In this paper, the author first clarifies that the theory of pole-axis spatial system is based on the well known central place theory, however, the two theories are different in terms of theoretical components and application objectives. The author analyzes the formation and dynamics of pole-axis spatial system mainly through the perspective of spatial agglomeration and diffusion effect, and compares pole-axis spatial system theory with growth pole theory and networked development model. Then the author elaborates on the rationality and effectiveness of the theory of pole-axis spatial system to China′s territorial development and regional development in the past decades.

This study is the first one among current studies investigating the near distance and suburban tourism in China, which resulted in the conceptual framework of Recreational Belt Around Metropolis, abbreviated thereafter as ReBAM.Taking Shanghai city, the largest metropolis of China, as a case, the study analyzes the location mechanism, formation process, land use patterns, accessibility, tourist behavior and spatial structure of ReBAM.The study reveals that travel cost to tourists and land price to investors determine simultaneously the location of ReBAM, where tourism planners find their favorite sites for city tourism development.Specifically, this study used Shanghai as a case to described the formation of ReBAM and examined the factors that affect such formation.These factors include demand on weekend recreation, investment preferences of developer, and regional development policy of local government.Three types of recreational land use were identified according to the entrance fee structures.These include 1) low-price section:public recreational facilities sanctioned by government, 2) medium-price section:joint ventures between government and private sector, and 3) high-price section:recreational facilities developed and operated by private sector.The results showed that the ReBAM exhibited three unique and elementary spatial features.They are 1) weak linkage network, 2) distance decay of travel behavior, and 3) activity density diffusion.The significance of the study’s findings goes beyond the proposal of ReBAM.It presents practical implications for tourism planning and development.Based on the principles of ReBAM, the author proposed a three ring-shaped spatial structure for tourism development in Beijing, the capital city of China:central, urban fringe and rural outskirts.

The spatial network model of tourism system is discerned and analyzed in this paper. Since Leiper developed a definition of tourism using the systems methodology, there are a few of different definitions of tourism system presented by scholars inside or outside the country. But all those definition made a wrong in taking the tourist industry or its components as a subsystem of tourism system. Still using the systems methodology, a new definition of tourism system is put forward in part one. The elements of the system are destination, origins and travel route. Those elements are arranged in spatial and functional connections. Having the characteristics of an open system, the tourism system is the spatial pattern of tourist flows or the process of the tourist activities. There are two sections in part two. Section one advances that the spatial model of tourism system is a network composed of two types of nodes, destination and origins connected by travel route links centered with destination place. The characteristics of the model are described using six spatial elements for geographical model of P.Haggett. The six spatial elements are movement, path, node, nodal structure, field and, pervasion. The movement refers to the tourists moving in the network from different origin places to the destination along different transits routes. Path is the transits routes that tourists use. Nodes are the origins and destination. Nodal structure refers to the different origins that generate different mounts of tourists. Field refers to the spatial scope of the tourism system decided by the attractions of the destination. Pervasion refers to the field that is changing by the time. Section two analyzes the topological properties of the tourism network using several indexes such as β,α,γ indexes and the shortest path matrix. The values of those indexes and the shortest path matrix of the network in figure 1 are calculated separately. Those indexes give a way to estimate the network quantitatively. At the end part, the applications of the spatial network model in several areas and at many levels of analysis is discussed in details. In academic research it can serve as a reference point for general and specific studies. In the business world, the model and those indexes can be used in research for the tourist marketing, destination’s accessibility appraising, spatial competition analyzing of tourist places, tourism planning and, tourist industry developing. Further detailed work on the model of tourism system is studied with Jinggangshan town. The spatial network model seems particularly relevant as a guide for tourism planning and assessing the developing policies in some special destination tourist place. In summary, the spatial network model provides governments and planners a valuable approach to tourism policy and tourism planning. Meanwhile, the model is very useful for academic research, especially for synthetic tourism research using systems methodology.

The analysis of landscape pattern is one of the fundamental research scopes in Landscape ecology. Presently, most landscape pattern research only describes its geometric feature. Aiming at a special ecological process, combining ecological process with landscape pattern is the development trend of landscape pattern research in the future. Landscape changes at all time, pattern change is one aspect of landscape dynamic. The changes of landscape pattern and landscape process are each other cause and effect. The spatial and temporal rule of landscape pattern change and which driven mechanical is the foundation of landscape pattern change research combining with ecological. This thesis discusses several problems of landscape pattern change, the methods of landscape pattern change analysis include comparison of landscape pattern index and the landscape spatial statistical characteristic, Markov transition matrix and the simulation of landscape pattern change course.The driven factors of landscape pattern change are systemic. The methods to discriminate the main driven factors of the landscape pattern comprise canonical correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis. There are some difficulties for the researcher to study the landscape pattern change, including data, scale and the inter-disciplinary collaboration etc.

Based on the social-economic data from 1952 to 2000 in China, the question of regional disparity in China was reconsidered by using spatial analysis methods. Spatial analysis needed in social and economic science for the observed spatial values are not independent each other, i.e., (or) they don't follow the same distribution, and (or) there is a trend along different directions. In this paper, the centrographic statistic was used to estimate basic parameters about the spatial distribution. The geometric center of Chinese Mainland with the centers of arable land area, population and GDP based on provincial level data were compared. The results show that the center of population and GDP had a significant offset with the center of geometry and land use. These are the key to understand the spatial disparity in China. The centers of population have an obviously trend of shift from the east to the west of China Mainland. This may be caused by the family planning and the other polices. But the shifts of the population center will help to improve the development of the west of China. As comparison with population, the shifts of the center of GDP had a different direction. It moved to south since the 1978 while the opening-up policy was adopt in china. In other words, the south of China had more rapid increase than north since 1978. This is not consistent with the opinion that the disparity of regional economic is great from east to west in China. The different shifts of centers of population and GDP also indicates that the economy of west did not increase with the increasing of population. The shifts of population and GDP centers indicate the change of the social and economic pattern in China. The difference of them also indicates that the imbalance of development in China. The Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA), which based on the computing spatial autocorelation and spatial heterogeneity, was also used to detect the geographical dynamics of Chinese regional disparity patterns. There are significant positive spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I)of per capita GDP in China. That is, the relatively high (low) developed province tends to be located nearby other high (low) developed provinces more often than expected due to random chance, and then each province should not be viewed as an independent observation. The econometric estimations based on geographical data (i.e. localized data) have to take into account the fact that economic phenomena do not be randomly spatially distributed. We also compared the temporal change of the spatial autocorrelation in China, and found that there is an obviously temporal increase of Moran's I since 1952 to 1995. This means that the disparity is increased in the same periods. But this trend does not keep on since 1990s because we found that the Moran's I soothed with a little fluctuating. Moran's I Scatterplots and LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Association, LISA) cluster maps were used to test the local pattern of the Chinese economic development. The results of local statistic show that the two types of clusters (High-High and Low-Low) are increasing which means that the heterogeneous is increasing too. And this is the other indicator of the regional disparity in China.

This paper analyzed the determining factors Of land use and its spatial dependency in China, and through statistical and multi-scale GIS techniques investigated the spatial patterns of land use. Correlation and regression analysis was used to identify the most important explanatory variables from a large set of candidate determining factors. We found that the distribution of all land use types in China will be best described by a combination of different biophysical and socio-economic factors. Specific attention was given to the influence of scale and the spatial distribution of arable land. The results will provide some reference for the land use planning and spicy-making of sustainable utilization of land resources.

The rural development of China is undergoing transformation.The arable land is transforming from in support into limited.The peasant living is transforming from survival into comparatively well off.The economic institution is transforming from planning into market.The manner of land use is transforming from extensive into intensive.The rural and agriculture are transforming from exploitation into support by urbanization and industrialization.The relationship between rural and urban is transforming from difference into harmony.The agricultural economy is transforming from closed smallholder towards globalization.Therefore, demand for cropland will further increase, but the development of marginal arable land is limited.The shortage of cropland and the situation of food security will be further serious in the future.Among various factors threatening the sustainability of cropland, occupation on cropland by urbanization and industrialization is outstanding.This has made Chinese government and society heavyhearted.Therefore, the central government has paid great attention to cropland conservation and regarded it as a basic national policy.However, this basic national policy has not been implemented thoroughly in practice because the mechanisms of cropland conservation have not been established.The lower comparative benefit of agricultural land use is the major reason why cropland has continuously been occupied by urban development.Therefore the comparative benefit of agricultural land use must be raised in order to conserve cropland.The mechanisms of cropland conservation also include strengthening the role of government in cropland conservation, regulating land administrative behavior of government, identifying land administrative objects of government instead of market object, and implementing objects of government by means of land use planning in legislation manner.The development of urbanization and industrialization should be towards internal land development rather than external land expansion, and stress the intensive utilization of stock land in cities.

Forests are major vegetation types in terrestrial ecosystem and play a key role not only because they account for a greater part of the carbon exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere than any other ecosystem type, but also because they can mitigate carbon dioxide emission under the background of global change, and accurately estimating forest carbon storage is increasingly gaining global attention. In terms of the fourth national forest inventory data (1989-1993), forest vegetation carbon storage and carbon density in China are estimated by the relationships between stand biomass and volume for different forest types. The results shows that total forest vegetation carbon storage and average carbon density in China are 3778.1Tg(1Tg = 10¹²g)and 41.32 Mg/hm²(1 Mg = 10⁶ g), respectively. Forest vegetation carbon is not distributed evenly among provinces in China: more than half of the carbon is stocked in northeastern and southwestern China. Carbon storage of forest vegetation in China is about 1.1% of the global vegetation, and forest carbon density is lower than the world's average, the major reason is that the area of pre-mature forests in China occupies more than 80% of Chinese forests. It suggests that Chinese forests have the large potential to fix carbon. In addition, based on linear multi-regression of forest carbon storage model and standard regressive coefficient methods, the relationship between carbon storage of forest vegetation in China and climatic factors including temperature and precipitation is developed:Y_c=2.004X_p-2.809X_t+1.805. The regressive coefficient of annual precipitation (X_p) and mean annual temperature (X_t) show that forest vegetation carbon storage will decrease with climate warming, but it will increase with the increase of precipitation. According to factor analysis method, the contribution of climatic factors to forest vegetation carbon storage is calculated, the contribution of annual precipitation is 2.363, and that of mean annual temperature 3.227, it indicates that the effect of temperature on forest carbon storage is larger than that of precipitation,and global warming may seriously affects the forest carbon storage in China. The study may be helpful not only to provide a method for estimating carbon storage of forest vegetation using systematic and continuously forest inventory data in China, but also to improve understanding the relationship between climatic factors and carbon storage of forest vegetation.

This essay is based on two important landscape ecology congresses the authors attended in 1995. It summerized the recent development of landscape ecology at home and abroad, and introduced some advanced fields in the subject, such as spatial ecology, future landscape planning, optimum land use arrangement, as well as landscape and culture etc. The authors also gave his own opinions on some theoretical and practical problems, such as frame works of landscape ecology, landscape stability and bearing capacity, ecological effects of human activity, agricultural landscape construction and planning, as well as urban landscape structure and residential environment etc. To make this new discipline more applicable in our country, much work should be done on the cooperation among different sciences and government departments.

Rural tourism development in China has witnessed a rapid growth in the last decade, and many authors went to deep understanding about definition of rural tourism, rural tourism product programming and planning, and other aspects of agro-tourism. But according to literature review, we need more knowledge about spatial structures of rural tourism development around cities where main markets are located. Seventy four rural attractions around 69 Chinese cities are randomly collected and processed by employing geographical techniques to explore spatial structure of those attractions by the authors. Under some definite assumptions, several findings could be observed: All rural attractions distributed around cities demonstrate distance decay, although with some fluctuations, which could described by a simulative equation of 6th order as:
y =-4E-0.6x⁶ + 0.0004x⁵-0.0145x⁴ + 0.2622x³-2.3527x² + 8.4049x + 2.1296
There are as high as 88% rural tourism attractions that were built up within a distance of 100 km from their primary origin city, while two concentrated sections could be identified at about 20 km and 70 km respectively away from the central city, but the 20 km section is more higher clustered one for rural attraction development. At about 50 km section away from the central city, which is just located between the two attraction clusters, a less developed area for rural tourism appears where only a few of attractions have been built. Spatial analysis tells the story behind the curtain: sub-central cities/towns around the major origin city are often allocated at that distance and bring interference to recreational activities there.

Cities and countryside are the main inhabitation communities for human being. There is showing "village-hollowing", which is one of the problems in the countryside and becoming more and more serious because of the rapid development of urbanization in China. This article takes Beigong village as an example and summarizes the three phrases of "village-hollowing" based on deeply research and analysis. It expounds that the mechanism of "village-hollowing" lies in the three contradictions, unbalance between centripetal and centrifugal forces in village, unbalance between rapid economic development and behindhand ideology, speedup of house building and weakness of administration. Some countermeasures are given against the disadvantageous impacts caused by "village-hollowing", such as strengthening administration, making planning scientifically, improving infrastructure and etc.

Aimed at the spread of regional coalitions and insufficient quantitative study on eco-nomic links at present, this paper puts forward some new concepts, expounds the indexes of quantitative analysis of economic links and establishes the quantitative-analysis matrix of economic links. With the help of the matrix, this paper counts values of the link inten-sities between Su-Xi-Chang (Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou) and Shanghai, and analyses the regional differences of the economic links.

Specificity of heavy metals pollution in index urban soil of Changchun city was studied for the potential ecological hazards. The potential ecological hazard suggested by Hakanson was used to assess the ecological hazards of heavy metals in urban soils. The results showed that urban soils were seriously polluted with heavy metals, and Pb and Ni was dominated in urban soils. The different domains were polluted by the different metal elements because of source space variance. The urban soil of Changchun was of the slightly ecological hazard, and Pb, Cu and Zn were feeble ecological hazard factors. The ecological hazard for the different domains was the order of urban park>farmland>industrial area> residential area>development area.

Forests are major vegetation types in terrestrial ecosystem and play a key role not only because they account for a greater part of the carbon exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere than any other ecosystem type, but also because they can mitigate carbon dioxide emission under the background of global change, and accurately estimating forest carbon storage is increasingly gaining global attention. In terms of the fourth national forest inventory data (1989-1993), forest vegetation carbon storage and carbon density in China are estimated by the relationships between stand biomass and volume for different forest types. The results shows that total forest vegetation carbon storage and average carbon density in China are 3778.1Tg(1Tg = 10¹²g)and 41.32 Mg/hm²(1 Mg = 10⁶ g), respectively. Forest vegetation carbon is not distributed evenly among provinces in China: more than half of the carbon is stocked in northeastern and southwestern China. Carbon storage of forest vegetation in China is about 1.1% of the global vegetation, and forest carbon density is lower than the world's average, the major reason is that the area of pre-mature forests in China occupies more than 80% of Chinese forests. It suggests that Chinese forests have the large potential to fix carbon. In addition, based on linear multi-regression of forest carbon storage model and standard regressive coefficient methods, the relationship between carbon storage of forest vegetation in China and climatic factors including temperature and precipitation is developed:Y_c=2.004X_p-2.809X_t+1.805. The regressive coefficient of annual precipitation (X_p) and mean annual temperature (X_t) show that forest vegetation carbon storage will decrease with climate warming, but it will increase with the increase of precipitation. According to factor analysis method, the contribution of climatic factors to forest vegetation carbon storage is calculated, the contribution of annual precipitation is 2.363, and that of mean annual temperature 3.227, it indicates that the effect of temperature on forest carbon storage is larger than that of precipitation,and global warming may seriously affects the forest carbon storage in China. The study may be helpful not only to provide a method for estimating carbon storage of forest vegetation using systematic and continuously forest inventory data in China, but also to improve understanding the relationship between climatic factors and carbon storage of forest vegetation.

In this paper, a set of index and method on assessment of fragile environment are separately established. This is a systematic, complete, objective and flexible method of assessment of fragile environment. And it is easily used in practice. At last, its practicality and accuary are tested by using it to assess fragile degree of environment within 26 provinces of China.

Landscape geography came from a geographical clique of German and Russia.It has a long history.After acentury’s development, fully absorbing the important thoughts of ecology, system science and anthropology,gradually getting rid of the 3tale and bringing forth the fresh, it has formed the new generation landscape sciencewhich is delegated by landscape ecology until the 1980’ s.Lnadscape ecology merges the study of relationship between structure and function, and human function process in geography, forms the theory frame which focuseson the concepts of pattern and process in different scale and the human-dominated landscape evolution, etc.Itemphasizes practical applied field, such as landscape planning and management.Landscape architecture embodiesthe cross of landscape science and engineering, combines the creature and engineer steps, construct human-habitat environment which can fully reveal multiple value of landscape.The paper discusses the formation and development of modern landscape science systematically, introduces the core concepts of landscape ecology at the pointof scientific research epistemology.

Rainfall erosivity shows the potential ability of the soil loss caused by rainfall and it is very important for predicting soil loss quantitatively. A rainfall erosivity model using daily rainfall amounts to estimate half-month rainfall erosivity directly was established from data of 71 weather stations in China. The average coefficient of determination for all stations was 0.718 and the average relative error estimating the annual average rainfall erosivity was 4.2%. Both parameters of α and β in the model were different in different regions. The parameter α was high correlative with parameter β and parameter β was related to rainfall characteristics, so both parameters could be estimated by using rainfall indexes. With the set of parameter values estimated by using rainfall indexs,the average coefficient of determination decreased to 0.697 and the average relative error estimating the annual average rainfall erosivity increased to 17.3%. The model worked very well in the regions where the rainfall was abundant and the result was on the low side when extreme storm erosivty was estimated. The daily rainfall erosivity model could be used to estimate the annual average rainfall erosivity and its seasonal distribution.

This paper reviews the process of Chinese Urban Geography.Urban Geography, as an new branch of Human Geography in China, have developed and expanded very quickly since 1978.Researches, research contentsand research approaches have made great progresses.Chinese urban graphical research fields include: (1) City -regional Study; (2) Urban planning; (3) Urbanization; (4) Urban system; (6) Urban development policies; (7)Urban spatial structure; (8) Sustainable cities.Urban social geography, urban modernization, urban governance and digital city will be new research fields in the Chinese near future.

Image study is a popular theme in many disciplines because of the wide range of the perceptional objects. The image to a person, the image to a piece of art like a photograph, a picture or a novel and the image to a corporation or the image to an area like a city, a district, a country or a people, can all be studied academically in sociology, economics, literature, art, management, urban studies and tourism geography. However, geographical image studies both in and out of China have not yet attracted enough attentions to the geographical attributes and spatial process of the image object. In this paper, based on the idea of tourist destinations as a type of geographical areas, the author tries to discuss and deduce the spatial process and rules of how tourists percept destinations. The paper begins with a general introduction on principles of regions' hierarchy and spatial differentiation in geography. Based on the basic idea of space and region in geography, it is proposed that there exists a kind of 'areas ladder' constructed by areas hierarchy. With such a ladder in the mind, tourists can percept the geographic sites of all kinds of potential destinations. Such a ladder is named by the author as 'perceptional chain', which reflects the geographic context of regions in vertical hierarchy relationship, and has impacts on tourist image perception. Thereafter, three rules on the spatial characteristics of tourist destination image perception, namely, context rule, adjacent rule and resemble rule, can be deduced. As a result, image substitution in tourists' perception process can be easily understood. Context rule or context substitution can be used to explain that tourists tend to percept the higher destination in perceptional chain at first. That is to say, any area's image is cognized with the higher region as a background. Any one area can be understood only in the areas' context, and it is easier for people to know and remember the larger and higher areas in the ladder. Tourists tend to percept the images of lower regions as the images of higher regions if they don't know well these lower regions.As far as adjacent rule and resemble rule, the author notices that when tourists percept the regions in the same hierarchy or ladder, they tend to conceive these areas images as a unity if these areas are believed to be near in space or have some resemblance in natural or cultural elements. That is to say, one area's image can be conceived as another one if they are adjacent or resemble. Furthermore, distance between origin and destination, esp., cognition distance, as well as information possessed by tourists, has different and complex effects on image perception. A detailed discussion on these effects is also made in the paper. At the end part of the article, content perception of tourists to destinations image is analyzed and discussed on the basis of the conception of tourist destination typology and 'place identity' in geography. It is thought that tourists can get a more detailed and clearer image by the perception from the main destination types to the detailed place of destinations.

The shortage of urban water resources and the pollution of surface drinking water sources have been world wide problems which received much attention from all society. The studies on it should play an important role in the scientific management, protection of urban surface drinking water sources. The paper summarizes the current situation of the surface drinking water sources protection and the study of the surface drinking water sources protection, at the same time, discusses the deficiency of the study at home and abroad, advances the future main studying points of urban surface drinking water sources protection.

Research into tourism impacts is an important part of tourism geography.To investigate residents' perception is a good method to study the character and degree of tourism impacts. This paper takes two tropical coast resorts, Haikou and Sanya cities as examples, on the basis of on-the-spot survey, studies residents' perception of the economic, socio-cultural, environmental impacts of tourism and residents' attitudes to tourism development. The results indicate that the residents are more aware of positive tourism impacts than negative impacts, and they support tourism development with some reasonable attitudes. By comparative study, some differences of residents' perception and attitudes are found. There are some different opinions on tourism negative environmental impacts among the residents with different ages. Residents with different cultural levels have different perceptions of tourism impacts. The gender has no significant influence on residents perception of tourism impacts. The tourism-related residents have stronger perception of tourism impacts than the non-tourism-related residents with the exception of some negative sociocultural impacts,and the tourism-related residents have more enthusiasm to support tourism development than the non-tourism-related residents.

As traditional cultural destination, ancient villages have been paid more attention for a swift and violent development. But the achievements about the tourism study of the ancient villages are rare and its theory in fact fall behind with the practice. Taking the world cultural heritage—Xidi Village and Hongcun Village—as an example, on the basis of a considerable on-the-spot survey, this paper summarizes the temporal characteristics of tourist flows to ancient villages as follows: (1) tourist flows increase rapidly; (2) seasonal differences of tourist flows are obvious with the shape of "3-peak-3-valley"; (3) tourist flow distribution is irregular and shaped as slanting "Z" within a week generally, while at peak weeks shaped as "blowout"; (4) tourist flows is shaped as "double-peak" within one day and temporal distribution of tourist flows is concentrated. Furthermore, the authors also discuss the influential factors, such as events, social factors, natural environmental factors, radiating effect of Mt. Huangshan, and management systems. Meanwhile, a preliminary comparison between ancient villages and other kinds of destinations has been brought up. At last the authors expound the impacts coming from the increasing tourist flows. The study contributes to promoting the thorough research on the tourism of ancient villages and providing scientific base of sustainable development of it.

With the rapid development in economy, the tourism industry of China is also booming. Though there are more and more man-made attractions such as Themed Amusement Park, traditional attractions with natural beauty and/or historical sites are still within the most popular choices of tourists. In this article such kind of attractions are named resources-based attraction. Based on former study, the paper makes definition of resources-based attraction. Then it selects 509 resources-based attractions as research samples from 671 National AAAA Tourist Attractions, which were authorized by China National Tourism Administration in 2005. By means of GIS spatial analysis tools and some quantitative analysis methods such as NNI (Nearest Neighbor Index), GCI (Geographic Concentration Index), Gini Coefficient and Lorenz Curve, the paper analyses the spatial structure of 509 resources-based attractions and observes their distribution in 8 geographical regions and 31 provinces in China. The result shows that the value of NNI is as low as 0.57, which means the distribution of 509 resources-based attractions is a type of agglomeration. And the distribution of 509 resources-based attractions in 8 geographical and 31 provinces is asymmetric. According to the Lorenz Curve, more than half of 509 resources-based attractions concentrate in 9 provinces, such as Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Changjiang River Delta, Beijing, Xi’an and Luoyang are the places with a high density of resources-based attractions.

The research on non-point source pollution of water environment in China began at the end of the 1970s. Through over ten-year study, it has already reached preliminary achievement. This paper gives a review of the situation of the resarch on non-point source pollution of water environment in China, concludes the achievements and existing prob-lems, and prospects the trends of development of research on non-point source pollution of water environment in China by combining with the development of this research over the World.

It is very important both to theories and practices to study the environmental effects of land use/cover change, which has been paying more and more attentions by human. About the impacts of land use/cover change on atmosphere, soil, water and biodiversity, progresses are reviewed and inadequacies in past studies are also discussed. In the past time, lack of united indicator system for estimate, poor precision of experiments , single factor or single process static studies are main problems of researches on the environmental effects of land use/cover change. Based on them, this paper presents some contents, especially soil and water environmental effects should be further studied, such as processes and mechanism, different temporal and spatial scale and so on. Furthermore, it is pointed out that dynamic methodology should be used to conduct integrated impacts assessment of land use/cover change on environments. To evaluating those effects, it is necessary to develop a physically-based distributed model, which should integrate remote sensing and geographical information systems with mechanism of hydrological cycle and soil erosion models. Moreover, interdisciplinary cooperation and exchanges should be enhanced in order to improve the understanding of the land use and land cover change dynamics and their relationships with the environmental change.

A study on the distribution of tour regions is one of the important study fields of tourism geography.So,the author, with the study on the distribution of south Anhui tour region,makes analyios of the regional tour resource effect,the regional tour openness, the general regional tour distribution and the regional tour roads.On the basis of the analyses, the model of general distribution of south Anhui tour region is put forward.

This thesis adopts production value of population, GDP, industry, agriculture and the tertiary industry and data of expenditure in recent twenty years in every province, every district, every city, and figures out the coordinate of gravity center of each years. It quantitatively express developing evolvement of population, GDP, industry, agriculture, the tertiary industry and the consumption center of gravity. On the basis of the result, it analyses the developing evolvement and relation of China population and region discrepancy of economic developing. From the developing evolvement of gravity center we can draw a conclusion: the discrepancies between east and west in China existed twenty years ago, and the population gravity center slowly moves to southwest in China in recent twenty years; on the whole the movements of GDP, industry, the tert iary industry and the consumpt ion gravity centers show to southeast. Against the geometry center in China: on the whole the region discrepancy in China is extended; against the population gravity center: between east and west take on imbalance developing, while between south and north tend to balance; but the change of the agriculture gravity center shows irregularity. The thesis simply analyses driving gene of the developing evolvement of each factor.

Wetland is one of ecosystems with important environmental functions and habitats for various biota on the earth. It is composed of hydrology, biogeochemical cycling and adaptation and improvement of biota for it. The interaction among those factors creates the entire function of wetlands. The role of wetlands in global environment is mainly found in the two aspects amongst health of wetlands themselves and function of wetlands in global environmental change. A wetland without being disturbed by unusual natural and human activities is in health statue since its diverse species, complex structure, function integration and stability of resisting disturbance. If disturbance is beyond the repairing ability of wetland environment, the health of wetland will be deteriorated, function of wetlands will be degenerated, consequently, will affect local and global environment. Wetland environmental change is sensitive to the responses of global environmental change and effect of global change to the wetland environment, especially human community activities on wetland. Global environment will inevitably affect wetland ecosystem and local environment, conversely, wetland ecosystem and local environment problem probably turn into global environment prblem.

From the trace to the source of the theory, the pole-axis theory is based on the theory of the central place. However, the relationship between the two theories is not so easy. The point (such as cities), lines (the basic establishment of line formation such as traffic) and the surface (such as agricultural hinterland resources) form the three factors of the region. The regional developmental theory spreads according to these three theories and form the corresponding spatial structural model because of the different emphases. We can conclude that the core of the point forms the classic location theory that represent as the theory of central place; the core of the point and line forms the pole-axis theory and the pole-axis theory and the theory of central place form the two basic theories of the regional development. In the theory of central place, although we add up to the traffic factor so that construct the spatial structural model of k=4, the traffic factor is still ectogenic variable. Only in the pole-axis theory, do the point and the line become the endogenetic variable and they form the two indispensable factors of constructing spatial structure. It is not difficult to see that the organic combination of the point and the line forms the basic character of the pole-axis theory especially concentration to the line. Therefore, the theoretical innovation such as the regional accessibility and the spatial diffused mode forms the scientific basis of fording the pole-axis theory. The grand theoretical innovation endows the pole-axis theory with much practical values. The pole-axis theory is an important theoretical fruit in Chinese humane geography and the depth and the scope of its application are as perfect as the fruit of the agricultural regional layout. And then, we believe that we can build the spatial school of Chinese character through the research of spatial structure deeply.

There was a sparse population in the Sanjiang Plain before the 19th century. At the beginning of the liberation, the farmland area was merely 78.6×10⁶ hm². So, the plain is famous for “the great northern wildness”. With the rapid increase of population and goverment investment, the farmland area had been 457.24×10⁴ hm² up to 1994. With reclamation over 40 years, the area of mire had decreased over 300×10⁴ hm², and the area of forest land decreased 307×10⁴ hm² by 1983, much more than that in 1949. Reclaiming and destorying forest and grass land has led to a series of ecological problems, such as the worse of soil erosion, the intrease of local desertification area and water erosion, the emphasis on reclamation rather than harness, the emphasis on use only rather than culture, the divorce between reclamation and construction, and result in the decrease at different level of cultivated soil fertility, and the intensification of pollution of farm chemicals, chemical fertilizer and surface water. In recent years, growing rice in large scale by well-irrigation has led to the falling of local ground water level. At the same time, it also has resulted in the destruction of biodiversity and the decrease of valuable and rare animals and plants. In order to restore and protect regional eco environment, it is imperative to stop reclaiming at once, take the way to reform middle and low yield cropland mainly, to strengthen effective management of mire nature reserves, to improve shelter-forest system, combine use with culture, culture soil, rational plan and use land. We should set up superior structure of agriculture forestry and stock raising, improve regional eco environment and reinforce sustainable use of regional resources.