Scientia Geographica Sinica  2017 , 37 (2): 259-265 https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.02.012

Orginal Article

青海湖流域沙柳河下游沉积物中重金属污染风险评价

常华进12, 曹广超2, 陈克龙2, 孙小舟1

1.湖北文理学院管理学院,湖北 襄阳 441053
2.青海省自然地理与环境过程重点实验室,青海 西宁 810008

Pollution and Potential Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals in Sediment from the Lower Reaches of Shaliuhe River, Qinghai Lake Watershed

Chang Huajin12, Cao Guangchao2, Chen Kelong2, Sun Xiaozhou1

1. School of Management, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, Hubei, China
2. Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Processes of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, Qinghai, China

中图分类号:  P595

文献标识码:  A

文章编号:  1000-0690(2017)02-0259-07

收稿日期: 2016-01-4

修回日期:  2016-07-12

网络出版日期:  2017-02-25

版权声明:  2017 《地理科学》编辑部 本文是开放获取期刊文献,在以下情况下可以自由使用:学术研究、学术交流、科研教学等,但不允许用于商业目的.

基金资助:  国家自然科学基金项目(41372003)、青海师范大学科研创新计划项目、湖北省高等学校优秀中青年创新团队项目(T201314)资助

作者简介:

作者简介:常华进(1980-),男,湖北钟祥人,教授,博士,硕士生导师,研究方向为现代环境对人类活动响应。E-mail: changhj@163.com

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摘要

对青海湖流域沙柳河下游沉积物中As、Cd、Pb、V、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu和Zn 9种重金属元素的含量进行了分析测定,采用污染系数、富集系数、地累积指数和潜在生态危害指数评估了其污染程度。结果表明:无论在横向还是纵向上,重金属元素含量均低于青海湖土壤背景值;重金属元素污染系数和富集系数均小于2,且大多数样品的值低于1(高于1者多为Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn,且具高值);地累积指数均为负值(除QB-19中Cd和Cu分别为0.10和0.02);潜在生态风险因子大多低于30,潜在生态危害指数大多低于70。沙柳河下游沉积物尚未出现重金属污染,具有低的生态风险,但该流域重金属的人为排放确实存在(主要是Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn等),而且在近代排放更为显著。

关键词: 重金属 ; 沉积物 ; 沙柳河 ; 青海

Abstract

Heavy metals (including As, Cd, Pb, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu and Zn) concentrations in sediment from the lower reaches of Shaliuhe River in Qinghai Lake watershed were investigated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The pollution coefficient (Pi), enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and potential ecological risk index (RI) were applied for assessing the status of sediment heavy metal pollution and the extent of potential ecological risk. The results showed that the mean concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu and Zn were 10.4±1.5 mg/kg, 0.12±0.05 mg/kg, 18.7±3.5 mg/kg, 63.6±7.7 mg/kg, 49.1±8.9 mg/kg, 618±100 mg/kg, 24.9±4.8 mg/kg, 19.7±6.6 mg/kg and 68.1±13.7 mg/kg, respectively. These heavy metals concentrations in both spatial and temporal sediments are lower than the average soil content of Qinghai Lake watershed. Both Pi and EF of all the elements in sediment samples are lower than 2, and most of them are lower than 1. The heavy metals that have high value of Pi and EF are mainly Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn. The Igeo of most elements are negative except Cd and Cu in QB-19. Besides Cd in three surface sediment samples (QB-19, QB-23 and QB-30), the potential ecological risk factor (Ei) of the heavy metals are lower than 30, and the RI of the heavy metals are lower than 70 except for the three surface sediment samples mentioned above. The results suggest that sediment in the lower reaches of Shaliuhe River has not been polluted, and it has low potential ecological risk. However, anthropogenic contribution for heavy metals (especially Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn) do exists in the Shaliuhe River watershed, and it was significant in modern times.

Keywords: heavy metals ; sediment ; the Shaliuhe River ; Qinghai Province

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常华进, 曹广超, 陈克龙, 孙小舟. 青海湖流域沙柳河下游沉积物中重金属污染风险评价[J]. , 2017, 37(2): 259-265 https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.02.012

Chang Huajin, Cao Guangchao, Chen Kelong, Sun Xiaozhou. Pollution and Potential Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals in Sediment from the Lower Reaches of Shaliuhe River, Qinghai Lake Watershed[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017, 37(2): 259-265 https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.02.012

随着社会经济的发展,人类对环境影响日益广泛和深刻。人类活动将大量的重金属元素带入表生环境中,造成它们在灰尘、土壤、湖泥等沉积物的积累,并通过大气、水体或食物链直接或间接地威胁着人类及其它生物的健康[1~3],近年来备受关注。研究表生环境中重金属元素含量并对其进行污染和危害评价,对于重金属污染防治具有重要的意义。

青海湖流域位于青藏高原东北部,是中国重要的水源涵养功能区和生态调节功能区,是青海省重要的畜牧区、渔场(裸鲤)、候鸟栖息地和旅游目的地,其生态环境的优劣,对该流域及其周边地区的自然环境和经济发展均具有重大影响[4]。近年来青海湖流域城镇和旅游者数量剧增,厂矿企业、交通运输等社会经济活动日益频繁,固、液废弃物等排放逐年增加,并随水流迁移到河流、湿地乃至青海湖中,造成流域内重金属污染威胁。河流沉积物是重金属污染的汇,对河流所在流域的重金属污染有重要的指示作用。鉴于此,本文选取青海湖流域的沙柳河为研究对象,在其下游采集到沉积物样品,测定生物毒性显著的As、Cd、Pb、V、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu和Zn等9种重金属元素的含量,并对其污染状况和生态风险进行评价,为促进青海湖流域生态环境保护和资源合理利用提供依据。

1 研究区概况

青海湖流域位于青藏高原东北部,分布范围36°15′30″N~38°20′01″N,97°50′20″E~101°20′55″E,流域面积2.966×104 km2,海拔3 194~5 174 m,年平均气温-1~4℃,年降水量270~500 mm,属半干旱高原气候。流域内主要植被类型为高寒草甸、高寒草原和沼泽草甸等[5]

沙柳河,又称伊克乌兰河,是青海湖主要入湖河流之一,发源于青海省刚察县境内第一高峰桑斯扎山南麓,全长106 km,自北向南流淌,流域面积1 320 km2。沙柳河末端三角洲已发育为青海湖流域内典型的河流湿地——仙女湾湿地(37°11′04″N~37°14′40″N,100°10′25″E~100°17′45″E)。研究区选取沙柳河下游流经刚察县城处,海拔约为3 294 m,表层沉积物以第四纪灰白色细砂-粉砂和泥质为主。

2 样品采集与分析

2012年8月28日,在沙柳河下游采集到表层和剖面沉积物样品14个(表1)。采用多点混合法采集表层沉积物(采样深度为1 cm),然后用四分法混合成一个样品,每个样品重约1 kg,共获得11个样品。用土钻采集剖面样品一个点,采样深度15 cm,样品间隔5 cm,由上向下依次为QB-19、QB-20、QB-21和QB-22。样品用塑料自封袋密封,带回青海省自然地理与环境过程重点实验室置于洁净处自然风干。挑拣出样品中的异物,用碳化钨振动磨将样品研磨至200目。在澳实分析检测(广州)有限公司实验室采用四酸(HF-HCl-HNO3-HClO4)消化法制备待测溶液,用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定其重金属元素含量。为保证分析质量,采用产自澳大利亚的标准物质(OREAS 45e和GBM908-10)、重复样和空白样进行质量控制,测量误差小于10%。分析结果见表1

3 结果与讨论

3.1 重金属元素污染评价

在进行重金属元素污染和危害风险评价时,一般选取研究区所在地土壤背景值作为参照体系来做比较。沙柳河沉积物重金属研究可用的参考体系有青海湖土壤背景值[6]和青海省土壤平均值[7]。比较而言,9种重金属元素值相近,前者的值一般略低于后者(除V和Mn外)。本文采用青海湖土壤背景值[6]。由于青海湖土壤背景值缺乏Cd数据,本文采用青海省土壤平均值[7]代之。

沉积物中重金属元素含量最为直观反映研究区的重金属污染程度。从平均值来看,9种目标重金属元素除Zn略高于背景值外,其它元素均接近背景值,表明沙柳河下游样品的重金属含量大致处于自然水平,尚未出现重金属污染;从变异系数来看,Cd和Cu的分别为42%和33.6%,其它7种元素的基本在20%以内,指示了Cd和Cu的来源受外界干扰相对较大(表1)。

表1   沙柳河下游沉积物重金属元素含量(mg/kg)

Table 1   Heavy metal concentration analysis for sediment in the lower reaches of the Shaliuhe River (mg/kg)

位置AsCdPbVCrMnNiCuZnTh
QB-1337°19′40.7″N,100°7′25.2″E10.80.1220.2665262424.618.87012.9
QB-1437°19′41.8″N,100°7′24.8″E8.80.0715.6584252919.813.05712.4
QB-1537°19′43.3″N,100°7′24.4″E10.50.1118.2604662323.119.66511.4
QB-1637°19′44.4″N,100°7′24.1″E10.50.1119.2645163626.522.3708.3
QB-1737°19′44.2″N,100°7′22.4″E9.30.1017.1635057023.616.96312.4
QB-1837°19′45.5″N,100°7′22.1″E9.20.0715.3594154319.813.75711.2
QB-1937°19′45.1″N,100°7′20.1″E13.30.2224.7756277832.129.99510.2
QB-2037°19′45.1″N,100°7′20.1″E12.20.1721.6655163028.425.27612.3
QB-2137°19′45.1″N,100°7′20.1″E11.10.1117.4595153024.518.06212.2
QB-2237°19′45.1″N,100°7′20.1″E11.20.1117.0574863523.317.16011.3
QB-2337°19′44.9″N,100°7′18.7″E11.90.1622.4745974530.628.78310.5
QB-2437°19′44.9″N,100°7′17.8″E8.70.0615.0523748520.212.65112.0
QB-2937°19′43.1″N,100°7′17.9″E9.60.0915.4563952621.413.45611.0
QB-3037°19′43.5″N,100°7′19.7″E12.10.1723.0736174432.027.88214.2
最大值13.30.2224.7756277832.129.99514.2
最小值8.70.0615.0523748519.812.6518.3
算术平均值10.40.1218.763.649.161824.919.768.111.6
标准差1.50.053.57.78.91004.86.613.71.4
变异系数(%)14.442.118.412.118.116.219.233.620.112.1
青海湖土壤背景值[6]11.7-20.5735462625.019.76411.4
青海土壤平均值[7]14.00.1420.9727058029.622.28012.1
毒性系数[8, 9]10305221551-

注:“-”表示无数值。

新窗口打开

沉积物中重金属污染程度可采用污染系数(Pi)来初步评价,即沉积物中重金属元素i的实测值与该元素背景值比值,大于1表示该元素发生富集,否则就亏损。沙柳河下游表层沉积物样品中QB-19、QB-23和QB-30的(部分)重金属元素的Pi大于1(QB-19的Cd最高达1.61),其它样品重金属元素的Pi小于1,部分接近1;Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni的Pi有大于1的高值,最高值分别为1.61、1.52、1.49、1.29,而其它重金属元素的Pi大多小于1,部分接近1(图1)。这可能指示沙柳河下游沉积物未出现明显的重金属污染,仅部分样品中的Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni有轻微富集。

沉积物的矿物成分变化大,一些矿物颗粒如石英、方解石、石膏的输入可能会起到稀释作用而影响其中的重金属元素含量,因此仅根据高于或低于背景值认定重金属元素的富集与否会产生偏差[10]。为了消除这种影响,可以通过代表自然源的Th或Al标准化后的富集系数(EF)来直观表示[10,11]EF=(Ci/CTh)实测(C/iCTh)背景,CiCTh分别为元素i和元素Th的含量;如果EF大于1表明该元素富集,反之则亏损。EF可以用来反映沉积物重金属污染程度,在评价沉积物中重金属的自然和人为来源的相对贡献率是有效的[11~13]

沙柳河下游表层沉积物样品QB-16、QB-19和QB-23的(部分)重金属元素的EF大于1(QB-19的Cd最高为1.79),其它样品的重金属元素的EF大多小于1,部分接近1;Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni的EF有大于1的高值(最高值分别为1.79、1.69、1.65、1.46),而其它重金属元素的EF大多小于1,部分接近1(图1)。EF显示了沙柳河下游沉积物未出现明显的重金属污染,仅部分样品中的Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni有轻微富集,与Pi结果一致。

地累积指数(Igeo[14]可以较为有效判别沉积物中重金属污染程度[15~18]Igeo=log2Ci实测1.5×Ci背景,Ci实测为沉积物中元素i的实测值,Ci背景为元素i的背景值。一般认为[19],Igeo≤0为无污染,0<Igeo≤1为轻度污染,1<Igeo≤2为中度污染,2<Igeo≤3为中度至重度污染,3<Igeo≤4为重度污染,4<Igeo≤5为重度至极严重污染,5<Igeo为极严重污染。沙柳河下游沉积物样品中除QB-19的Cd和Cu的Igeo分别为0.10和0.02外,其余所有Igeo均为负值,指示沙柳河下游沉积物样品基本是清洁的,没有出现重金属污染,仅样品QB-19的Cd和Cu出现轻度污染。

图1   沙柳河下游表层沉积物重金属污染系数和富集系数特征

Fig.1   Heavy metal pollution coefficient and enrichment factor feature of surface sediment in the lower reaches of the Shaliuhe River

3.2 重金属生态风险评价

潜在生态危害指数(RI[8]是评价重金属元素生态风险的有用指标[11, 12, 20, 21]

RI=Ei=(Ti×Pi)=Ti×Ci实测Ci背景(1)

式中,EiTiPiCi实测Ci背景分别为污染物i的潜在生态风险因子、毒性系数、污染系数、实测值和背景值。

在运用该评价方法时必须根据所研究的污染物的具体种类、数量及其毒性系数进行调整,否则评价结果就会产生偏差。根据前人研究方法[8, 22, 23]调整后,本文的潜在生态风险因子(Ei)的分级标准为:Ei<30为低生态风险,30≤Ei<60为中等生态风险,60≤Ei<120为较高生态风险,120≤Ei<240为高生态风险,240≤Ei为极高生态风险;潜在生态危害指数(RI)的分级标准为:RI<70为低生态风险,70≤RI<140为中等生态风险,140≤RI<280为较高生态风险,280≤RI为极高生态风险。

沙柳河下游表层沉积物样品中除QB-19、QB-23和QB-30中Cd的Ei(分别为48.2、35和37.2)达到中等生态风险外,其余所有重金属元素的Ei均小于30,属于低生态风险(图2);除QB-19、QB-23和QB-30的RI略高于70的阀值(分别为86.7、70.8和73.4)刚刚达到中等生态风险外,其它样品的RI均小于70属低生态风险。可见沙柳河下游表层沉积物样品中9种目标重金属元素总体属于低生态风险级别。

图2   沙柳河下游表层沉积物重金属潜在生态风险因子(Ei)特征

Fig.2   Potential ecological risk (Ei) feature of heavy metal for surface sediment in the lower reaches of the Shaliuhe River

3.3 讨论

沙柳河水体质量的好坏会影响到沙柳河末端的仙女湾湿地及青海湖的环境质量,也会影响流域内牲畜的健康和肉品质量,更为重要的是会影响国家二级保护动物裸鲤溯河洄游产卵繁育。重金属元素的地球化学性质决定它们在空气、水介质中含量特别低,而在固体介质中由于积累效应含量高。河流沉积物是环境物质输送的主要宿体之一,汇集了流域侵蚀、大气沉降以及人为释放等多种来源的环境物质,通过各种途径进入河流的重金属元素最后绝大部分都会转移至沉积物中[24~26]。因此,沙柳河下游沉积物中重金属污染程度的高低是沙柳河河水重金属污染的反映。

重金属元素的含量、污染系数、富集系数、地累积指数、潜在生态风险因子和潜在生态危害指数指示沙柳河下游沉积物中9种重金属元素含量接近自然水平,总体未发生明显富集,未出现重金属污染,属于低生态风险级别,从重金属污染角度来说沙柳河流域环境尚好。

沙柳河下游末端三角洲是青海湖流域一典型的高原湿地——仙女湾湿地,也是青海湖著名景点。仙女湾湿地沉积物重金属元素Pb、Cr、Cu和Zn的平均含量分别为15.7±2.9 mg/kg,51.6±8.2 mg/kg,16.4±5.1 mg/kg和49.6±11.7 mg/kg,保持在一个接近原生态的水平[27]。本文的沙柳河下游沉积物样品重金属含量与之相比,Cr含量相当,而Pb、Cu和Zn均略高于仙女湾湿地。采样点位于刚察县城的西侧,刚察县城的城市污水自采样点下游进入沙柳河,再流经约16 km到达仙女湾湿地并最终入湖。上述2个研究地的重金属元素含量特征表明:同属沙柳河下游2个研究地点的结果总体具有一致性,即沙柳河沉积物重金属含量接近自然水平,未出现重金属污染;刚察县城人口和工业少,排入沙柳河的重金属有限,且在向下游迁移过程中得到净化消纳,对河水质量影响有限;河流和湿地具有重金属的消纳净化作用,汇入青海湖的河水是清洁的。

然而,沙柳河下游部分沉积物样品或样品中部分重金属元素(Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni)的高值反映了沙柳河流域已出现了污染迹象。沙柳河下游剖面沉积物样品的重金属的EF在下部样品中小于1,在表层沉积物中大于1,呈现出从下向地表增大的趋势(图3)。然而,这种EF的增加趋势不是很显著,仅在10 cm之上变化较大,可能是近代人为排放和干扰更为显著和多样造成的。不过,沙柳河下游沉积物样品中重金属元素的EF最高也不超过2,富集程度不高,表明沙柳河流域有人为重金属输入但输入量有限。

图3   沙柳河下游垂向沉积物重金属EF变化

Fig.3   Enrichment factor (EF) change of heavy metal for sediment section in the lower reaches of the Shaliuhe River

沙柳河下游沉积物样品重金属元素人为排放的主要是Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni,且仅部分沉积物样品中的这些元素的EF大于1。经实地考察,本文认为沙柳河流域重金属排放主要来自牧民定居点、放牧地、沿河而建的道路以及矿点等,这与青海湖东侧倒淌河流域重金属排放主要来自繁忙的道路交通(109国道)、城镇、景点和工矿企业等[28]有所不同。这种差异是流域所处地理位置以及流域内经济结构的不同造成的。

综上所述,沙柳河下游沉积物样品重金属元素含量为自然水平,未出现重金属污染,指示沙柳河河水是洁净的。该流域已出现Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni等元素的人为排放迹象,表明这几种元素的污染在沙柳河流域是不容忽视的。

4 结论

1) 青海沙柳河下游表层和剖面沉积物中As、Cd、Pb、V、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu和Zn等9种重金属元素未发生污染,总体属于低生态风险级别。

2) 沙柳河流域重金属的人为排放确实存在,且在近代显著增强。

3) 由于所处地理位置及经济结构的差异,沙柳河具有其自身特点的重金属排放源。Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni是沙柳河流域排放相对多的重金属元素。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.


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以青海湖环湖地区为研究区,从生态环境脆弱性的影响因子和脆弱性形成的结果表现入手,通过遥感与GIS技术提取出8项生态因子包括植被指数、土壤亮度和土壤湿度指数、高程和坡度以及气温降水和土地利用作为评价指标,利用层次分析法(AHP)计算各评价指标的权重,然后计算研究区综合脆弱度,并根据统计结果将脆弱度的大小划分为微度脆弱、轻度脆弱、中度脆弱和重度脆弱4个不同等级。结果表明:研究区轻度脆弱和中度脆弱所占面积比例较大,分别占到研究区陆地面积的35.2%和40.7%,说明该区总体环境质量较好。
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为了评价青海湖流域土壤的环境背景值,2008—2009年分别采集流域表层土壤样品共273个,采用X荧光光谱仪分析了29种元素(Na、Mg、Al、Si、K、Ca、Fe、P、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、As、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Ba、Pb、La、Ce、Nd和 Th)的含量,根据ArcGis的统计工具ESDA模块,确定了表层土壤背景值及其范围。结果表明:总体上青海湖流域表层土壤各元素含量偏低,但Ca元素含量明显偏高,Zn元素含量明显偏低;流域风化程度是初等风化脱Ca、Na阶段向中等风化脱K阶段转变,风化环境处于冷干向暖湿转变,风化的主控因素是母岩和温度;大多数元素含量的变化都与沉积物中粘土(63μm)的含量变化呈反相关关系,这些元素多赋存在细颗粒物中,少部分元素容易赋存于粗颗粒中;常量元素的活动性的顺序为:K2O > CaO > SiO2> MgO > Na2O > Al2O3> TiO2> P2O5> Fe2O3> MnO;微量元素的活动性的顺序为:Ni > V > Pb > Ba > Sr > Zr > Ce > Rb > Co > Zn > La > Y > Nd > Cu > Th > Nb。
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The aim of this work has been to penetrate one of many possible avenues towards a potential ecological risk index to be used as a diagnostic tool for water pollution control purposes, i.e. to sort out which lakes/basins and substances should be given special attention. The work is based on the thesis that a sedimentological risk index for toxic substances in limnic systems should at least,account for the following four requirements.
[9] 徐争启, 倪师军, 庹先国, .

潜在生态危害指数法评价中重金属毒性系数计算

[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2008, 31(2): 112-115.

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2008.02.030      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

在众多用潜在生态危害指数法评价重金属污染的文章中,只采用了7个重金属元素的毒性系数,但有的重金属仍是环境污染的重要组成部分.针对此情况,文章根据Hakanson的计算原则,结合陈静生的计算方法,重新计算了十种重金属元素的毒性系数,最后给出了12种重金属的毒性系数,它们分别是Ti=Mn=Zn=1<V=Cr=2<Cu=Ni=Co=Pb=5<As=10<Cd=30<Hg=40.

[Xu Zhengqi, Ni Shijun, Tuo Xianguo et al.

Calculation of heavy metals' toxicity coefficient in the evaluation of potential ecological risk index.

Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 31(2): 112-115.]

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2008.02.030      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

在众多用潜在生态危害指数法评价重金属污染的文章中,只采用了7个重金属元素的毒性系数,但有的重金属仍是环境污染的重要组成部分.针对此情况,文章根据Hakanson的计算原则,结合陈静生的计算方法,重新计算了十种重金属元素的毒性系数,最后给出了12种重金属的毒性系数,它们分别是Ti=Mn=Zn=1<V=Cr=2<Cu=Ni=Co=Pb=5<As=10<Cd=30<Hg=40.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.05.006      URL      PMID: 22664225      [本文引用: 3]      摘要

Due to the construction and operation of Manwan Dam on the Lancang River, sediments were likely to deposit in the impoundment. In this research, sediment samples were collected from 17 sites in the whole reservoir in 2011 to investigate the distribution and sources of heavy metals (Al, As, Cu, Fe, Cd, Cr, Mn, Pb and Zn), as well as to assess the heavy metal contamination status. The results obtained using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the sources of heavy metals were mainly divided into two groups, natural factors and anthropogenic input. The anthropogenic inputs mainly came from industrial activities of the tributary rivers such as heavy metal mining and smelting, and agricultural practices such as fertilising and pesticide consumption. The sediment quality was assessed according to the sediment guidelines and the enrichment factor ( EF ). Concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in sediments at some of the sites exceeded either the Threshold Effects Level (TEL) of US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) or Effects Range-Low (ERL) of the Canadian Sediment Quality guidelines. The high levels of these heavy metals could cause adverse effects. One-way analysis of variance for spatial analysis revealed that no significant differences were found for most heavy metals at the tail, centre and head of the reservoir except that Cr showed significant differences ( P <0.01) at the reservoir centre and the head. Significant variations for some heavy metals were observed in the tributaries and in the mainstream. The comparative EF indices suggested that As, Cd, Pb, Zn and Mn were slightly enriched and Cr, Fe and Cu were not enriched but had different 鈥渉igh鈥搇ow鈥 orders at the tail, centre and head of the reservoir. We depicted distribution map of enrichment factors for all heavy metals and the potential ecological risk index ( RI ) was applied to produce the comprehensive risk distribution map.
[12] 谢丽, 张振克.

长江北支口门圆陀角附近潮滩沉积物重金属来源及污染评价

[J]. 地理科学, 2015, 35(3): 380-386.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

基于圆陀角附近潮滩YY孔岩芯重金属(Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、V、Zn)富集系数和人为贡献率、地累积指数和潜在生态风险系数,讨论了圆陀角附近潮滩重金属来源及污染。结果表明,重金属Co、V平均含量显著高于背景值。除Cr是自然来源外,其它6种重金属受自然和人为来源的影响,且以自然来源为主。7种重金属总体无污染,仅Co、Cu、V和Zn在岩芯132cm处出现无污染至中度污染。7种重金属潜在生态危害属轻微水平。值得关注的是,1997年之后,重金属Co、Cr、Mn、V、Zn地累积指数和潜在生态风险系数均有增加的趋势。

[Xie Li, Zhang Zhenke.

Sources and pollution assessment of heavy metals in the sediments of the tidal flat at the Yuantuojiao point,the North Branch, Changjiang River.

Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(3): 380-386.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

基于圆陀角附近潮滩YY孔岩芯重金属(Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、V、Zn)富集系数和人为贡献率、地累积指数和潜在生态风险系数,讨论了圆陀角附近潮滩重金属来源及污染。结果表明,重金属Co、V平均含量显著高于背景值。除Cr是自然来源外,其它6种重金属受自然和人为来源的影响,且以自然来源为主。7种重金属总体无污染,仅Co、Cu、V和Zn在岩芯132cm处出现无污染至中度污染。7种重金属潜在生态危害属轻微水平。值得关注的是,1997年之后,重金属Co、Cr、Mn、V、Zn地累积指数和潜在生态风险系数均有增加的趋势。
[13] Hanif N, Eqani S A, Ali S M et al.

Geo-accumulation and enrichment of trace metals in sediments and their associated risks in the Chenab River, Pakistan

[J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2016, 165: 62-70.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.02.006      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

In this study the level of toxic metals (Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, Cu) was determined in sediment samples from the Chenab River, Pakistan. The potential toxicity of studied metals was determined by evaluating enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (I geo ) and metal pollution index (MPI). Considering the spatial distributional patterns, the metal concentrations were higher at Trimmu Headwork site followed by Pujnad, Khanki, Marala and Qadirabad Headwork sites. Unusual higher concentrations in the deeper sediments were observed, suggesting a historical deposition of the investigated metals in the area. The I geo and EF values revealed that sediments in this study were considerably polluted by Cd and Pb and moderately polluted by other metals. Evaluation of metal toxicity based on mean probable effect concentration PEC quotient confirmed that the Chenab River is seriously contaminated with Cd and Pb. Results of the spatial distribution pattern revealed that rapid industrialization and urbanization nearby the study area were probable sources of metal pollution. Proper measures should be taken by industrial units to ensure appropriate treatment of wastewater before disposing the toxic effluents into nearby tributaries. Government authorities must ensure strict enforcement of the National Environmental Quality (NEQ) standards of municipal and industrial effluents to save the Chenab River from further degradation.
[14] Müller G.

Schwermetalle in den Sedimenten des Rheins-Veränderungen seit 1971

[J]. Umschau, 1979, 79(24): 778-783.

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[15] 于万辉, 王俊杰, 臧淑英.

松嫩平原湖泊底泥重金属空间变异特征及其风险评价

[J]. 地理科学, 2012, 32(8): 1000-1005.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-011-0280-z      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

利用地理信息系统和地统计分析技术分析了松嫩平原湖泊群湖泊底泥重金属的空间变异特征,并绘制了6种重金属的空间分异图,利用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对湖泊底泥重金属的污染现状和潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,松嫩平原湖泊群底泥重金属含量除Mn低于土壤背景值外,其他元素均高于背景值2--4倍,并且重金属含量在空间上呈东北向西南方向逐渐降低,表现出较强的相关性;污染现状评价表明,zn已处于中等以上的污染程度,其他重金属污染程度较低,而Mn无污染,污染程度的顺序为Zn〉Cu〉Ni〉Pb〉Sr〉Mm潜在生态风险评价表明,评价的重金属均处于低生态风险程度,单项重金属的风险程度顺序为Pb〉Cu〉Ni〉Zn;综合污染评价与风险评价,Zn的污染程度虽然较大,但仍处于低风险程度。

[Yu Wanhui, Wang Junjie, Zang Shuying.

The spatial variability characteristics and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals of lake sediments in the Songnen Plain.

Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2012, 32(8): 1000-1005.]

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-011-0280-z      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

利用地理信息系统和地统计分析技术分析了松嫩平原湖泊群湖泊底泥重金属的空间变异特征,并绘制了6种重金属的空间分异图,利用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对湖泊底泥重金属的污染现状和潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,松嫩平原湖泊群底泥重金属含量除Mn低于土壤背景值外,其他元素均高于背景值2--4倍,并且重金属含量在空间上呈东北向西南方向逐渐降低,表现出较强的相关性;污染现状评价表明,zn已处于中等以上的污染程度,其他重金属污染程度较低,而Mn无污染,污染程度的顺序为Zn〉Cu〉Ni〉Pb〉Sr〉Mm潜在生态风险评价表明,评价的重金属均处于低生态风险程度,单项重金属的风险程度顺序为Pb〉Cu〉Ni〉Zn;综合污染评价与风险评价,Zn的污染程度虽然较大,但仍处于低风险程度。
[16] Gowd S S, Reddy M R, Govil P K.

Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils at Jajmau (Kanpur) and Unnao industrial areas of the Ganga Plain, Uttar Pradesh, India

[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010, 174(1/3): 113-121.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.024      URL      PMID: 19837511      摘要

ABSTRACT Environmental geochemical studies were carried out in and around Jajmau (Kanpur) and Unnao industrial areas (80 degrees 15'-80 degrees 34'E longitude and 26 degrees 24'-26 degrees 35'N latitude), of Uttar Pradesh to find out the extent of chemical pollution in soil due to industrial waste. Jajmau and Unnao are prominent centers for leather processing clusters of tannery industries (about 450) along the banks of river Ganga, besides other industries. Geologically the study area is beset with alluvium of Quaternary age consisting of older alluvium of middle to upper Pleistocene and newer alluvium of Holocene. The climate of the study area is semi-arid type. Fifty-three soil samples were collected from Jajmau and Unnao industrial areas from top 15 cm layer of the soil and were analyzed for heavy metals by using Philips MagiX PRO-PW 2440 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The data reveals that the soil in the area is significantly contaminated with heavy metals such as chromium varies from 161.8 to 6227.8 mg/kg (average of 2652.3mg/kg), Ba varies from 44.1 to 780.9 mg/kg (average of 295.7 mg/kg), Cu varies from 1.7 to 126.1mg/kg (average of 42.9 mg/kg), Pb varies from 10.1 to 67.8 mg/kg (average of 38.3mg/kg), Sr varies from 46.6 to 150.6 mg/kg (average of 105.3mg/kg), V varies from 1.3 to 208.6 mg/kg (average of 54.4 mg/kg) and Zn varies from 43.5 to 687.6 mg/kg (average of 159.9 mg/kg). Soil contamination was assessed on the basis of geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor and degree of contamination. Indiscriminate dumping of hazardous waste in the study area could be the main cause of the soil contamination, spreading by rainwater and wind. Distribution and correlation of heavy metals in soil along with possible remedial measures are discussed.
[17] Islam M S, Ahmed M K, Raknuzzaman Met al.

Heavy metal pollution in surface water and sediment:A preliminary assessment of an urban river in a developing country

[J]. Ecological Indicators, 2015, 48: 282-291.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.016      URL      摘要

The concentration and chemical fractionation of globally alarming six heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd and Pb) were measured in surface water and sediment of an urban river in Bangladesh. The decreasing trend of metals were observed in water as Cr02>02Cu02>02As02>02Ni02>02Pb02>02Cd and in sediment as Cr02>02Ni02>02Cu02>02Pb02>02As02>02Cd. The level of studied metals exceeded the safe limits of drinking water, indicated that water from this river is not safe for drinking and/or cooking purposes. However, the investigated metals showed low mobility except for Cd and Pb which could pose a severe threat to the aquatic environment. Contamination factor (CF) and geoaccumulation index ( I geo ) demonstrated that most of the sediment samples were moderately to heavily contaminated by Cr, As, Cd and Pb. The pollution load index (PLI) values were above one (>1) indicates progressive deterioration of the sediment quality. The extent of pollution by heavy metals in the river Korotoa implies that the condition is much frightening to the biota and inhabitants in the vicinity of the river as well.
[18] Zhang Zhaoyong, Li Juying, Mamat Z et al.

Sources identification and pollution evaluation of heavy metals in the surface sediments of Bortala River, Northwest China

[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2016, 126: 94-101.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.12.025      URL      PMID: 26735186      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

The current study focused on the Bortala River 鈥 a typical inland river located in an oasis of arid area in northwestern China. The sediment and soil samples were collected from the river and drainage basin. Results showed that: (1) the particle size of the sand fraction of the sediments was , accounting for 78.82% of the total samples; the average concentrations of eight heavy metals fell within the concentration ranges recommended by the Secondary National Standard of China, while the maximum concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Hg exceeded these standards; (2) results from multivariate statistical analysis indicated that Cu, Ni, As, and Zn originated primarily from natural geological background, while Cd, Pb, Hg and Cr in the sediments originated from human activities; (3) results of the enrichment factor analysis and the geo-accumulation index evaluation showed that Cd, Hg, and Pb were present in the surface sediments of the river at low or partial serious pollution levels, while Zn, Cr, As, Ni, and Cu existed at zero or low pollution levels; (4) calculation of the potential ecological hazards index showed that among the eight tested heavy metals, Cd, Pb, Hg, and Cr were the main potential ecological risk factors, with relative contributions of 25.43%, 22.23%, 21.16%, and 14.87%, respectively; (5) the spatial distribution of the enrichment factors (EF S ), the Geo-accumulation index ( I geo ), and the potential ecological risk coefficient ( E r i ) for eight heavy metals showed that there was a greater accumulation of heavy metals Pb, Cd, and Hg in the sediments of the central and eastern parts of the river. Results of this research can be a reference for the heavy metals pollution prevention, the harmony development of the ecology protection and the economy development of the oases of inland river basin of arid regions of China, Central Asia and also other parts of the world.
[19] Müller G.

Die schwermetallbelastung der sedimente des neckars und seiner nebenflusse:eine bestandsaufnahme

[J]. Chemical Zeitung, 1981, 105(2): 157-164.

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[20] 关莹, 臧淑英, 肖海丰.

连环湖马圈泡沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险

[J]. 地理科学, 2014, 34(4): 505-512.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

通过对连环湖马圈泡柱状沉积物 重金属(Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cd)等地球化学指标的分析,对马圈泡沉积物污染历史进行了讨论。根据元素的变化趋势,结合颗粒组成指标, 采用相关分析,富集状况及潜在生态风险评价,并辅以210Pb、137Cs测年数据,研究了自1937年以来该湖区沉积物重金属元素污染特征、来源、污染 历史及污染程度。结果表明,1987年以前各元素含量变化趋势平稳,1987年至今,7种重金属元素含量均明显增加。重金属元素的来源包括自然来源和人为 输入。从单向污染系数来看Cu、Ni、Cr、Pb、Zn属于中等污染强度,Mn、Cd达到了强污染程度;从综合污染系数来看,表层重金属元素主要为中等程 度的污染。沉积物重金属污染历史与该区经济发展阶段相吻合可为其湖区生态环境的整治与改善提供基础性的数据资料。

[Guan Ying, Zang Shuying, Xiao Haifeng.

Pollution and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in core sediments from Majuan Lake in Lianhuan Lake.

Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2014, 34(4): 505-512.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

通过对连环湖马圈泡柱状沉积物 重金属(Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cd)等地球化学指标的分析,对马圈泡沉积物污染历史进行了讨论。根据元素的变化趋势,结合颗粒组成指标, 采用相关分析,富集状况及潜在生态风险评价,并辅以210Pb、137Cs测年数据,研究了自1937年以来该湖区沉积物重金属元素污染特征、来源、污染 历史及污染程度。结果表明,1987年以前各元素含量变化趋势平稳,1987年至今,7种重金属元素含量均明显增加。重金属元素的来源包括自然来源和人为 输入。从单向污染系数来看Cu、Ni、Cr、Pb、Zn属于中等污染强度,Mn、Cd达到了强污染程度;从综合污染系数来看,表层重金属元素主要为中等程 度的污染。沉积物重金属污染历史与该区经济发展阶段相吻合可为其湖区生态环境的整治与改善提供基础性的数据资料。
[21] Sun Yuebing, Zhou Qixing, Xie Xiaokui et al.

Spatial, sources and risk assessment of heavy metal contamination of urban soils in typical regions of Shenyang, China

[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010, 174(1/3): 455-462.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.074      URL      PMID: 19825507      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Abstract Surface soil samples from 36 sampling sites including different functional areas in seven districts of Shenyang, China were collected and analyzed. The results showed that the average concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in soil of Shenyang were up to 0.42, 51.26, 75.29 and 140.02mg/kg, respectively, which are much higher than their natural background values. Among the functional areas and administrative regions, the industrial regions and the Tiexi District displayed the highest metal concentrations. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that there existed close correlations among Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn (except for Cd-Cu) at 1% level. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) coupled with correlation between heavy metals revealed that heavy metal contamination might originate from traffic and industrial activities. The values of pollution index (PI) and integrated pollution index (IPI) indicated that metal pollution level was Pb>Cd>Zn>Cu, and Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn belong to moderate or high pollution level. Potential ecological risk indexes (RI) further indicated that Shenyang was suffering from serious metal contamination. These results are important for the development of proper management strategies to decrease non-point source pollution by various remediation practices in Shenyang, China.
[22] 马建华, 王晓云, 侯千, .

某城市幼儿园地表灰尘重金属污染及潜在生态风险

[J]. 地理研究, 2011, 30(3): 486-495.

https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011030009      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

选取河南省某市31个幼儿园采集地表灰尘样品,用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定其Zn、Pb、Cr、Cu和Ni含量,应用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法探讨了灰尘重金属的污染特征和潜在生态风险.结果表明:城区幼儿园灰尘Zn、Pb、Cr、Cu和Ni的平均含量分别是郊区对照幼儿园的1.93、2.13、5.45、1.90和0.98倍;Pb、Zn、Cr和Cu属于人为源重金属,Ni属于混合源重金属.灰尘Pb污染比较严重,Ni和Zn多为轻污染或偏中污染,Cu和Cr污染较轻.所有幼儿园的灰尘重金属潜在生态总风险均在强烈风险以上,Pb对生态总风险的平均贡献率达70.34%,是最主要的风险因子.潜在生态总风险指数(RJ)的分级标准必须根据所研究的污染物数目及其毒性响应系数大小进行调整.

[Ma Jianhua, Wang Xiaoyun,Hou Qian et al.

Pollution and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in surface dust on urban kindergartens.

Geographical Research, 2011, 30(3): 486-495.]

https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011030009      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

选取河南省某市31个幼儿园采集地表灰尘样品,用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定其Zn、Pb、Cr、Cu和Ni含量,应用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法探讨了灰尘重金属的污染特征和潜在生态风险.结果表明:城区幼儿园灰尘Zn、Pb、Cr、Cu和Ni的平均含量分别是郊区对照幼儿园的1.93、2.13、5.45、1.90和0.98倍;Pb、Zn、Cr和Cu属于人为源重金属,Ni属于混合源重金属.灰尘Pb污染比较严重,Ni和Zn多为轻污染或偏中污染,Cu和Cr污染较轻.所有幼儿园的灰尘重金属潜在生态总风险均在强烈风险以上,Pb对生态总风险的平均贡献率达70.34%,是最主要的风险因子.潜在生态总风险指数(RJ)的分级标准必须根据所研究的污染物数目及其毒性响应系数大小进行调整.
[23] 段海静, 蔡晓强, 阮心玲, .

开封市公园灰尘重金属含量及潜在生态风险

[J]. 地球与环境, 2016, 44(1): 89-95.

https://doi.org/10.14050/j.cnki.1672-9250.2016.01.012      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

采集河南省开封市区4个典型公园(清明上河园、龙亭公园、铁塔公园、相国寺)52个地表灰尘样品,采用原子荧光(AFS)法、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP)和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定灰尘重金属含量,并用调整后的H(a)kanson潜在生态危害分级标准对重金属潜在生态危害进行评价.结果表明:灰尘Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn、Cu富集显著.重金属单项生态风险指数(E)顺序为Hg>Cd>Pb>Cu>Ni>Zn>Co>Cr>Mn>Ti,除Hg和Cd出现强烈以上生态风险外,其他重金属风险轻微.所有公园灰尘重金属潜在生态总风险(RI)均在很强等级以上,其大小依次为Rh国寺>RI龙亭公园>RI铁塔公园>RI清明上河园.灰尘Hg和Cd对RI的平均贡献率分别为45.28%和46.77%,是最主要的风险因子.

[Duan Haijing, Cai Xiaoqiang,Ruan Xinling et al.

Potential ecological risk of heavy metals in surface dusts from parks of kaifeng city, China.

Earth and Environment, 2016, 44(1): 89-95.]

https://doi.org/10.14050/j.cnki.1672-9250.2016.01.012      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

采集河南省开封市区4个典型公园(清明上河园、龙亭公园、铁塔公园、相国寺)52个地表灰尘样品,采用原子荧光(AFS)法、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP)和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定灰尘重金属含量,并用调整后的H(a)kanson潜在生态危害分级标准对重金属潜在生态危害进行评价.结果表明:灰尘Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn、Cu富集显著.重金属单项生态风险指数(E)顺序为Hg>Cd>Pb>Cu>Ni>Zn>Co>Cr>Mn>Ti,除Hg和Cd出现强烈以上生态风险外,其他重金属风险轻微.所有公园灰尘重金属潜在生态总风险(RI)均在很强等级以上,其大小依次为Rh国寺>RI龙亭公园>RI铁塔公园>RI清明上河园.灰尘Hg和Cd对RI的平均贡献率分别为45.28%和46.77%,是最主要的风险因子.
[24] Yin Xuebin, Liu Xiaodong, Sun Liguang et al.

A 1500-year record of Lead, Copper, Arsenic, Cadmium, Zinc level in Antarctic seal hairs and sediments

[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2006, 371(1/3): 252-257.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.07.022      URL      PMID: 16928392      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

To reconstruct the profiles of heavy metal levels in the South Ocean ecosystem of Antarctica, the concentrations of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) in seal hairs and lake sediments spanning the past 1500years from Fildes Peninsula of King George Island and in weathering lake sediments from Nelson Island of West Antarctica were determined. The lead contents in the seal hairs and the weathering sediments show a sharp increase since the late 1800s, very likely due to anthropogenic contamination from modern industries. After the 1980s, the Pb content in seal hairs dropped by one-third, apparently due to the reduced usage of leaded gasoline in the Southern Hemisphere. Copper arises mainly from the weathering process, and its level may be substantially affected by climatic conditions. The concentrations of Cd, As, and Zn do not show any clear temporal trends.
[25] Peng Jianfeng, Song Yonghui, Yuan Peng et al.

The remediation of heavy metals contaminated sediment

[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 161(2/3): 633-640.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.061      URL      PMID: 18547718      摘要

Abstract Heavy metal contamination has become a worldwide problem through disturbing the normal functions of rivers and lakes. Sediment, as the largest storage and resources of heavy metal, plays a rather important role in metal transformations. This paper provides a review on the geochemical forms, affecting factors and remediation technologies of heavy metal in sediment. The in situ remediation of sediment aims at increasing the stabilization of some metals such as the mobile and the exchangeable fractions; whereas, the ex situ remediation mainly aims at removing those potentially mobile metals, such as the Mn-oxides and the organic matter (OM) fraction. The pH and OM can directly change metals distribution in sediment; however oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), mainly through changing the pH values, indirectly alters metals distribution. Mainly ascribed to their simple operation mode, low costs and fast remediation effects, in situ remediation technologies, especially being fit for slight pollution sediment, are applied widely. However, for avoiding metal secondary pollution from sediment release, ex situ remediation should be the hot point in future research.
[26] 姚书春, 薛滨.

长江下游青弋江、水阳江水系湖泊沉积物中重金属变化特征研究

[J]. 第四纪研究, 2010, 30(6): 1177-1185.

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2010.06.15      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

2004~2008年在青弋江、水阳江流域石臼、固城、南漪三湖采集得到岩芯钻孔。运用核素~(210)Pb和~(137)Cs对获得沉积物进行定年,同时分析了岩芯沉积物金属元素,研究近代湖泊重金属演化历史以及人类活动的影响,并对重金属进行了评价。文章运用Al元素作为粒度的代用指标对重金属进行标准化,并获取了重金属富集系数。研究表明,石臼、固城、南漪三湖钻孔中Cu和Zn的富集系数高于Pb,但Pb,Zn,Cu和Cr富集系数都不超过2,并且Cr的富集系数较小。自20世纪80年代中期以来流域内人类活动对石臼湖湖泊沉积物造成了显著的重金属污染,在南漪湖则推迟了10年左右,而在固城湖其重金属污染相对不明显。根据沉积物质量基准进行评价,发现石臼、固城、南漪三湖虽然存在一定的Cu,Pb,Zn和Cr污染,但污染造成的生态效应还不明显。

[Yao Shuchun, Xue Bin.

Heavy metals in lake sediments of the Qingyi and Shuiyang Drainages in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Quaternary Sciences, 2010, 30(6): 1177-1185.]

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2010.06.15      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

2004~2008年在青弋江、水阳江流域石臼、固城、南漪三湖采集得到岩芯钻孔。运用核素~(210)Pb和~(137)Cs对获得沉积物进行定年,同时分析了岩芯沉积物金属元素,研究近代湖泊重金属演化历史以及人类活动的影响,并对重金属进行了评价。文章运用Al元素作为粒度的代用指标对重金属进行标准化,并获取了重金属富集系数。研究表明,石臼、固城、南漪三湖钻孔中Cu和Zn的富集系数高于Pb,但Pb,Zn,Cu和Cr富集系数都不超过2,并且Cr的富集系数较小。自20世纪80年代中期以来流域内人类活动对石臼湖湖泊沉积物造成了显著的重金属污染,在南漪湖则推迟了10年左右,而在固城湖其重金属污染相对不明显。根据沉积物质量基准进行评价,发现石臼、固城、南漪三湖虽然存在一定的Cu,Pb,Zn和Cr污染,但污染造成的生态效应还不明显。
[27] 杨龙, 陈克龙, 曹生奎, .

青海湖典型湿地土壤重金属分布特征

[J]. 湿地科学与管理, 2012, 8(1): 30-33.

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-3290.2012.01.09      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

重金属污染是当今土壤污染中影响面最广、危害最大的环境问题之 一.对青海湖典型湿地土壤Cu,Zn、Pb、Cr、Fe、Mn6种重金属元素的含量及分布特征进行了调查分析.结果表明:青海湖湿地土壤Cu、Zn、 Pb、Cr、Fe、Mn 6种重金属元素的平均含量分别为16.34 μg/g、46.82μg/g、15.65 μg/g、58.49μg/g、14.57mg/g和33.08μg/g;青海湖区南北两岸典型湿地土壤重金属含量存在明显的空间差异.南北两岸样带上表 层土壤Cu、Cr、Fe的含量变化均呈“W”形,Zn仅在青海湖北岸样带表现出“W”形,Mn元素含量在400m处为最低点,Pb没有表现出明显的变化特 征;Cu、Zn、Pb 3种元素含量呈极显著相关,说明青海潮湿地土壤重金属污染有一定的同源性.

[Yang Long, Chen Kelong, Cao Shengkui et al.

Distribution of heavy metals in typical wetland soil of Qinghai Lake.

Wetland Science & Management, 2012, 8(1): 30-33.]

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-3290.2012.01.09      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

重金属污染是当今土壤污染中影响面最广、危害最大的环境问题之 一.对青海湖典型湿地土壤Cu,Zn、Pb、Cr、Fe、Mn6种重金属元素的含量及分布特征进行了调查分析.结果表明:青海湖湿地土壤Cu、Zn、 Pb、Cr、Fe、Mn 6种重金属元素的平均含量分别为16.34 μg/g、46.82μg/g、15.65 μg/g、58.49μg/g、14.57mg/g和33.08μg/g;青海湖区南北两岸典型湿地土壤重金属含量存在明显的空间差异.南北两岸样带上表 层土壤Cu、Cr、Fe的含量变化均呈“W”形,Zn仅在青海湖北岸样带表现出“W”形,Mn元素含量在400m处为最低点,Pb没有表现出明显的变化特 征;Cu、Zn、Pb 3种元素含量呈极显著相关,说明青海潮湿地土壤重金属污染有一定的同源性.
[28] 常华进, 曹广超, 陈克龙.

青海倒淌河末端沉积物中重金属含量及其指示意义

[J]. 土壤通报, 2014, 45(3): 728-733.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

对青海湖流域倒淌河末端沉积物 样品中As、Cd、Pb、V、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn等9种重金属元素的含量进行了分析测定,并评估了其污染程度。结果表明:无论在横向还是纵向 上,所分析重金属元素含量均低于青海湖土壤背景值、青海省土壤平均值和土壤环境质量一级标准值,潜在生态风险因子均低于40,多风险因子指数均低于65; 样品中As、Cd、As富集系数基本为1~2,其它重金属元素富集系数基本小于1。倒淌河末端沉积物尚未出现重金属污染,但该流域确实存在重金属的人为排 放,而且在近代排放更为显著。虽然经过沉积和植物吸收,倒淌河河水流至其末端时重金属元素依然未完全被净化干净,主要体现在As、Cd、Pb上,应限制它 们进入环境

[Chang Huajin, Cao Guangchao, Chen Kelong.

Concentration and implications of heavy metals in sediment in the lower reaches of Daotanghe,Qinghai Province.

Chinese Jounal of Soil Science, 2014, 45(3): 728-733.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

对青海湖流域倒淌河末端沉积物 样品中As、Cd、Pb、V、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn等9种重金属元素的含量进行了分析测定,并评估了其污染程度。结果表明:无论在横向还是纵向 上,所分析重金属元素含量均低于青海湖土壤背景值、青海省土壤平均值和土壤环境质量一级标准值,潜在生态风险因子均低于40,多风险因子指数均低于65; 样品中As、Cd、As富集系数基本为1~2,其它重金属元素富集系数基本小于1。倒淌河末端沉积物尚未出现重金属污染,但该流域确实存在重金属的人为排 放,而且在近代排放更为显著。虽然经过沉积和植物吸收,倒淌河河水流至其末端时重金属元素依然未完全被净化干净,主要体现在As、Cd、Pb上,应限制它 们进入环境

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