Liu Yansui, Yang Linpeng, Guo Yuanzhi
Underdeveloped regions are an important manifestation of unbalanced and insufficient development, as well as an outstanding shortcoming facing the advancement of Chinese-style modernization. Based on the scientific understanding of underdeveloped regions, this study identified the spatial distribution and regional types of underdeveloped counties in China in 2022, and proposed development paths for underdeveloped counties, with a view to providing references for establishing and improving regularized support mechanisms for underdeveloped regions. Essentially, underdeveloped regions stem from the shortcomings of human-earth system and the incoordination and inadaptability among its elements, which include not only lagging economic development, but also shortcomings such as insufficient public service and lack of infrastructure. Therefore, it is it is appropriate to adopt the “1+N” program for the spatial identification of underdeveloped regions, i.e., to diagnose different sectoral underdeveloped regions based on the identification of economically underdeveloped areas, and then to designate the types of underdeveloped regions. Spatially, county economic development level in 2022 showed obvious clustering characteristics, in which high-value counties were mainly distributed in the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, the periphery of provincial capitals and the energy-resource-rich areas in the Northwest. The estimation results of SDM and Geodetector show that the proportion of land used for transportation, years of schooling, urbanization rate, and the proportion of added-value of primary industry in GDP were the dominant factors affecting the regional differentiation of county economic development level. Therefore, sectoral underdeveloped counties include transportation-underdeveloped counties, education-underdeveloped counties, urbanization-underdeveloped counties and industrialization-underdeveloped counties. In accordance with the dominant constraints, their negative effects on county socio-economic development should be scientifically analyzed to propose countermeasures for different types of sectoral underdeveloped counties. In addition, the study identifies 695 economically underdeveloped counties, mainly in the former concentrated and contiguous areas with special difficulties. Based on the identified dominant constraints, these counties can be classified into five categories, i.e., economically underdeveloped counties constrained by industrialization and urbanization, industrialization-constrained economically underdeveloped co-unties, economically underdeveloped counties constrained by education and urbanization, multi-factor relatively constrained economically underdeveloped counties, and multi-factor strictly constrained economically underdeveloped counties. The regularized support strategies for different types of underdeveloped counties should be based on the combination of their dominant constraints, should be implemented in accordance with local conditions, classified guidance, and regional implementation.