭建.

深圳市不透水表面的遥感监测与时空格局

[J].地理研究,2012,31(8):1535-1545.

https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2012080017      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

定量监测城市不透水表面扩展过程,是分析城市景观格局动态,深入剖析城市地区空间镶嵌体内部异质性景观相互转化的重要基础。以深圳市为例,通过定量划分城市不透水表面等级体系,计算不透水表面的转移矩阵与景观格局指数,分析不透水表面的时空动态,结果表明:1990~2005年间,高盖度及极高盖度的不透水表面持续增加,中盖度及低盖度不透水表面先增加后减少,而自然地表及极低盖度的不透水表面则为先减少后恢复,反映了城市化进程对城市地表覆被的结构性影响。景观格局变化显示景观多样性程度较高,且经历了低-高-低-高的变化;斑块在1990年以自然地表为主,1995年以后以中盖度等级为主,高盖度等级显著增加。自然地表和中等盖度的不透水表面变化分别主导着前期和中后期的变化过程。城市建设的迅速扩张,将林地、农田、水体及滩涂等自然地表快速地转变为不同功能的建设用地,主导着不透水表面等级分布的梯度性变化。

[Liu Zhenhuan,Wang Yanglin,Peng Jian.

Quatifying spatial-temporal patterns dynamics of impervious surface in Shenzhen

.Geographical Research,2012,31(8):1535-1545.]

https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2012080017      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

定量监测城市不透水表面扩展过程,是分析城市景观格局动态,深入剖析城市地区空间镶嵌体内部异质性景观相互转化的重要基础。以深圳市为例,通过定量划分城市不透水表面等级体系,计算不透水表面的转移矩阵与景观格局指数,分析不透水表面的时空动态,结果表明:1990~2005年间,高盖度及极高盖度的不透水表面持续增加,中盖度及低盖度不透水表面先增加后减少,而自然地表及极低盖度的不透水表面则为先减少后恢复,反映了城市化进程对城市地表覆被的结构性影响。景观格局变化显示景观多样性程度较高,且经历了低-高-低-高的变化;斑块在1990年以自然地表为主,1995年以后以中盖度等级为主,高盖度等级显著增加。自然地表和中等盖度的不透水表面变化分别主导着前期和中后期的变化过程。城市建设的迅速扩张,将林地、农田、水体及滩涂等自然地表快速地转变为不同功能的建设用地,主导着不透水表面等级分布的梯度性变化。
[19] 周存林,徐涵秋.

福州城区不透水面的光谱混合分析与识别制图

[J].中国图象图形学报,2007,12(5):875-881.

https://doi.org/10.11834/jig.20070518      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

作为Ridd V-I-S模型中的一个重要组成部分,城市不透水面在监测城市扩展和解释人类活动对生态环境的影响起着非常重要的作用。利用图像处理技术,可以迅速地从遥感图像中提取城市不透水面信息。本文以福州城区为例,利用最小噪音分量变换法研究Landsat ETM+影像中城市不透水面信息的提取。通过选取最小噪音分量变换后的前3个分量和线性光谱混合模型,测算得到了高反照率、低反照率、植被及土壤4个模拟城市不同土地覆盖类型的终端地类分量。通过综合低反照率和高反照率两个终端地类,最后得到了不透水面分量。结果表明,城市不透水面的增加对城市生态环境有负面影响。

[Zhou Cunlin,Xu Hanqiu.

A spectral mixture analysis and mapping of impervious surfaces in Built-up Land of Fuzhou City

. Journal of Image and Graphics,2007,12(5):875-881.]

https://doi.org/10.11834/jig.20070518      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

作为Ridd V-I-S模型中的一个重要组成部分,城市不透水面在监测城市扩展和解释人类活动对生态环境的影响起着非常重要的作用。利用图像处理技术,可以迅速地从遥感图像中提取城市不透水面信息。本文以福州城区为例,利用最小噪音分量变换法研究Landsat ETM+影像中城市不透水面信息的提取。通过选取最小噪音分量变换后的前3个分量和线性光谱混合模型,测算得到了高反照率、低反照率、植被及土壤4个模拟城市不同土地覆盖类型的终端地类分量。通过综合低反照率和高反照率两个终端地类,最后得到了不透水面分量。结果表明,城市不透水面的增加对城市生态环境有负面影响。
[20] 翟珂,吴晓青,秦元伟,.

基于OLI影像的环渤海湾不透水面提取及空间格局分析

[J].资源科学,2015,37(10):1920-1928.

URL      Magsci      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

不透水面的分布规模、空间格局和变化是影响区域生态系统和环境变化的重要指标。Landsat 8卫星的成功发射使得基于Landsat系列遥感影像的陆地生态环境监测及其科学研究得以延续。本研究以该卫星搭载的陆地成像仪(OLI)影像为遥感数据源,基于植被-不透水面-土壤(V-I-S)模型,采用最小噪声分离法(MNF)和支持向量机(SVM)相结合的方法实现地表信息遥感影像分类,并提取高反照和低反照覆盖初步提取不透水面,利用遥感指数去除水体、阴影等干扰物后,得到研究区不透水面的分布现状,在此基础上分析其空间格局。结果表明:相较于TM影像,OLI影像辐射分辨率提高为16bit,其波段范围普遍变窄,影像经大气校正后色彩丰富度提高,其不透水面提取精度较高;2013年,环渤海湾海岸带不透水面比例达到16.74%,其空间分布集中于城市中心城区和临港产业区;岸线向陆10km的海岸带区域和岸线外围填海区的不透水面面积达到1 794.30km2;与历史时期TM遥感影像提取结果相比,环渤海湾不透水面分布的趋海化现象明显,不透水面斑块聚集程度增加。

[Zhai Ke,Wu Xiaoqing,Qin Yuanwei et al.

Extraction and spatial analysis of impervious surfaces in the Bohai Bay region based on OLI imagery

. Resource Science, 2015,37(10):1920-1928.]

URL      Magsci      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

不透水面的分布规模、空间格局和变化是影响区域生态系统和环境变化的重要指标。Landsat 8卫星的成功发射使得基于Landsat系列遥感影像的陆地生态环境监测及其科学研究得以延续。本研究以该卫星搭载的陆地成像仪(OLI)影像为遥感数据源,基于植被-不透水面-土壤(V-I-S)模型,采用最小噪声分离法(MNF)和支持向量机(SVM)相结合的方法实现地表信息遥感影像分类,并提取高反照和低反照覆盖初步提取不透水面,利用遥感指数去除水体、阴影等干扰物后,得到研究区不透水面的分布现状,在此基础上分析其空间格局。结果表明:相较于TM影像,OLI影像辐射分辨率提高为16bit,其波段范围普遍变窄,影像经大气校正后色彩丰富度提高,其不透水面提取精度较高;2013年,环渤海湾海岸带不透水面比例达到16.74%,其空间分布集中于城市中心城区和临港产业区;岸线向陆10km的海岸带区域和岸线外围填海区的不透水面面积达到1 794.30km2;与历史时期TM遥感影像提取结果相比,环渤海湾不透水面分布的趋海化现象明显,不透水面斑块聚集程度增加。
[21] 崔秋洋,潘云,杨雪.基于

Landsat8遥感影像的北京市平原区不透水层盖度估算

[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2015,36(2):89-92.

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-9398.2015.02.019      URL      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

随着城市化趋势愈发明显,大量的自然地表转化为不透水表面.本文应用最新发射的Landsat 8卫星影像中陆地成像仪(OLI)和热红外传感器(TIRS)中波段,通过归一化差值不透水面指数(NDISI)估算北京市平原区不透水面盖度.北京市平原区平均不透水盖度为52%,二环内不透水盖度为70%,比2007年提高了5%.西城区不透水盖度最高(71%),门头沟区最小(34%).不透水面积的变化是城市化进程的一个重要表征,准确估算城市不透水面盖度对分析城市化进程有重要意义.

[Cui Qiuyang,Pan Yun,Yang Xue.

Beijing Plain Area of remote sensing images: based on Landsat 8 impermeable layer Coverage estimates

.Journal of Capital Normal University (Natural Science Edition) ,2015,36(2):89-92.]

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-9398.2015.02.019      URL      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

随着城市化趋势愈发明显,大量的自然地表转化为不透水表面.本文应用最新发射的Landsat 8卫星影像中陆地成像仪(OLI)和热红外传感器(TIRS)中波段,通过归一化差值不透水面指数(NDISI)估算北京市平原区不透水面盖度.北京市平原区平均不透水盖度为52%,二环内不透水盖度为70%,比2007年提高了5%.西城区不透水盖度最高(71%),门头沟区最小(34%).不透水面积的变化是城市化进程的一个重要表征,准确估算城市不透水面盖度对分析城市化进程有重要意义.

武汉市城市规划设计研究院.

武汉市都市发展区用地布局规划说明书[R]

.武汉:武汉市城市规划设计研究院,2006.

[本文引用: 2]     

[Wuhan Urban & Rural Construction Committee.

Land layout planning instruction of Wuhan metropolitan area

.Wuhan:Wuhan Urban & Rural Construction Committee,2006.]

[本文引用: 2]     

[22]

NASA.Landsat science data users handbook

[EB/OL].(2009-06-13) ..

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[23] Lu D,Weng Q.

Spectral Mixture Analysis of the Urban Landscapes in Indianapolis with Landsat ETM+ Imagery

[J].Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,2002,70(9):1053-1062.

https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.70.9.1053      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Abstract This paper examines characteristics of urban land-use and land-cover (LULC) classes using spectral mixture analysis (SMA), and develops a conceptual model for characterizing urban LULC patterns. A Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image of Indianapolis City was used in this research and a minimum noise fraction (MNF) transform was employed to convert the ETM+ image into principal components. Five image endmembers (shade, green vegetation, impervious surface, dry soil, and dark soil) were selected, and an unconstrained least-squares solution was used to un-mix the MNF components into fraction images. Different combinations of three or four endmembers were evaluated. The best fraction images were chosen to classify LULC classes based on a hybrid procedure that combined maximum-likelihood and decision-tree algorithms. The results indicate that the SMAbased approach significantly improved classification accuracy as compared to the maximum-likelihood classifier. The fraction images were found to be effective for characterizing the urban landscape patterns.
[24] Roberts D A,Smith M O,Adams J B.

Green vegetation,non-photosynthetic vegetation,and soil in AVIRIS data

[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,1993,44:255-269.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(93)90020-X      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

An Airborne Visible / Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) image collected over the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve, California on 20 September 1989 was analyzed using spectral mixture analysis. The scene was calibrated to reflectance assuming a homogeneous atmosphere. The image was modeled initially as linear mixtures of the minimum number of reference endmember spectra that accounted for the maximum spectral variability. Over 98% of the spectral variation was explained by linear mixtures of three endmembers: green vegetation, shade, and soil. Additional spectral variation appeared as residuals. Nonlinear mixing was expressed as variations in the fraction of each endmember when a linear mixing model was applied to spectral subsets of the entire spectrum. After the fractions of the endmember spectra were calculated for each pixel, different types of soil were discriminated by the residual spectra. Nonphotosynthetic vegetation (NPV) (e.g., dry grass, leaf litter, and woody material), which could not be distinguished from soil when included as an endmember, was discriminated by residual spectra that contained cellulose and lignin absorptions. Distinct communities of green vegetation were distinguished by 1) nonlinear mixing effects caused by transmission and scattering by green leaves, 2) variations in a derived canopy-shade spectrum, and 3) the fraction of NPV. The results of the image analysis, supported by field observations in 1990 and 1991, indicate that the multiple bands of AVIRIS enhance discrimination of NPV from soil, and the separation of different types of green vegetation. The ability of the system to measure narrow absorption bands is one important factor; however, also important is the variation in continuum spectra expressed by the endmembers, and characteristic nonlinear mixing effects associated with green leaves.
[25] Ichoku C,Karnieli A.

A review of mixture modeling techniques for sub-pixel land cover estimation

[J].Remote Sensing Reviews,1996,13(3):161-186.

https://doi.org/10.1080/02757259609532303      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

ABSTRACT Five different types of mixture models are reviewed. These are: linear, probabilistic, geometric‐optical, stochastic geometric, and fuzzy models. A summary of the conception and formulation of each of these types of models is presented. A comparative analysis of the different attributes of the models is made. In a general sense, the linear, probabilistic, and fuzzy models are relatively simple while the geometric (geometric‐optical and stochastic geometric) models are complicated, involving the incorporation of parameters of scene geometry. There is some difference in the number and nature of components that can be resolved with the different models. Available information is insufficient to categorize the models in terms of accuracy levels, but it is evident that mixture models produce more accurate land‐cover estimation than conventional classification.
[26] 吕长春,王忠武,钱少猛.

混合像元分解模型综述

[J].遥感信息,2003,3(3):55-58.

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-3177.2003.03.016      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

介绍了五种混合像元分解模型,分别为线性模型、概率模型、几何光学模型、随机几何模型和模糊分析模型,并对其中几种常用模型的优缺点及其适用性进行总结讨论.并对不同模型之间的相似和差异性进行比较分析.

[Lv Changchun,Wang Zhongwu, Qian Shaomeng.

A Review of Pixel Unmixing Models

.Remote Sensing information,2003,3(3):55-58.]

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-3177.2003.03.016      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

介绍了五种混合像元分解模型,分别为线性模型、概率模型、几何光学模型、随机几何模型和模糊分析模型,并对其中几种常用模型的优缺点及其适用性进行总结讨论.并对不同模型之间的相似和差异性进行比较分析.
[27] 徐涵秋.

利用改进的归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)提取水体信息的研究

[J].遥感学报,2005,9(5):589-595.

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1007-4619.2005.05.012      URL      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

在对M cfeeters提出的归一化差异水体指数(NDWI)分析的基础上,对构成该指数的波长组合进行了修改,提出了改进的归一化差异水体指数MNDWI(M odified NDWI),并分别将该指数在含不同水体类型的遥感影像进行了实验,大部分获得了比NDWI好的效果,特别是提取城镇范围内的水体。NDWI指数影像因往往混有城镇建筑用地信息而使得提取的水体范围和面积有所扩大。实验还发现MNDWI比NDWI更能够揭示水体微细特征,如悬浮沉积物的分布、水质的变化。另外,MNDWI可以很容易地区分阴影和水体,解决了水体提取中难于消除阴影的难题。

[Xu Hanqiu.

A study on information extraction of water body with the modified ormalized difference water index (MNDWI)

.Journal of Remote Sensing,2005,9(5):589-595.]

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1007-4619.2005.05.012      URL      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

在对M cfeeters提出的归一化差异水体指数(NDWI)分析的基础上,对构成该指数的波长组合进行了修改,提出了改进的归一化差异水体指数MNDWI(M odified NDWI),并分别将该指数在含不同水体类型的遥感影像进行了实验,大部分获得了比NDWI好的效果,特别是提取城镇范围内的水体。NDWI指数影像因往往混有城镇建筑用地信息而使得提取的水体范围和面积有所扩大。实验还发现MNDWI比NDWI更能够揭示水体微细特征,如悬浮沉积物的分布、水质的变化。另外,MNDWI可以很容易地区分阴影和水体,解决了水体提取中难于消除阴影的难题。
[28] Wu C.

Normalized spectral mixture analysis for monitoring urban composition using ETM+ imagery

[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2004,93(4):480-492.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.08.003      URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[29] 焦利民,肖丰涛,许刚,.

武汉都市区绿地破碎化格局对城市扩张的时空响应

[J].资源科学,2015,37(8):1650-1660.

URL      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

基于武汉都市区1989年、2001年和2013年三期Landsat影像,选取景观格局指标反映绿地破碎化程度;利用梯度分析刻画绿地破碎度的空间格局及其对城市扩张的时空响应。景观格局指标总体特征表明:在城市扩张压力下,都市区绿地面积比例由82%减少为62%,绿地景观破碎度明显上升。梯度分析表明:1989-2013年,各缓冲带上建设用地比例逐年上升,而绿地面积比呈下降趋势;主城区建设用地破碎度下降,高破碎区向三环线外转移;耕地破碎度在各缓冲带上逐年上升,且随着与城市中心距离的增加,耕地破碎度降低;而林地破碎度略微下降,城市扩张对主城区外土地利用景观影响加剧。关联分析表明:城市扩张强度向主城区外推移加速,耕地破碎度变化强的区域向三环线外转移,而林地破碎度变化强度呈显著的时空分异特征;城市扩张在数量、格局及强度方面与绿地破碎化格局显著关联。研究结果可为研究区的城市规划和生态环境保护提供决策依据。

[Jiao Limin,Xiao Fengtao,Xu Gang.

Spatial-temporal response of green land fragmentation patterns to urban expansion in Wuhan metropolitan area

.Resource Science,2015,37(8):1650-1660.]

URL      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

基于武汉都市区1989年、2001年和2013年三期Landsat影像,选取景观格局指标反映绿地破碎化程度;利用梯度分析刻画绿地破碎度的空间格局及其对城市扩张的时空响应。景观格局指标总体特征表明:在城市扩张压力下,都市区绿地面积比例由82%减少为62%,绿地景观破碎度明显上升。梯度分析表明:1989-2013年,各缓冲带上建设用地比例逐年上升,而绿地面积比呈下降趋势;主城区建设用地破碎度下降,高破碎区向三环线外转移;耕地破碎度在各缓冲带上逐年上升,且随着与城市中心距离的增加,耕地破碎度降低;而林地破碎度略微下降,城市扩张对主城区外土地利用景观影响加剧。关联分析表明:城市扩张强度向主城区外推移加速,耕地破碎度变化强的区域向三环线外转移,而林地破碎度变化强度呈显著的时空分异特征;城市扩张在数量、格局及强度方面与绿地破碎化格局显著关联。研究结果可为研究区的城市规划和生态环境保护提供决策依据。
[30] 谢苗苗,王仰麟,李贵才.

基于亚像元分解的不透水表面与植被覆盖空间分异测度

[J].资源科学,2009,21(2):257-264.

[本文引用: 1]     

[Xie Miaomiao,Wang Yanglin,Li Guicai.

Spatial variation of impervious surface area and begetation cover based on Sub Pixel Model in Shenzhen

.Resource Science,2009,21(2):257-264.]

[本文引用: 1]     

[31] 邬建国. 景观生态学——格局、过程、尺度与等级(第二版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007,103-125.

[本文引用: 1]     

[Wu Jianguo.Landscape ecology:The structure, process,scale and level.Beijing:High Education Press,2007,103-125.]

[本文引用: 1]     

[32] 岳文泽,吴次芳.

基于混合光谱分解的城市不透水面分布估算

[J].遥感学报,2007,11(6):912-922.

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1007-4619.2007.06.020      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

城市化的一个重要表现就是不透 水面分布比率的上升,城市内部不透水面分布是城市生态环境的一个重要指标。对于规模较大的大城市,采用高性价比的中等分辨率影像,获取不透水面的分布,是 当前国际研究的一个热点。本研究利用Landsat 7的ETM+影像,在线性光谱分解的技术上,提取了上海市的不透水面分布并对其空间特征进行了分析。研究揭示,ETM+影像对于城市尺度的信息提取,其成 本是较低的;对于城市地域来说,利用植被、高反照度、低反照度和裸露的土壤四种最终光谱端元的线性组合,可以较好地模拟ETM+波谱特征,而除了水面以外 的高反照度、低反照度两种最终光谱端元,可以较好地表达城市不透水表面信息。结果显示,利用中等分辨率影像对上海中心城区不透水面分布提取的精度还是令人 满意的,总体上,上海市不透水面分布比率较高,不透水面分布的空间差异进一步揭示了城市土地覆被空间结构以及城市空间扩展的差异性。

[Yue Wenze,Wu Cifang.

Urban impervious surface distribution estimation by spectral Mixture Analysis

. Journal of Remote Sensing,2007,11(6):912-922.]

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1007-4619.2007.06.020      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

城市化的一个重要表现就是不透 水面分布比率的上升,城市内部不透水面分布是城市生态环境的一个重要指标。对于规模较大的大城市,采用高性价比的中等分辨率影像,获取不透水面的分布,是 当前国际研究的一个热点。本研究利用Landsat 7的ETM+影像,在线性光谱分解的技术上,提取了上海市的不透水面分布并对其空间特征进行了分析。研究揭示,ETM+影像对于城市尺度的信息提取,其成 本是较低的;对于城市地域来说,利用植被、高反照度、低反照度和裸露的土壤四种最终光谱端元的线性组合,可以较好地模拟ETM+波谱特征,而除了水面以外 的高反照度、低反照度两种最终光谱端元,可以较好地表达城市不透水表面信息。结果显示,利用中等分辨率影像对上海中心城区不透水面分布提取的精度还是令人 满意的,总体上,上海市不透水面分布比率较高,不透水面分布的空间差异进一步揭示了城市土地覆被空间结构以及城市空间扩展的差异性。

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