Folk migration is a historical and social phenomenon worthy of study. However, most of folk migration in Chinese history does not have detailed written records and accurate data. Folk migration has left many traditional villages, whose settlement forms contain information on the “genes” of their folk groups and their evolution. Thus, traditional villages can be used as side evidence to reveal historical migrations. However, there is still a lack of means to study traditional settlement morphology on a large geographic scale, which makes it difficult to obtain overall universal patterns. Currently, artificial intelligence techniques for satellite remote sensing images show strong potential in earth observation. Applying these techniques is a promising way to restore the wholeness of traditional settlement patterns. In this study, we propose a remote sensing-based AI method to explore the evolution of traditional settlement morphology on a large geographic scale. In detail, a self-supervised deep learning model, called convolutional autoencoder, is applied to automatically extracting the folk prototype information of settlement forms from building footprint data and remote sensing images. The extracted folk prototype information is represented as feature vector format, which then is input to KMeans clustering algorithm to categorize the folk prototypes. In addition, cosine similarity is used to calculate the similarity space of the selected villages, in order to discover the topological relationship between the folk prototypes. Hanjiang River Basin area is taken as the study area and the traditional villages of Hakka and Teochew folk groups are the research objects of this study. The result of the convolutional autoencoder is combined with historical records of folk migration, in order to restore the process of the evolution of the settlement morphology. The results show that the prototypes of Hakka and Teochew villages exist in the basin of the Hanjiang River, and show a pattern of morphological gradual change along the migration path. From the data-driven perspective and historical records’ perspective, this article demonstrates that the Hakka and Teochew settlement prototypes derived from the migration-driven cultural fusion process have created a transitional settlement form “Hundred Birds Toward the Phoenix”, which combines the characteristics of Hakka and Teochew prototypes, and thus complements the existing knowledge of traditional settlement morphology. In detail, from the data-driven perspective, Type 2 is recognized as the transitional type between the Type 1 and Type 3 in the feature similarity space. Also, the villages of Type 2 are mainly located between the villages of Type 1 and Type 3 in the geographic space. From the historical records’ perspective, the villages of Type 1 and Type 3 are recognized as Hakka and Teochew villages. And the villages of Type 2 are identified as the settlement form of “Hundred Birds Toward the Phoenix”. In summary, the settlement form of “Hundred Birds Toward the Phoenix” is recognized as the transitional form between the Hakka and Teochew settlement prototypes. Using traditional villages as a medium, this article provides a feasible tool for exploring the morphological evolution of folk settlements on a large scale without manual survey and labelling. Currently, the method proposed in this article automates feature extraction, but the input remote sensing images of traditional villages still need to be manually selected by the researcher. In order to further improve the automation of traditional settlement pattern recognition, in the future, this study will combine other artificial intelligence tools to achieve automatic selection of traditional village remote sensing images and combine them with the method in this article to form a set of automated processes, which will further break through the limitations of traditional surveys, and bring more data for the study of historical population migration.

This study systematically analyzes the spatiotemporal pattern evolution characteristics of wildfires in the Da Hinggan Mountains by comprehensively applying spatial analysis and Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) methods, based on the MCD64A1 burned area dataset. Additionally, by constructing a logistic regression model, this research deeply reveals the key driving factors influencing wildfire occurrence in this region. The research results show that during the period of 2001—2021, the overall burned area of wildfires in the Da Hinggan Mountains showed a significant decreasing trend. In terms of seasonal distribution characteristics, wildfire occurrences were mainly concentrated in spring and autumn, with the burned area in spring accounting for 73% of the annual total. In terms of spatial distribution characteristics, spring wildfires in the Da Hinggan Mountains exhibit a significant clustering pattern, primarily concentrated in the northeastern and central regions of the study area. The spatial distribution of summer, autumn, and winter wildfires is relatively centralized, with the central part of the study area as the core region. Further analysis shows that wildfires in spring and autumn have a high degree of spatial clustering. Monitoring data over the past 20 years indicate that the burned area has shown an upward trend in 37% of the study area, while a downward trend has been observed in 63% of the area, demonstrating remarkable spatial heterogeneity. The influencing factors were ranked by their impact on wildfire occurrence probability as follows: settlement density > monthly total precipitation > water system density > monthly average saturation vapor pressure deficit > vegetation type > slope aspect > monthly average wind speed > slope gradient > road network density > altitude. These findings highlight that anthropogenic factors, humidity-related variables, and vegetation types are critical drivers of wildfire occurrence in the Da Hinggan Mountains, providing a scientific basis for regional wildfire prevention and ecological management.

Perceiving street vitality from multiple dimensions and exploring the relationship between the built environment and multidimensional street vitality are fundamental to enhancing street vitality. With the Futian District of Shenzhen as the study area, this study is based on Baidu heatmap data, Dianping data, and POI data to perceive street vitality in 3 dimensions: social vitality, economic vitality, and cultural vitality. Combining the XGBoost and SHAP analyses, the nonlinear relationship between multidimensional street vitality and the built environment is examined. The results show that: 1) There are significant spatial distribution differences in street vitality across different dimensions. The overall spatial distribution of social vitality and economic vitality exhibits a multi-centered spatial structure, while cultural vitality shows a multi-centered patchy structure. The spatial distribution differentiation between social vitality and economic vitality is minimal, while the differentiation between economic vitality and cultural vitality is large. 2) The built environment significantly impacts multidimensional street vitality. Among them, the importance of 4 built environment indicators, including functional density, distance to the nearest business circle, distance to the nearest subway station, and building density, is higher for multidimensional street vitality, and their cumulative explanatory power reaches 60%. 3) The built environment exhibits evident nonlinear effects and threshold effects on the multidimensional street vitality, with both commonalities and differences in its impact across different dimensions. Overall, multidimensional street vitality demonstrates a positive correlation with functional density, building density, floor area ratio, and bus stop density, while demonstrating a negative correlation with the distance to the nearest subway station. Additionally, there is an observed positive correlation between a high functional mix, a high green view ratio, and cultural vitality, while there is a negative correlation between social and economic vitality. These research findings can provide a basis for enhancing street vitality, optimizing urban resource allocation, and promoting sustainable urban development.

Industrial heritage is an important resource and cultural carrier of industrial tourism. How to realize the organic integration between industrial heritage and tourism utilization has become an urgent problem for the sustainable development of industrial heritage. In this paper, industrial heritage in northeast China is selected as the research object, and ArcGIS spatial analysis, concentration index and resource dominance are used to analyze its spatial distribution characteristics, and the relationship between industrial heritage resources and tourism utilization is discussed. The following conclusions are drawn: Industrial heritage in northeast China is dominated by heavy industry and less light industry, and the type distribution is significantly different among provinces. The spatial distribution type of industrial heritage in northeast China is clustered, and it shows an obvious unbalanced structure at city scale. The superiority degree of industrial heritage resources in northeast China is quite different, which mainly has the distribution characteristics of polar core area, highly dense area, sub-dense area and sparse area. Based on this, the author puts forward the utilization methods of industrial heritage tourism from the aspects of promoting the overall balanced development of industrial heritage resources, accelerating the transformation of industrial heritage resources into products, and promoting the brand building of industrial heritage resources products, so as to provide reference for the sustainable development and utilization of industrial heritage.The industrial heritage resources in northeast China exhibit spatial distribution differences, low levels of resource to product conversion, and weak brand effects. Based on this, promote the overall balanced development of industrial heritage resources in the region, form an effective connection and interaction of regional industries with “industrial culture+”, and enhance the potential and efficiency of linkage; Accelerate the transformation of industrial heritage resources into products, and in the process of preserving, changing, and restructuring the functions of various industrial heritage resources, adapt to the needs of urban functional development, and promote the cross-border integration of cultural and tourism resources; Promote the branding of industrial heritage resource products, fully explore industrial cultural elements in the branding of various industrial heritage resources, and propose industrial heritage tourism utilization methods in terms of creating themed, diverse, and experiential industrial tourism products, providing reference for the sustainable development and utilization of industrial heritage.

Current research on urban networks still has some shortcomings, such as insufficient analysis of industrial chains, neglecting the distinction between local and non-local embedding, and insufficient attention to industrial connections in the digital economy. In view of this, this article attempts to take the Chinese digital game industry as an analytical case. Based on the basic paradigm of urban network research, it starts from the perspective of industrial chain division of labor, focusing on exploring the urban network structure and cooperation models formed by the digital game industry through industrial chain division of labor. It further analyzes the industrial chain position and the evolution of local-global embeddedness of the Chinese digital game industry, thereby promoting the dialogue between urban network research and industrial chain theory and solidifying the analysis of the industrial connection connotation in urban network research. This study selected cooperation data at both the national and global scales from 2013 to 2023, involving 283 cities worldwide. Social network analysis was employed to measure the urban cooperation network structure of China’s digital games, and the internalization link index was used to analyze the differences in local and cross-city connections of game enterprises at different spatial scales. The findings are as follows: 1) The national-level city collaborative network of China’s digital gaming industry has a polycentric structure, reflecting the decentralized characteristics of the digital economy; at the global scale, there exist 3 collaborative models: “Overseas R&D and Publishing-Domestic Operation” (Model 1), “Domestic R&D-Overseas Publishing and Operation” (Model 2), and “Domestic Publishing and Operation-Overseas R&D” (Model 3). Model 1 has the largest network of cities, and Models 2 and 3 are expanding rapidly. 2) Overall, Chinese cities are still in the middle and lower segments of the global digital gaming industry chain, with significant dependence on cities in the United States, Japan, and Europe in the R&D and publishing sectors. However, with the rapid development of Models 2 and 3, cities represented by Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu, and Xiamen are continuously upgrading their positions in the global industry chain. 3) Over the past decade, the local-global connectivity of China’s core gaming cities has undergone significant spatial restructuring, mirroring the global industrial chain reconfiguration. Nationally, most cities have transitioned from localized to cross-city domestic collaborations, aligning with the delocalization trend in digital creative industries. Globally, Chinese cities demonstrate reduced external dependency, shifting from strong international-weak domestic ties to domestic-dominated collaboration patterns, with Shanghai emerging as the sole metropolis sustaining robust dual local-global linkages. These evolving spatial embeddedness patterns reflect the industry’s self-optimization and value chain upgrading trajectory. This study contributes to the dialogue and incorporation between industrial chain and urban network research. Future research needs to analyze in more detail the driving mechanisms, globalization strategies and local embedding patterns of Chinese cities’ participation in the division of labor in the global digital game industry chain through more in-depth enterprise surveys and industry chain analyses.

Rural tourism serves as a vital instrument for China's rural revitalization, playing a significant role in diversifying rural economies, promoting urban-rural integration, and achieving sustainable development. Based on the ‘institutional-cultural' coupling perspective and utilizing the CiteSpace bibliometric tool, this study systematically reviewed the literatures on rural tourism development in China from the CNKI and Web of Science (WoS) core databases (2000—2024). It comparatively analyzed the differences and commonalities in research stages, hot topic, and methodologies between domestic (Chinese) and international (English) contexts. The findings reveal that: 1) Research in both Chinese and English contexts shows rising popularity, yet with distinct stage characteristics. Domestic studies are policy-driven, forming a practice-oriented framework around rural revitalization, cultural-tourism integration, and common prosperity; international studies focus more on micro-level issues like sustainability, community empowerment, and rural gentrification, reflecting critical perspectives. 2) The dynamic interplay between institutions and culture constitutes the core logic of rural tourism development. Domestic research emphasizes the enabling role of policy rigidity in cultural capitalization, while international research examines the contest between cultural authenticity and institutional power under globalization. 3) There are significant methodological divergences: Domestic studies prioritize policy validation and quantitative analysis centered on industrial development, whereas international studies predominantly employ qualitative deconstruction, centering on communities and individuals. Key implications suggest that future research should deepen exploration in three critical dimensions: theoretical integration and framework innovation, methodological innovation, and thematic refinement and expansion. Particularly, there is a need for cross-disciplinary approaches that bridge the gap between policy implementation and community-based sustainable development models. Additionally, longitudinal studies tracking the socio-economic impacts of rural tourism could provide valuable insights for both academic and practical purposes.

Scientific awareness of the multiple effects of cultural-tourism integration and effective stimulation of the inherent potential of cultural-tourism integration in constructing a strong economic pattern of resilience are important ways to cope with the risk of uncertainty in the external environment and to achieve high quality economic development. The coupled coordination model and entropy method are used to measure the cultural-tourism integration level and economic resilience in China’s inter-provincial from 2006 to 2022, and combined with a panel model to empirically analyse the impact of cultural-tourism integration on economic resilience. Furthermore, this study investigates the specific mechanisms through which cultural-tourism integration influences economic resilience by constructing an innovative theoretical framework of “demand driven traction-policy regulated coordination-technology enabled empowerment”. The results of the study show that: 1) The level of China’s cultural-tourism integration rises significantly, and the eastern provinces are the “pioneering area” of cultural-tourism integration, with the overall differentiation characteristics of high in the east and low in the west. The economic resilience continues to increase, achieving a good transition from mainly low level to mainly medium level, with a spatial pattern of decreasing distribution of “eastern- central-western”. 2) Cultural-tourism integration has a significant positive impact on economic resilience, and the positive effect of cultural-tourism integration on economic resilience is positively moderated by the upgrading of cultural-tourism consumption demand, the strength of financial support for cultural tourism and the level of information technology,and the strength of the effect is shown as the upgrading of cultural-tourism consumption demand > financial support for cultural-tourism > the level of information technology. 3) Cultural-tourism integration has regional heterogeneity in its impact on economic resilience, and the positive effect of cultural-tourism integration on economic resilience is more prominent in the western and northern regions than in the eastern and southern regions, while the effect in the central region is not significant. The study provides a policy reference for promoting high-quality integration of culture-tourism integration in the region and thus contributing to the building of economic resilience.

Island village is a special geographical unit that is most closely related to human activities in Marine and land systems. Exploring island village spatial evolution path is one of the important contents of rural geography. This article uses the actor-network theory and qualitative research methods such as in-depth interview and non-participatory observation to analyze the spatial evolution path of Beigang village on Pingtan International Tourism Island. The findings are as follows: 1) The spatial evolution of Beigang village is a process of multi-stage, multi-subject participation, mutual competition and negotiation. In this process, an actor network of human actors and non-human actors, local actors and external actors are gradually formed, and a road of rural revitalization on island is explored with “island leisure, cultural tourism integration” as the main line. 2) In the process of the transformation of actor network in Beigang village, the participation of human actors and non-human actors causes problematization, interest endowment, recruitment, mobilization and dissidence of the rural network to be re-interpreted and roles changed, and the key actors are replaced from local governments to talented people, foreign operators, tourists and Pingtan Comprehensive Experimental Zone Tourism Co., LTD. The Obligatory Passage Point (OPP) has changed from “improving the living environment, optimizing the industrial structure, and increasing economic income” to “building a Beigang characteristic theme village and a pioneering template for rural revitalization”. 3) Due to the intermingling of internal and external forces, the spatial evolution of Beigang village has undergone a transformation from “top-down administrative driving” to “up-down interactive multi-subject participation”, which reflects the passive response and active adaptation of rural heterogeneous actors in the process of adapting to social changes. The actor-network theory is suitable for presenting the multi-subject participation process and revealing the path of the spatial evolution of island village, which is of great significance for promoting the sustainable development of island village and expanding the research paradigm of rural geography.

Severe air pollution disrupts traffic, poses significant health risks, and adversely affects economic development. Therefore, systematically analyzing the causes of severe pollution in typical urban areas and accurately predicting the occurrence of severe pollution events is of considerable scientific and practical importance. The northeastern region of China, a major hub for heavy industry and agriculture, is characterized by its northernmost latitude and longest heating period, making its emission sources and meteorological conditions highly representative. This study focuses on Baicheng City, a plain-type city in Jilin Province, and utilizes multi-source data from 2015 to 2022, including air quality, meteorological, satellite, and remote sensing data. Through a systematic analysis of the underlying causes of severe pollution events, we identified the most effective machine learning algorithm for predicting PM_2.5 concentrations during such events.The results indicate that, prior to 2017, Baicheng City experienced a high frequency of severe pollution events, primarily occurring in late autumn, early winter, and deep winter. However, after 2017, the number of severe pollution days significantly declined. Severe pollution events were classified into four primary types: local emission-driven, transmission-dominated, meteorologically-induced, and composite pollution, with composite pollution being the most prevalent. A machine learning-based prediction algorithm was developed using air quality, meteorological, and remote sensing data during severe pollution episodes to forecast PM_2.5 concentrations in Baicheng. Among the tested models, the XGBoost algorithm demonstrated the best performance, with an R² of 0.92 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 24.6 µg/m³, significantly outperforming other algorithms such as Random Forest (R²=0.87) and Support Vector Machine (R²=0.67). This study provides a straightforward, accessible, and highly accurate process and algorithm for predicting severe pollution events in plain-type cities of northeastern China, offering valuable insights for the effective management of atmospheric environmental conditions.

Urban agglomerations strengthen the economic and social ties between cities in the region, forming an integrated whole and is conducive to resisting risks and maintaining stable development, while the spatial relationship between cities within urban agglomerations, i.e., the structure of urban agglomerations, has yet to be explored in terms of its impact on economic resilience. This article measures and analyzes the spatial structure characteristics of urban agglomerations and economic resilience levels using multi-year data from 15 urban agglomerations in China as samples, and utilizes a two-way fixed effects model and an intermediary effect model to test and evaluate the impact mechanism of spatial structure of urban agglomerations on their economic resilience. The findings indicate that: 1) The average value of spatial structure index of urban agglomerations increased from 0.0611 in 2009 to 0.0758 in 2019, which suggests that the spatial structure of China’s 15 urban agglomerations as a whole shows a slight trend of monocentrism. 2) There is a large gap in the economic resilience of urban agglomerations during the study period, compared with inland agglomerations, urban agglomerations in the eastern coastal areas had greater economic resilience. 3) There is a significant linear negative correlation between the spatial structure of urban agglomerations and economic resilience, which suggests that multi-centralization of the spatial structure of urban agglomerations improves economic resilience. After a series of robustness tests such as changing variables, limiting samples and eliminating endogeneity, this conclusion still holds. 4) The intermediary effect model reveals that industrial structure upgrading plays an indirect intermediary role in the process of the spatial structure of urban agglomerations influencing economic resilience. Heterogeneity analysis shows that compared with high-level development stage urban agglomerations, multi-centralization of medium and low development stage urban agglomerations is more beneficial to their economic resilience, and the polycentric structure has a more obvious effect on the enhancement of economic resilience of urban agglomerations when the level of economic resilience of urban agglomerations is high. This article transcends the inherent administrative divisions, extends the research scale to the level of urban agglomerations, empirically analyzes the impact of spatial structure characteristics on regional economic resilience in a larger range, and provides some empirical evidence for improving the economic resilience of urban agglomerations from the perspective of spatial development patterns.

The study of functional division within urban agglomerations holds paramount significance in optimizing the urban system and promoting the coordinated development of large, medium, and small cities. While existing research predominantly examines the pattern of functional division from the perspective of urban functional disparities, there is a notable dearth of studies focusing on the relational aspect of inter-city functional linkages. By integrating functional monocentric-polycentric theory, supply chain relationships, and urban network analysis, this paper establishes a functional division model and delineates partitioning methods alongside corresponding thresholds, and conducts empirical analysis of data from the supply chain of Chinese listed companies across 19 urban agglomerations in China, offering a comprehensive understanding of functional division within urban agglomerations. The main findings are as follows: 1) The functional division linkage patterns from the supply chain perspective can be divided into centrifugal monocentric pattern, centripetal monocentric pattern, and balanced polycentric pattern. Furthermore, these division linkage patterns effectively discern the structure of urban agglomerations in China, with each linkage pattern linked to the hierarchical structure of functional linkages and the stage of development within urban agglomerations. 2) The centrifugal monocentric pattern is dominated by urban agglomerations with sparse functional linkages and the stage of optimization and upgrading, such as Lanzhou-Xining, Ningxia along the Yellow River, and Huhhot-Baotou-Ordos-Yulin. The centripetal monocentric pattern is dominated by urban agglomerations with less-connected functional linkages and the stage of development and growth, such as the Pearl River Delta, Chengdu-Chongqing, and the Central Plain. The balanced polycentric pattern is dominated by urban agglomerations with well-connected functional linkages and the stage of optimization and upgrading, such as the Yangtze River Delta, the Shandong Peninsula, and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. 3) Diverse urban agglomerations adhere to distinct evolutionary pathways in terms of functional division patterns, while most pattern evolution occur between centrifugal monocentric pattern and centripetal monocentric pattern, evolutions between monocentric pattern and polycentric pattern are relatively rare, indicating that the current functional division relationship in China’s urban agglomerations is primarily characterized by a core-city-led monocentric pattern, with the formation of polycentric pattern facing a certain threshold. By scrutinizing the functional division linkage pattern of China’s urban agglomerations through the lens of supply chain dynamics, this paper contributes to expanding the scope of regional division studies beyond attribute data and lays a solid foundation for subsequent research grounded in related data analysis.

The challenge of land desertification presents a critical obstacle to regional ecological security. Establishing a scientifically grounded ecological security framework is imperative to maintain the ecological equilibrium of sandy regions and ensure sustainable economic and social development. This study focuses on the Horqin Sand Land as the research area. It analyzes the significance of ecosystem services using land use and precipitation data spanning 4 periods: 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020. Through ecological demand assessment, ecological source areas are identified. Ecological corridors are delineated using Circuit Theory, employing the Linkage Mapper toolbox and Circuitscape software. The study reveals that: 1) From 1990 to 2010, both the number and area of ecological source land increased, attributed to the expansion of forest and grassland, whereas from 2010 to 2020, there was a decline, indicating recent degradation despite intervention efforts. 2) The ecological security pattern of the study area between 1990 and 2020 underwent construction, optimization, management, and degradation. 3) The number of ecological corridors increased from 32 to 120 between 1990 and 2010, then decreased by 30 from 2010 to 2020, suggesting a significant influence of changes in ecological source land area on flow intensity of ecological processes. 4) Pinch points are primarily situated within forested and grassland areas, while improvement areas are concentrated in unused land and urban peripheries. Building upon these findings, the study proposes an optimization strategy for the ecological security pattern titled “one belt, two axes, and three centers”, providing a practical and reliable theoretical basis and technical approach for future ecological environmental protection and utilization of the Horqin Sand Land.

Ice and snow tourism is an important engine to stimulate the vitality of the ice and snow economy and promote the high-quality economic and social development of ice and snow cities. Previous studies have mostly focused on single factor impact analysis or empirical strategies to explore the tourism development of ice and snow cities, with few exploring the logic and path of ice and snow city tourism development from a systematic perspective of multiple factors. Therefore, based on the TOE (technology-organization-environment) framework, this paper utilizes fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to comprehensively analyze the key influencing factors of the high-quality development of tourism and its grouping paths in 15 key ice and snow cities across the country: Harbin, Zhangjiakou, Shenyang, Jilin, Changchun, Urumqi, Hulunbuir, Mudanjiang, Heihe, Chifeng, Chengde, Yichun, Qiqihar, Fushun, and Beijing. The results show that: 1) The high-quality development of ice and snow city tourism is the result of the linkage of multiple factors. A single factor is not the key factor restricting the high-quality development of ice and snow city tourism, but the complex combination of multiple factors is an effective path for the high-quality development of ice and snow city tourism. To promote the high-quality development of tourism in ice and snow cities, it is necessary to pay attention to the linkage and adaptation of multiple factors at the same time. 2) There are 4 types of driving paths for the high-quality development of ice and snow city tourism, which can be divided into technology-driven, technology-organization dual driven, technology-environment dual driven and technology-organization-environment balanced driving according to the core conditions of each combination path. The combination of different antecedents forms a variety of driving types, indicating that there are diversified combination paths and driving types for the high-quality development of ice and snow city tourism. 3) The technical factors composed of technical infrastructure, smart culture and tourism platform, and ice and snow equipment manufacturing technology are the core factors for the high-quality development of ice and snow city tourism, indicating that technical factors play a relatively common role in promoting the high-quality development of tourism. This study can enrich the theoretical research on the high-quality development of ice and snow economy and tourism to a certain extent, and also provide academic support and decision-making reference for the high-quality development of ice and snow city tourism.

The rapid development of digital technologies has made digital narrative an emerging and important means for the protection and utilization of cultural heritage. This new form of interpretation not only provides fresh opportunities for the preservation and presentation of heritage resources, but also exerts significant influence on the development of heritage tourism and on tourists’ heritage responsibility behavior. Building on the perspective of digital affordance and the cognitive-affective personality system theory, this study constructs a mechanism model to examine how the affordance of cultural heritage digital narrative affects tourists’ heritage responsibility behavior. To empirically test the model, the research adopts structural equation modeling and combines it with qualitative data obtained from semi-structured interviews, thereby investigating how different dimensions of cultural heritage digital narrative affordance exert influence through cognitive and emotional pathways. The findings indicate 3 main results. First, under the setting of cultural heritage digital narrative, the digital affordance can be conceptualized as comprising physical and cognitive dimensions, both of which show significant positive impacts on tourists’ heritage responsibility behavior. Second, destination psychological ownership together with destination image serve as mediating variables, jointly transmitting the effects of physical and cognitive affordance on tourists’ heritage responsibility behavior. Third, destination familiarity plays a positive moderating role in this relationship: when tourists possess a higher level of familiarity with the destination, the positive influence of digital affordance is strengthened, while lower familiarity weakens the relationship. In conclusion, this study supplements existing theoretical research by identifying the digital antecedents of tourists’ heritage responsibility behavior and by clarifying how digital affordance functions through emotional and cognitive mechanism. At the same time, it provides practical reference for cultural heritage managers, demonstrating how digital technologies can be effectively applied in heritage protection and in the development of heritage tourism.

Exploring the logical path of tourism-driven traditional village system reconstruction is a positive exploration to promote the protective development of such villages and accelerate the implementation of rural revitalization strategy in the context of the deep integration of culture and tourism development. In addition, it is also a key breakthrough to solve the practical difficulties of hollowing out traditional villages, cultural memory gaps,and weak endogenous development. It is an important practical innovation to achieve the dynamic inheritance of cultural heritage and sustainable rural development. By establishing a theoretical framework for the reconstruction of traditional village systems driven by tourism, the core elements and operational mechanisms of the system are systenatically deconstructed. Firstly, establish a multidimensional goal system that unifies protective development and sustainable development, covering core demands such as cultural heritage inheritance, spatial function optimization,and economic vitality activation; Secondly, starting from the synergistic effect of endogenous and exogenous driving forces, analyze the reconstruction characteristics of core dimensions such as material space, production mode, cultural ecology, and social relations; Furthermore, by revealing the dynamic coupling mechanism between various subsystems, the evolutionary logic of traditional village spatial reproduction, functional reorganization, and value creation under the background of tourism intervention is elucidated; Finally, representative typical village were selected for empirical research, and a systematic reconstruction path was proposed based on regional resource endowment and cultural tourism integraion characteristics. The results show that:1) The driving force for the reconstruction of traditional villages mainly comes from the support of natural background conditions of resources and location, the tourism market demand of national culture experience, the investment of corporate capital in pursuit of profits, the demand of local residents for improving people’s livelihood and the promotion of tourism industry support policies under the rural revitalization strategy. Compared with the general driving force for the reconstruction of the countryside, it is necessary to pay attention to the spillover effect of the common driving elements and the enhancement of the effect in this kind of special geographical area. 2) Reconstruction objects include spatial pattern, production mode, social relations, natural and humanistic environment and other dimensions, and there are interactions and mutual influences among the dimensions, which jointly promote the reconstruction of the traditional village system; 3) Based on systematic reconstruction thinking, this article explores the reconstruction path of Laodong Village from the aspects of spatial scope, landscape characteristics, production types, tourism development subjects, benefit distribution, and ethnic cultural inheritance. Combining the characteristics of material spatial landscape and protection and development froms, it is divided into authentic landscape core protection zone, transitional landscape buffer zone,and constructive landscape coordination zone. In response to the differences in production materials and production objects in each district, the production logic and value orientation are reshaped, cultural tourism resources are integrated,market development mode is optimized, ecological service value is emphasized to empower production mode transformation of production relations from single subject to multi subject co governance, forming a composite social relationship network, and then guiding cultural and ecological reconstruction in each district.

There are numerous traditional villages in China. Most of them are concentrated in mountainous and hilly areas, which are the organic integration of agricultural and ecological culture. During the formation and development of village, cherishing water resources has always been the core idea of adapting and changing the environment. Based on the traditional ecological thoughts, spatial planning concepts, and landscape adaptability theories, the water adaptive research framework of spatial morphological characteristics and landscape mode in the mountainous tradintional villages can be constructed by the methods such as spatial analysis, morphological quantification and landscape visualization. Taking Baojing County in Xiangxi as an example, the differences of water adaptability in villages can be sorted out, including spatial distribution, morphological pattern and landscape pattern. The result shows that: 1) Traditional villages are usually located in relatively low altitude river valleys, exhibiting obvious characteristics such as living by water, facing the sun, and building on gentle slopes. They are not only convenient for water use, but also effective in flood control and drainage, water and soil conservation, which reflects the wisdom of site selection for harmonious coexistence between humans and water. 2) Under the influence of complex water environmental factors, traditional villages can be classified into 3 typical spatial forms: belt shaped, cluster shaped, and finger shaped. With the development of the economy and society, the village space structure exhibits distinct differentiation characteristics. For example, the villages of belt shaped are usually crossed by a small river, and the development relies on cultivated land economy. The villages of cluster shaped are usually built in the river bay area, and the development relies on forestry economy. The villages of finger shaped are usually far from the river but adjacent to ponds, and the development relies on terrace economy. 3) Based on typical topography, 3 water adaptive landscape models can be summarized to deal with drought and flood, such as “forest-village-farmland-river” in flat area of mountains, “forest-orchard-village-river” on the hillside, “forest-village-farmland-pond” on the mountain plateau.

Lake surface water temperature (LSWT) is a crucial physical parameter in lake ecosystems and an important indicator of climate change. Studying the spatiotemporal variation patterns of LSWT in China over long-term time series and exploring the driving factors behind these changes hold significant scientific importance for understanding the impacts of future climate change on lake ecosystems. Furthermore, such research provides valuable insights for formulating practical and effective lake ecological management measures. This study systematically analyzed2260 Chinese lakes with a surface area exceeding 1 km² to characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of LSWT from 1985 to 2022. Multivariate regression modeling was employed to quantify the relative contributions of climatic drivers (e.g., air temperature, precipitation, etc.) and lake-specific attributes (e.g. area, depth) to the observed variations in LSWT. 1) From 1985 to 2022, the annual mean LSWT in China exhibited a significant upward trend at a rate of (0.126 ± 0.016)℃/10a, with the most pronounced increase observed in the eastern plain lake region [(0.214 ± 0.037)℃/10a] and the slowest in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Lake region [(0.05 ± 0.015)℃/10a]. 2) The annual mean LSWT and its changing trend have significant spatial differences, showing a spatial distribution trend of gradually increasing from northwest to southeast. 3) The LSWT in the eastern plain lake region shows a warming trend in all four seasons, with the fastest warming in spring and the slowest in winter. In contrast, the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Lake region showed an insignificant decrease in spring due to the long duration of the lake freezing period but the fastest warming in autumn. The other three lake regions all experienced the fastest warming in autumn. 4) The primary factors influencing LSWT variations in China are latitude, mean air temperature, altitude, and lake area. Among them, latitude, altitude and lake area have a reverse effect on LSWT, while mean air temperature has a positive effect. The five major lake regions are all affected to varying degrees by the above factors as well as wind speed and lake water depth. From 1985 to 2022, the annual LSWT in China and the five major lake regions showed varying degrees of warming trends. On a seasonal scale, except for the insignificant cooling in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Lake Region during spring, LSWT showed warming trends in all other regions and seasons. The main factors affecting the changes in LSWT in China are latitude, average temperature, altitude, and lake area. Among them, latitude, altitude, and lake area have an inverse effect on LSWT, while average temperature has a positive effect. In summary, climatic factors and lake’s own factors are interrelated and interact with each other, jointly influencing the variations in LSWT.

The ‘International Charter on Geography Education’ explicitly states that helping students understand human-environment relationships is crucial for sustainable development education. Among these, the human-environment coordination concept, as a fundamental value in geography, is a key objective in the development of core competencies at the higher education level. However, current research on the assessment of human-environment coordination concept mainly focuses on basic geography education and predominantly utilizes explicit measurement methods such as paper-and-pencil tests or questionnaires. This study first uses literature analysis and the Delphi method to collect and design vocabulary for the experiment, followed by the use of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and survey methods to measure university students’ implicit and explicit attitudes towards human-environment coordination concept. Finally, interviews are conducted to triangulate the evaluation results. The participants were third- and fourth-year undergraduate students from both geography and non-geography majors at a comprehensive university in China. The results show: 1) Both the IAT effect values and explicit measurement scores of students are relatively high, reflecting a generally positive recognition of human-environment coordination concept; 2) Geography students exhibit significantly higher IAT effects than non-geography students, indicating a notable difference in implicit connection strength; 3) Geography students’ response times in both compatible and incompatible tasks are significantly longer than those of non-geography students; 4) A dissociation effect is observed between implicit and explicit recognition of human-environment coordination concept, validating the effectiveness and value of the IAT as a tool for measuring human-environment coordination. These findings not only verify the positive role of geography in cultivating college students’ human-environment coordination concept, but provide dual-perspective measurement evidence of explicit attitude and implicit attitude for geography education reform and offer practical insights for enhancing university students’ core competencies.

Regional economic resilience has become a core topic in current economic geography to explore regional development dynamics, and improving economic resilience is of great significance to the high-quality development of regional economies. Based on the invention patent authorization data in China from 1999 to 2018, this article analyzes the structural characteristics of technology networks in 297 cities in China through the lens of network robustness, and explores the mechanism of technology network structures on regional economic resilience through panel regression, in order to provide a new insight into improving China’s regional economic resilience through the lens of technology networks. The results show that: 1) the urban technology network robustness of China showed an increasing trend regardless of random removal or targeted removal, especially after 2008. Beijing and Shanghai had always with relatively high technology network robustness. The technology network robustness of several regional central cities such as Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Suzhou, Nanjing, and Wuhan were growing rapidly, and there were obvious regional differences in the technology network robustness in China. 2) The technology networks robustness with completely random removal and completely targeted removal both had a significant positive effect on improving urban economic resilience, and the related diversification of the technology structure had a significant positive effect on economic resilience. 3) The regression of different proportions of targeted and random removals showed that as the proportion of targeted removals increased, the regression coefficient of the impact of urban technology network robustness on urban economic resilience increased, which means the degree of impact increased. These findings underscore the critical role of resilient technology network structures in enhancing regional adaptability and recovery capacity, and suggest that fostering diversified and robust urban innovation systems can serve as an effective strategy for promoting long-term regional sustainability and stability.

As the world’s longest border road spanning 10 051 km from Xinjiang to Guangxi, China’s G219 Border Road epitomizes a linear tourism destination integrating ecological, cultural, and mobility functions. This study constructs a tourism corridor experience system framework comprising 4 core dimensions: 1) landscape resources, 2) catering and cuisine, 3) hotel accommodation, and 4) self-driving services. Deploying a mixed-method approach combining spatial resource visualization, network spatial structure analysis, and field investigations, we dissect the resource distribution patterns and tourism flow dynamics along the G219 corridor. Our findings reveal three critical insights: Firstly, the G219 manifests as a mobility-dominated linear system characterized by spatial viscosity, flow aggregation, and path radiation. Its structural uniqueness arises from the “node-zone” interaction, where key attractions concentrate tourism flows while roadside service clusters extend spatial stickiness through multi-day stays. Secondly, the network nodes and tourism flow along the route are the core elements that characterize the tourism corridor and its impact. Therefore, there are significant differences in tourism resources, geographical space, and self driving service systems among 4 provinces/regions along the G219 Border Road for self-driving tour. Thirdly, the image of tourism corridors is the driving force that attracts the flow, process, and velocity of self-driving tourists during their travels. We argue that optimizing the G219 requires differentiated spatial governance: 1) Node enhancement, upgrading gateway facilities to anchor tourist flows; 2) Zone integration: weaving greenways, ethnic villages, and cultural assets into thematic itineraries; 3) Cross-regional coordination: standardizing self-driving services while preserving segment uniqueness. This study contributes to linear tourism theory by validating the “corridor-system” framework in border road and offers actionable models for trans-provincial tourism planning. Future research should quantify flow-service mismatches and assess socioecological impacts of corridor-driven development.

Geo-economy is an important factor affecting the global political and economic landscape, and the industrial chain is an important foundation for the formation of geo-economic relationships. China and India are respectively at the core of the East Asian and South Asian industrial chains. Against the backdrop of the continuous development of industrial chain specialization, it is imperative to clarify the competition and cooperation dynamics between China and India in key industry sectors. This study uses the export similarity index, revealing comparative advantage index, trade complementarity index, and intra industry trade index to analyze the competition and cooperation between the main industrial chain links of China and India. The research results reveal three key insights: 1) The economic partnership between China and India is mainly concentrated in the chemical and equipment manufacturing industrial chains, exhibiting distinct collaborative dynamics. In the chemical industry, upstream cooperation is underdeveloped, while midstream cooperation is the closest. In terms of equipment manufacturing, India still heavily relies on China’s industrial chain contribution; 2) The chemical cooperation between China and India presents distinct industrial chain characteristics formed by complementary advantages. Although the upstream departments have shown strong complementarity, competition in the midstream departments is becoming increasingly fierce. The current cooperation model has not fully utilized the potential of both parties in the industrial chain. This highlights the inherent complementarity in bilateral cooperation and the coexistence of unrealized cooperation dividends; 3) The industrial chain of equipment manufacturing in China and India is mainly competitive, showing structural competition concentrated in upstream industries. Both sides have a relatively small market share in each other’s export market, highlighting the misalignment of industrial policies and the lack of coordination in industrial chain positioning in this competition. By analyzing the current situation of industrial chain cooperation in detail, this study provides actionable insights for deepening China and India cooperation. These measures can transform the current paradigm of “asymmetric competition” into a mutually reinforcing geo-economic partnership.

Ecotourism destinations face the critical challenge of balancing the provision of high-quality tourism experiences for diverse tourist types with the scientific management and optimization of their spatio-temporal behaviors to minimize environmental disturbances. This study aims to advance the precision management of tourists by categorizing and analyzing their spatio-temporal behavior characteristics, thus developing a more nuanced understanding of tourist management. The Shennongjia Forest Region, renowned for its diverse ecological landscape and significant tourism activity, is selected as the representative case site for this study. Tourists are classified based on their self-reported activities using activity segmentation methods, offering a comprehensive framework for understanding varied tourist behaviors. Employing grid analysis, behavioral chain analysis, and other advanced methodologies, the study analyzes the characteristics of tourists’ spatio-temporal behaviors. The K-Means algorithm is utilized to cluster tourists’ spatio-temporal behavior patterns, facilitating the identification of distinct behavioral groups. The research findings provide several key insights. Firstly, tourists in Shennongjia can be categorized into eight primary types: self-driving, cycling, hiking, sightseeing and photography, skiing, mountaineering, trail running, and others. These activities are concentrated within specific daily periods, with higher visitor numbers observed in spring and summer, significantly influenced by holiday seasons. Notably, mountaineering and hiking tourists tend to spend more time in ecological protection areas, indicating potential risks for these sensitive regions. Secondly, unlike the highly concentrated distribution of traditional scenic area tourists, the classification perspective highlights prominent characteristics of “dispersed concentration” and “decentralization”. The flow structure exhibits features of “growth along roads” and “small area clusters”, suggesting that tourist activities are not confined to traditional hotspots but are distributed across various segments of the landscape. Thirdly, tourists’ spatio-temporal behavior patterns can be categorized into three types:“hotspot sightseeing tours”“in-depth jungle trekking tours”, and “leisure vacation short tours”. Within the in-depth jungle trekking tours, a significant proportion of tourists (39.82%) penetrate undeveloped ecological protection areas, underscoring the urgent need for strategic management responses to protect these vulnerable regions. The research findings enhance theoretical perspectives on the spatio-temporal behaviors of tourists in ecotourism destinations by providing a detailed understanding of how tourists interact with the environment across different activity types. Additionally, they provide a robust theoretical foundation for the precise management of large-scale mountainous ecotourism areas. By offering actionable insights into tourists’ behaviors, this study contributes to the development of strategies that balance high-quality tourism experiences with the preservation of ecological integrity. The insights from this research are crucial for ensuring the sustainable development of ecotourism destinations like the Shennongjia Forest Region, where careful management of tourist behaviors is essential to maintaining the ecological and aesthetic value of these natural landscapes.