长江下游地区崧泽文化时期农业形成及其影响因素研究

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2022.10.013

Abstract

Abstract:

The Songze culture period (6 000-5 300 a B. P.) in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River is a key stage of the origin civilization. However, whether the economic society of rice farming had been formed in this period and its influencing mechanism behind it remain unclear. Through systematic archaeobotanical analysis at Qingchengdun site in Changzhou, 131 carbonized rice seeds and 2 262 rice spikelet base were found in 22 of 24 flotation samples. The results indicated that the agricultural economy of the ancestors of Qingchengdun site during the Songze culture period was mainly based on rice planting. Combined with previous archaeobotanical work, it is found that the main subsistence economy of human beings during the Songze culture period in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River was a rice farming agricultural economy based on planting rice, supplemented by a gathering economy based on collecting wild plant resources such as gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), Semen Euryales (Euryale ferox), peach (Prunus persica) and muskmelon (Cucumis melo). After 7 000 a B. P., the slow rise of sea level and the eastward withdrawal of coastline provided a large number of living environments for ancient humans carrying out rice agricultural production. The suitable relatively warm and humid climate conditions in this period also provided suitable habitat conditions for rice agricultural production. The pressure of population growth after 6 000 a B. P. is the reason why ancient humans in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River chose stable and high-yield rice agriculture as the main subsistence strategy.

Key words: the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Songze culture, subsistence economy, rice farming

CLC Number:

K903

Li Haiming, Zheng Duo, Liu Zhen, Jia Xin. Formation of Agriculture and Its Influencing Factors in the Songze Culture Period in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River[J].SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2022, 42(10): 1807-1817.

Figures/Tables 5

Fig. 1

Table 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Table 2

Plant remains unearthed from the Songze cultural sites in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River

遗址	位置	作物遗存	其他植物遗存	参考文献
注：—为无作物遗存。
茅山	浙江杭州	水稻	葫芦（Lagenaria siceraria）、甜瓜（Cucumis melo）、紫苏（Perilla frutescens）、猕猴桃（Actinidia chinensis）、柿属（Diospyros Linni）等；狗尾草属（Setaria Viridis）、禾本科（Poaceae）、藜属（Chenopodium）、莎草科（Cyperaceae）、蓼属（Polygonum）、十字花科（Brassicaceae）、马鞭草（Verbena officinalis）、马齿苋（Portulaca oleracea）、眼子菜（Potamogeton distinctus）、毛茛科（Ranunculaceae）、金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum）、茨藻科（Najadaceae）	[22]
小兜里	浙江嘉兴	水稻	桃（Prunus persica）、甜瓜、葡萄（Vitis vinifera）、柿（Diospyros kaki）、楝（Melia azedarach）、芡实、菱（Trapa bispinosa）、构树（Broussonetia papyrifera），狗尾草属、禾本科、藜属、蓼科（Polygonaceae）、莎草科、猪殃殃（Galium spurium）、粟米草（Mollugo stricta）、铁苋菜（Acalypha australis）、马齿苋科（Portulacaceae）、十字花科、旋花科（Convolvulaceae）、豆科（Leguminosae）、和百合科（Liliaceae）等	[22]
窑墩	浙江湖州	水稻	—	[30]
南河浜	浙江嘉兴	水稻植硅体	—	[31]
邱城	浙江湖州	水稻	—	[32]
姚家圈	上海松江	—	楝	[33]
崧泽	上海清浦	水稻	桃，梅（Prunus mume），壳斗科（Fagaceae）	[34]
福泉山	上海青浦	—	葫芦	[35]
澄湖	江苏苏州	水稻，水稻植硅体，水稻田	楝、葫芦、甜瓜和紫苏	[36]
姜里	江苏苏州	水稻，水稻植硅体，水稻田	狗尾草属、马齿苋、酸模属（Rumex）、眼子菜属（Potamogeton）、马唐属（Digitaria）、苔草属（Carex）、禾本科、莎草属（Cyperus）、莎草科、荨麻科（Urticaceae）、小二仙草科（Haloragaceae）、蓼科（Polygonaceae）、茄科（Solanaceae）	[37]
薛城	江苏南京	水稻植硅体	—	[38]
南楼	江苏无锡	水稻	—	[39]
徐家湾	江苏苏州	水稻	—	[40]
青墩	江苏海安	水稻，水稻植硅体	桃、芡实和菱	[41]

Table 2

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样品编号	土样量/L	炭化木屑/g	水稻/粒		基盘/粒	黍/粒	豆科/粒	糠稷/粒	莎草科/粒	酸模/粒	小巢菜/粒	猕猴桃/粒	黄花龙牙/粒	拉拉藤/粒	马㼎儿/粒	芡实/粒	碎种子/粒	总计
样品编号	土样量/L	炭化木屑/g	整粒	破碎	基盘/粒	黍/粒	豆科/粒	糠稷/粒	莎草科/粒	酸模/粒	小巢菜/粒	猕猴桃/粒	黄花龙牙/粒	拉拉藤/粒	马㼎儿/粒	芡实/粒	碎种子/粒	总计
注：空白处为无此植物种子。
55-1L	6.6	1.88		4	140				1	1								146
55-1R	7.6	0.19	1	4	57						1							63
55-2L	6.2	0.13		3	31				1									35
55-2R	6.6	0.16		1	121													122
55-3L	5.8	0.17	1	1	141		1											144
55-3R	6.6	0.06	1		205				1									207
55-4L	6.4	0.12		4	106													110
55-4R	6.0	0.22		1	7													8
55-5L	6.0	0.25		13	155								3			2		173
55-5R	5.0	0.27		10	19	1							5			1		36
55-6L	5.4	1.04	1	12	1							2	3			1		20
55-6R	6.0	0.68		7	148								2					157
55-7L	4.2	0.54		2	148								1			2		153
55-7R	5.2	0.57	1	4	108													113
55-8L	5.4	0.53		9	127			1										137
55-8R	5.4	1.14		5	365	1			2					2		1		376
55-9R	5.2	0.74		18	202								7			1		228
55-9L	5.4	3.87			129													129
56-10L	4.8	0.36	1	6	18								1					26
56-10R	5.6	0.03		1	4						2						3	10
55-PR	6.6	0.35			15													15
55-PL	7.6	0.58	1	19	15				2						1			38
总计	141.2	13.88	7	124	2262	2	1	1	7	1	3	2	22	2	1	8	3	2446

Formation of Agriculture and Its Influencing Factors in the Songze Culture Period in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

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