This article assesses the logistics standardization efficiency of 284 cities in China from 2006 to 2022, focusing on the regional differences and their sources and dynamic distribu-tion evolution characteristics. It also uses the spatial simultaneous equation model to explore the spatial spillover effect between the logistics standardization efficiency of cities and the upgrad-ing of the logistics industrial structure. The study finds: 1) The overall logistics standardization efficiency of cities across the country and the three major regions (east, central, and west) has been increasing year by year, but the absolute gap between regions has been continuously ex-panding; 2) The overall regional difference has been expanding at an average annual growth rate of 5.48%, and the main source of the overall difference is the regional differences and over-density. The differences within the central and western regions are higher than those in the east-ern region, and the differences between the eastern and central, and the eastern and western re-gions are greater than those between the central and western regions. 3) There is a positive in-teractive effect between the logistics standardization efficiency of Chinese cities and the up-grading of the industrial structure. In the mutual promotion relationship, the upgrading of the industrial structure of cities is in a relatively advantageous position, and both have significant spatial spillover effects and spatial interaction effects in geographical space.

The advancement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of poverty eradication (SDG 1) and sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11) are facing the serious challenge of the complexity of urban poverty spaces in the Global South. Through a series of studies, this team integrated bibliometric (1 394 publications from 1939—2023), satellite remote sensing, and field survey validation data, mapped a 120-m-resolution map of urban poverty spaces covering 1 075 cities in 108 countries/regions in the Global South, and conducted a systematic analysis of the cold and hot spot regions of the research. The results show that: 1) urban poverty in the Global South was significant and spatially heterogeneous, with 423×106urban residents (44.76%of the total urban population) living in environmentally poverty spaces covering an area of about 46 927 km2 (39.43% of the total urban built-up area), with South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America being the three most severely affected regions. 2) Existing research on urban poverty in the Global South was unevenly distributed geographically. Only 67 cities have been identified as hot pot cities having populations exceeding one million (average popu-lation size of 5.602×106), and they are highly concentrated in low-and middle-income countries/regions. There are a total of 1 008 cold spot cities (accounting for 93.77%), which have smaller population size (average population size of 0.564×106) but bear 60.15% of the total poverty population, widely distributed across regions such as sub-Saharan Africa and Lat-in America. 3) Urban poverty mapping and attention studies complement each other, uncover-ing regional differences in urban poverty and revealing the urgency and priority of poverty alle-viation in different regions, thereby reducing costs and increasing efficiency in poverty allevi-ation in low-income countries/regions and small and medium-sized cities. By sharing poverty data, optimizing international aid, and promoting China’s poverty alleviation experience, it is possible to effectively advance the anti-poverty and sustainable development process in the Global South.

By extracting NDVI and surface Albedo, the NDVI-Albedo feature space was con-structed to monitor desertification from 1995 to 2020 in Shiyang river basin, and 11 driving factors were selected to explore the impact mechanisms of various driving factors by using geo-graphic detector to provide ideas and methods for desertification controlling, comprehensive planning and management decision. The results showed that: 1) The desertification land in Shiyang river basin mainly consisted of sever desertification land and the total desertification area decreased since 1995. The proportion of non-desertified land area increased from 6.2% to 12.6%. 2) The transfer of desertification land in the study area showed that the proportion of desertification land type changed area was 34.5%, and the developed and the reversed area pro-portion was 7.4% and 27.1% from 1995 to 2010. From 2010 to 2020 the proportion of deserti-fication land type changed area was 27.3%, and the developed and the reversed area proportion was 9.8% and 17.5%. 3) The center of gravity migration showed that severe and light desertific-ation land centers moved most obviously: the severe desertification land center migrated to-ward the northeast by 15.7km, and the light desertification land center migrated toward the southeast by 14.7km. 4) The major influencing factor of desertification was land-use type, fol-lowed by potential evapotranspiration and precipitation, and their explanatory power were above 0.5. The explanatory power of synergistic effect between two factors was significantly higher for desertification degree.

As a typical population shrinking area in China, northeast region is confronted with severe issues regarding carbon emission efficiency. A thorough exploration of the effects of population shrinkage on carbon emission efficiency not only provides theoretical references for the green transformation of northeast China but also offers scientific support for the advance-ment of China’s ‘dual carbon’ goals and sustainable development. This article analyses the in-fluencing mechanism of population shrinkage on carbon emission efficiency through the panel Tobit model and the mediator effect model. The results show that: 1) From 2012 to 2021, the carbon emission efficiency in population shrinking areas is relatively low, with a fluctuating downward trend, and there are obvious differences in the spatial distribution characteristics of carbon emission efficiency in different types of areas. 2) There is a significant negative correla-tion between population shrinkage and carbon emission efficiency in different population shrinking areas. Among them, the impact of population shrinkage on mild population shrinking areas is greater than that on severe population shrinking areas. 3) In population shrinking areas, population shrinkage reduces carbon emission efficiency mainly through the decline in green technological innovation level and the improvement in industrial development level. Among them, the impact pathways in areas with mild population shrinkage are the same as those in population shrinking areas, while areas with severe population shrinkage reduce carbon emis-sion efficiency by the improvement in industrial development level and the proportion of coal consumption.

In the spatial context of “flows”, clarifying the impact of urban network connec-tions on carbon intensity is an important guideline for a synergistic regional response to the low-carbon transition. Based on the investment data of listed enterprises, this study portrays the net-work linkages between cities in the Yellow River Basin from 2005 to 2020, and analyzes the characteristics of the network linkages of cities in the region and their impacts on carbon emis-sion intensity. The results show that: 1) The urban network within the Yellow River Basin dis-plays a rising trend, characterized by multi-center loose radial connections. Notably, middle and lower region network density increases alongside socio-economic progression. 2) Carbon emis-sion intensity in the Yellow River Basin exhibit a notable decrease, demonstrating an east-west gradient of low-high-low and significant spatial clustering. High-high clusters primarily situ-ated around the enriching mineral resource Ji-shaped bend region of the Yellow River, while low-low clusters are concentrated around the downstream economic hub. 3) Urban network connections have a significant inhibitory effect on carbon emission intensity. And under the spatial organization mode of central place, the betweenness centrality has a significant negative spatial spillover effect on the intensity of urban carbon emissions. 4) Under different spatial or-ganization modes, urban network connections can reduce carbon emission intensity through the regulation effect of borrowed technology and borrowed function. 5) The influence of urban net-work connections on carbon emission intensity is spatially heterogeneous. The cities in the middle and lower reaches mainly show the continuous borrowing scale effect or the agglomera-tion shadow to the borrowing scale under the action of urban network connection, while the cit-ies in the upper reaches mainly show the continuous agglomeration shadow effect. This study reveals the effect of urban network externalities on carbon emission intensity, which has im-portant theoretical and practical significance for pointing out the mode of different regions’ col-laborative response to low-carbon transition.

This article investigates the inherent tensions between technology and institutional frameworks in smart city development across the Global South, advocating for a departure from Western-centric paradigms to construct a theoretically robust, locally adaptive, and critically re- flective analytical framework. The study identifies two defining characteristics of Southern smart city practices: “ technological catch-up”, driven by the imperative to bridge digital di- vides, enhance urban competitiveness, and respond to rapid demographic change, and “post-co- lonial critique”, which exposes how historical legacies of colonialism continue to shape contempor- ary technological adoption and governance structures in subtle yet enduring ways. Theoretical innov- ation is framed around integrating concepts such as spatial justice—addressing unequal distribution of digital resources across urban spaces—and digital sovereignty—safeguarding Southern nations’ con- trol over data, technological autonomy, and regulatory authority—to redefine the dialectical relation- ship between technology and society. The research highlights the symbiotic interplay between in- formal economies (e.g., self-organized community networks, grassroots digital initiatives) and di- gital technologies, which challenges technological determinism and reveals a resilient develop- ment logic rooted in local adaptability and everyday practices. These insights deconstruct the linear narrative of technological progress, proving that Southern countries can balance effi- ciency with equity while pursuing differentiated urban modernities. By prioritizing context-spe- cific innovations and inclusive governance, the Global South is reshaping the global knowledge production landscape, shifting from a passive “technology testing ground” to an active contrib- utor of alternative urban theories and normative agendas. The study concludes by emphasizing the transformative potential of such frameworks to democratize technology, redirect smart cit- ies toward social equity, and empower Southern nations to reclaim agency in global technolo- gical discourse. Through China’s practice of scale-sensitive smart cities and tripartite gov- ernance models, the research exemplifies how Southern-led innovations can challenge neoliber- al techno-utopianism, alter dominant policy imaginaries, and foster pluralistic urban futures that reflect diverse socio-spatial aspirations.

Based on a bibliometrics analysis on existing literatures and a comparison of urban- ization models in Europe, North America, Latin America, and Southeast Asia, this study con- structs a “driving mechanisms-process-consequences” framework for analyzing urbanization. The framework adopts a time-series perspective and integrates three driving mechanisms: the primary driver of resource allocation, the fundamental endogenous and exogenous drivers, and “ push-pull” interactive dynamics. Furthermore, it assesses urbanization across 5 aspects that evolve through different stages: economic development coordination, population migration, so- cial integration, urbanization scale, and spatial representation. The post-1949 urbanization can be divided into three distinct historical stages. First, during the planned economy period from 1949 to 1977, cities primarily served industrialization needs. This resulted in a coexistence of incomplete urbanization and “counter-urbanization”. A distinct urban structure emerged, char- acterized by the intermingling of work-unit compounds and traditional residential areas, with factories and industrial zones located in the suburbs. Second, from 1978 to 2011, an era influ- enced by neoliberal policies, the combination of government macro-regulation and market forces generated a “new dualistic structure” within cities. This was defined by the socioeco- nomic divide between migrant workers and local hukou holders, as well as the spatial divide between the cheap, convenient housing of villages-in-the-city and high-end residential gated communities. Third, since 2012, China’s new-type urbanization has been defined by a rein- forced government guiding role focusing on high-quality development. Strategies such as smart city initiatives, equitable public service provision, and ecological conservation have been em- phasized. The people-centered approach to high-quality urbanization has provided critical guid- ance for charting a more mature course of urban development in China. As a result, a multi- polar spatial pattern led by metropolitan areas and supported by the coordinated development of small and medium-sized cities and towns has come into being. In a word, the Chinese urbaniza- tion since 1949 has been a state-led process, though market forces have progressively intensi- fied. It has shifted from a predominantly “push-driven” centralized one to a “pull-oriented” de- centralized one. This transition has engendered a “neo-dualistic urbanization” paradigm, char- acterized by the simultaneous coexistence of pseudo urbanization alongside synchronous urban- ization, of spatial concentration and decentralization, and of significant development gains with entrenched socio-spatial challenges. These features are fundamentally shaped by the evolving interaction between “push-pull” forces and “endogenous versus exogenous” dynamics. This study provides a valuable Chinese exemplar for understanding and theorizing urbanization in the Global South.

Groundwater pollution poses a serious threat to both the ecological environment and human health. Defining groundwater quality thresholds has become a fundamental prerequisite for effective groundwater protection. The Changbai Mountain area, as a crucial ecological barri- er and water conservation zone in China, relies heavily on groundwater to sustain regional eco- logical security and meet domestic water demands. Therefore, scientifically establishing groundwater quality thresholds is of great significance for this region. Based on observed groundwater quality data, this study integrates probability plots, the 2-σ iterative method, and distribution function analysis to determine the natural background values of groundwater. Sub- sequently, the NBL-REF (Natural Background Level-Reference Value) bridging method is em- ployed to define threshold values for 20 groundwater quality indicators in the Changbai Moun- tain region. Results show that although groundwater in the area is subject to some anthropogen- ic disturbance, the natural background values of most indicators remain below their respective reference values, indicating that the overall water quality is still relatively good. However, the background values of NO3-N and Al exceed the reference values, while those of DO, NH3-N, and Fe are close to the upper limits, suggesting the need for enhanced management and control. The calculated thresholds not only reflect the baseline status of groundwater quality in the re- gion but also provide a basis for regulatory management. The findings offer scientific support for groundwater resource protection in the Changbai Mountain area and demonstrate potential applicability to other mountainous and plain regions.

As the hinterland of the Daliangshan Mountains, Xichang area is a crucial ecologic- al security barrier in upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Quality of its ecological environment has a significant impact on the ecological, industrial, and agricultural activities within the Yangtze River basin. In recent years, regional eco-geological research has increasingly focused on the earth’s critical zone. However, process of weathering and pedogenesis, which plays mul- tiple roles within the critical zone’s series of processes, remains understudied in this region. This study discusses and analyzes the characteristics and influencing factors of weathering and pedogenesis in the earth’s critical zone of the Xichang area, based on geochemical data from 151 systematically collected rock-soil profiles. The results indicate that: 1) The indicator elements of weathering and pedogenesis —SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, FeO, CaO, MgO, K2O, Na2O, MnO, TiO2, and P2O5—exhibit both leaching and enrichment relative to the average composition of the Upper Continental Crust (UCC). This is primarily attributed to differences in element mobility and the pro- cess of secondary enrichment during weathering and pedogenesis. 2) Multiple chemical weathering indices collectively indicate that the study area is in a moderate stage of chemical weathering, charac- terized by high soil maturity. 3) The process and characteristics of weathering and pedogenesis are in- fluenced by a combination of factors. Future research on this topic must prioritize addressing the dual impacts of climate change and human activities. Based on a large volume of sample data from di- verse end-members, this study investigates the characteristics of weathering and soil formation and their influencing factors in the study area. The findings not only provide a valuable supple- ment to the understanding of weathering and soil formation characteristics and geochemical ele- ment migration mechanisms in the Xichang mountainous area, but also offer fundamental data and a scientific basis for ecological environment construction, regional economic development, ecological protection, scientific and rational utilization of land resources, and response to cli- mate change in the region.

Based on the reliable chronological sequences established using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry AMS14C dating techniques of sediment core YZH-1 collected from Yangzong Lake, a tectonic freshwater lake in Yunnan Province, the grain size end-members (EM) and their environmental significance were analysed. Then the climatic and hydrological evolution and human activities of this region were reconstructed since 13300 cal. a B.P.. The results showed that clayey silt dominated the central lake sediments since the Last Deglaciation. Non- parametric end-member modeling decomposed the grain size into three components: the charac- ter of EM1 (5.0 μm) is similar to regional red soil’s, reflecting the intensity of basin erosion. EM2 (15.1 μm) is the most abundant fraction, representing deep lake sedimentation. EM3 is the coarsest component, suggesting shallow lake sediment. The hydroclimatic evolution of the Yangzong Lake catchment since 13300 cal. a B.P. can be divided into 5 stages. Climate of Period 1 (13300 —10000 cal. a B.P.) was relatively cold and humid with the high-water level in Yangzong Lake. Strong catchment erosion coincided with vegetation degradation in the basin, facilitating the transport of iron-rich red soils into the lake. Erosion intensified further, accompanied by a slight decline in lake level in the Period 2 (10000—8200 cal. a B.P.). During Period 3 (8200—3400 cal. a B.P.) and Period 4 (3400—650 cal. a B.P.), the lake experienced gradual contraction, with erosion intensity initially de- creasing before a minor rebound. From Period 1 to Period 4, the lake exhibited an overall trend of shrinkage and dropped lake level, consistent with reduction in humidity of this region, as the result of decreased precipitation and increased evaporation. The overall intensity of human activities and catchment erosion was relatively weak, decreasing initially and then increasing, with a turning point at 5500cal.aB.P.,coincidingwithashiftinclimatefromwarm-humid towarm-dryconditions. Since 1 300 CE the content of EM1 sharply increased (averaging >75%), becoming the dominant end-mem- ber in the sediments of Yangzong Lake, which reflected the rapid growth of population and ag- ricultural activities, resulting in vegetation destruction and intensified catchment erosion. This aligns with the historical context following the establishment of the Yunnan provincial adminis- tration by the Yuan Dynasty in 1276 CE, which implemented a land reclamation policy and en- couraged immigration and agricultural production. Consequently, since the Yuan Dynasty, the environmental evolution of the Yangzong Lake watershed has diverged from natural state, and humans had became to be the primary geological force shaping the landscape and influencing erosion intensity.

The widely distributed Quaternary laterite in Xuancheng, Anhui Province, has good continuous depositional characteristics, and is a key information carrier for the study of palaeo- climate evolution and palaeoenvironmental changes in the southern region of China. The newly discovered DCRC in Xuancheng is 10.7 m thick, with remarkable development of red and yel- low bands, and can be divided into 15 layers from bottom to top. Combining electron spin res- onance (ESR) dating and elemental geochemical data, we investigated the weathering character- istics of the DCRC laterite profile and their palaeoclimatic significance. The results show that:

Exploring regional differences and mitigation pathways of Land Use Carbon Emis- sion Efficiency (LCEE) is of great significance for formulating locally-adapted land manage- ment policies and achieving China’s “dual carbon” targets. In this study, a Super-SBM model with undesirable outputs is employed to comprehensively measure the LCEE of 108 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt over an extended time period, with a systematic analysis of its spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and key driving factors. The results reveal that overall LCEE in the Yangtze River Economic Belt has exhibited a fluctuating upward trajectory, char- acterized by significant regional disparities and a clear polarization trend. Notably, the down- stream regions have consistently outperformed the middle and upper reaches in terms of effi- ciency, although the gap between regions has shown signs of narrowing over time. Regression analysis indicates that economic development, green technology innovation, and a higher de- gree of openness significantly promote improvements in LCEE, whereas urbanization rate and industrial structure exert a restraining effect. Further, the study uncovers pronounced spatial de- pendence and dynamic transfer characteristics of LCEE, underlining importance of fully consid- ering regional heterogeneity in policy formulation. The findings suggest that enhancing cross- regional technological collaboration and optimizing resource allocation are essential for narrow- ing regional gaps and achieving differentiated, effective carbon reduction strategies, thereby providing a robust theoretical foundation for more targeted and diversified emission reduction policies in the future.

In the era of mass tourism, tourism has become an important driving force for eco- nomic growth. As the quality of national cultural tourism demand improves, the rural cultural tourism industry is in urgent need of transformation and upgrading. From the perspective of “production-circulation-consumption”, the study explores the theoretical logic of digital tech- nology enabling the high-quality development of cultural tourism in rural areas, and concludes that digital technology has a positive driving effect on the high-quality development of rural cultural tourism, especially in the reorganization of the allocation of cultural tourism resources, innovation of cultural tourism products, upgrading of the circulation system, and enhancement of the ability of consumer services, which has a significant role in promoting the development of cultural tourism. It has a significant role in promoting the development of rural culture and tourism. However, at present, the digital divide in rural areas is highlighted, the power of re- source transformation is insufficient, the governance system of digital space is missing, and the internal power of value transformation is insufficient, which restricts digital technology from empowering the high-quality development of digital cultural tourism in rural areas. To this end, we should establish a standardized system, strengthen the supervision of the new production or- ganization system, improve the modern circulation system, and optimize the “three new” rela- tionship of consumption in the digital context. In this way, we can promote the high-quality de- velopment of rural cultural tourism empowered by digital technology.

Taking Qixingguan District of Bijie City as a case study, this article examines the spatial distribution and influencing factors of basic education facilities in karst mountainous areas by applying the nearest neighbor index, Thiessen polygons, Kernel Density Estimation, and Geographically Weighted Regression. The findings reveal that: 1) Basic education facilit- ies in Qixingguan District show marked spatial heterogeneity, generally decreasing from urban to rural zones, with higher density in the southwest and lower density in the northeast. Such an unbalanced spatial pattern is closely related to the regional differences in economic develop- ment level and population agglomeration degree. Except for primary schools, junior high schools, and comprehensive secondary schools, which are more evenly distributed, other facil- ity types exhibit clustered spatial patterns and vary notably in service coverage across educa- tional levels. 2) Kernel density analysis highlights a “one core, two belts, multiple points” spa- tial structure, with density values radiating outward from the urban center in a multi-arc pattern toward the eastern and northern parts of the district. The multi-arc radiation path not only takes the central urban area as the core but also connects several key towns, forming preliminary edu- cational resource connection channels between urban and suburban areas. 3) Distribution of teaching resources follows a pattern of “small clustered centers with broad peripheral disper- sion.” Hotspots are scattered in starlike and cross-shaped formations in central urban areas and town centers, while cold spots are mainly found in remote high-altitude mountainous regions. Most cold spot areas are restricted by harsh natural conditions, resulting in relatively low ac- cessibility of educational resources for local residents. 4) Spatial arrangement of these facilities is shaped by both natural and socioeconomic factors, among which distance to urban centers, road accessibility, slope, and proximity to rivers exert the most significant influence. For in- stance, areas with gentle slopes and good road accessibility tend to have a higher concentration of basic education facilities, while areas far from rivers and urban centers have fewer facilities. This study offers insights for optimizing the spatial allocation of educational facilities in karst mountain regions, with implications for promoting educational equity and balanced develop- ment.

Cultural empowerment has emerged as a critical strategic pathway to promote rural revitalization and modernization. This paper constructs a logical framework of cultural em-powerment for rural revitalization, and analyzes the multi-dimensional value coupling mechan-isms and cultural IP construction pathways. The results show that: 1) Cultural empowerment for rural revitalization follows the logic of “value identification and coupling-resource capitaliza-tion and IP reconstruction-spatial restructuring and industrial operation”. The essence is to achieve innovative transformation with characteristic IPs through exploration and integration of cultural resources and value coupling, thereby promoting spatial restructuring and industrial op-eration to empower rural revitalization. 2) The multi-dimensional value attributes of cultural empowerment interact and transform with each other, and each value dimension forms a two-way coupling with the goal of rural revitalization. By fully activating the economic, spiritual, governance, ecological, and life well-being values of rural cultural resources, it promotes the construction of rural civilization, industrial integration, governance innovation, ecological liv-ability, and prosperous life in a coordinated manner. 3) Cultural IP construction constitutes a key path for cultural empowerment of rural revitalization. Through resource exploration and IP design, IP spatial structure and scene construction, as well as IP brand promotion and industrial integration, the industrialization of cultural resources and the comprehensive rural revitaliza-tion can be achieved, forming the logic of “value coupling- value embedding-value transforma-tion”. In the future, cultural empowered for rural revitalization should focus on the research of basic theories, spatial structures, path models and guarantee mechanisms for cultural resource industrialization, cultural IP construction, regional public brand cultivation, county-town-vil-lage cultural IP system construction, and gradually establishs a research system of cultural em-powerment to support comprehensive rural revitalization and urban-rural integrated develop-ment.

As the “bridge” and “medium” of urban-rural factor flow, rural innovation and en-trepreneurship breaks through the boundaries of rural physical space and gradually becomes an emerging driving force to promote the transformation of agricultural modernization in China in the new period. Rural innovation and entrepreneurship has led to the integration of primary, secondary and tertiary industries, but its productive projects are still centered on modern agri-culture. The mechanism of rural innovation and entrepreneurship's impact on agricultural mod-ernization has not been fully explored in the research field. This study uses county panel data of Zhejiang Province from 2014 to 2021 to identify the spatial and temporal evolution characterist-ics of rural innovation and entrepreneurship, and constructs a mechanism framework and empir-ical model based on the background of urban-rural integration and the dialectical relationship between innovation and entrepreneurship, to explore the effects and the mechanisms of rural in-novation and entrepreneurship on the Agricultural Modernization. The results show that: 1) Rural innovation and entrepreneurship in Zhejiang Province is characterized by obvious spatio-temporal heterogeneity. In terms of temporal characteristics, the level of rural innovation and entrepreneurship is on an upward trend. The level of rural innovation also shows an upward trend, but the level of rural entrepreneurship is more stable. Regarding spatial characteristics, there are concentrated and continuous high-value areas of rural innovation and entrepreneur-ship in northeast Zhejiang. Southwest Zhejiang is developing rapidly in rural entrepreneurship. 2) Rural innovation and entrepreneurship effectively drive the development of agricultural mod-ernization, and the narrowing of the urban-rural income gap strengthens the driving effect of rural innovation and entrepreneurship on agricultural modernization. 3) Rural innovation and rural entrepreneurship are closely related, but essential differences exist. Rural innovation can promote the development of agricultural productive services to accelerate the process of agri-cultural modernization. Rural entrepreneurship can promote the growth of regional consump-tion level on the demand side to drive the development of agricultural modernization. 4) On the geospatial scale, rural innovation and entrepreneurship in northeast Zhejiang have a more signi-ficant effect on agricultural modernization than that in southwest Zhejiang. On the administrat-ive scale, the driving effect of rural innovation and entrepreneurship on agricultural moderniza-tion at the county level is more significant than that of county-level cities. In the future, the rur-al innovation and entrepreneurship system should be improved according to local conditions, giving full play to the role of rural innovation and entrepreneurship as a medium in integrating urban and rural factors, and guiding the coordinated development of rural innovation and entre-preneurship.

As an important spatial carrier for regulating social health, urban green space plays a crucial role in promoting resident's physical and mental well-being and enhancing social cohe-sion. However, the academic community has not yet reached a consensus on which characterist-ics of green space are most closely related to resident's individual social health levels. Based on the survey data on green spaces and health collected in Guangzhou in 2021, this study first clas-sifies resident's individual social health using the latent profile analysis (LPA) method. Sub-sequently, it estimates the association between the characteristics of nearby green spaces in the residential areas and resident's individual social health through unordered multinomial Logistic regression. The results reveal that socio-demographic attributes such as age, work status, per capita monthly household income, and whether the household with a car can explain the differ-ences in individual social health among residents. Relevant planning and policy formulation should consider the diverse needs of groups with different socio-demographic characteristics for urban green spaces to fully leverage their social health benefits. In addition to resident's socio-demographic attributes, nearby green spaces in the residential areas have a significant impact on their individual social health. Specifically, there is a significant positive correlation between resident's subjective perception of green space accessibility and their individual social health. Quality characteristics of green spaces, including cleanliness, the number of recreational ser-vice facilities, safety, and aesthetics, are key factors influencing resident's individual social health. Therefore, constructing a complete and continuous urban green space system and im-proving the walking environment and walkability in neighborhoods and surrounding areas to enhance resident's subjective perception of green space accessibility are effective ways to pro-mote individual social health. Meanwhile, enhancing green space cleanliness, aesthetics, and safety can be achieved through regular cleaning and maintenance, strengthening green space management, and organizing volunteer activities. On the basis of balancing community needs and resource investment, appropriately increasing and diversifying recreational facilities in green spaces can further encourage residents to engage in physical activities and strengthen so-cial interactions. The conclusions can provide a scientific basis for improving the spatial qual-ity of urban green spaces, enhancing the interactive connection between residents and neighbor-hood green spaces, and fully leveraging the health effects of green spaces.

To explore the variations of aeration zone soil specific yield under the condition of deep buried groundwater, The southern edge of Gurbantunggut Desert was taken as the research area by field in-situ observation.The complete specific yield under the condition of zero surface flux, the average releasing specific yield under the condition of evapotranspiration and the average charging specific yield under the condition of lateral leakage recharge were determined, and the effects of groundwater depth, infiltration and evapotranspiration on specific yield were discussed. Results showed that: 1) It is feasible to determine the soil specific yield under the condition of deep buried groundwater by the zone of aeration section water content method. 2) Under the condition of zero surface flux, the complete specific yield μ increases with the increase of groundwater depth H. When the groundwater depth exceeds the maximum rising height of capillary water, the change of complete specific yield is small and can be approximately regarded as a constant. 3) The average groundwater depth of interdune land in the southern edge of Gurbantunggut Desert is 8.80 m. The complete specific yield under the condition of zero surface flux is 0.36, the average releasing specific yield under the condition of deep buried groundwater evaporation is 0.13, and the average charging specific yield under the condition of lateral leakage recharge is 0.17. The results of this study can provide a new idea for the determination of soil specific yield under the condition of deep buried groundwater.

Return migration has become a notable socio-economic trend in the new stage of China's urbanization, and the analysis of its driving mechanism has received extensive academic attention. As a micro behavior, the return of migrants is not only affected by personal and family factors, but also closely related to external environment. However, existing studies have focused on the role of individual factors, but not enough research has been conducted on the relationship between regional contexts and return migration. We introduce a gradient boosting decision tree model in the field of machine learning, based on the data from the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey, with the return intention as the response variable and the regional contexts—Both in the place of origin and destination—As well as migrants' personal and household factors as the explanatory variables, focusing on the non-linear influence of the regional contexts on the return migration intentions and the threshold effect. The results show that: 1) The total contribution of the local contexts of the place of place of the origin and destination to the intentions of the migrants to return is 44.1%, which is an important factor influencing the return intentions, and the contributions of the two places is roughly equal. Among these, medical and health resources and air pollution are extremely important in both places. In addition, economic growth in the place of origin is also important for the return intention of migrants, while the climatic condition in the place of destination is more important; 2) There are both non-linear and linear relationships between local contextual factors and migrants' intention to return. Among them, medical and health resources, basic education resources, air pollution have obvious non-linear effects on the return intention, while economic growth and temperature conditions have mainly linear effects; 3) The influence of individual factors on return intention is mainly nonlinear effect. There is an irregular U-shaped relationship between age, migration duration and return intention, and the non-linear influence of household income is more complex. There is an obvious threshold effect between household housing expenditure and return intention, and a negative correlation between migrant's education level and return intention. This study incorporates the local contexts of the place of origin and destination into the analytical framework for the mechanism of return migration, identifies the relative importance of the local context and individual characteristics of the two places on the return intention of the migrants, and reveals the specificity and complexity of internal return migration in China, which contributes to deepening the research on migration in the new era and provides scientific reference for policy makers.