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  • 2024 Volume 44 Issue 2
    Published: 29 February 2024
      

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  • Yin Chun, Sun Bindong, Yao Xiajie
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    Optimizing population density has been recognized as an important way to improve urban livability, which is also the ultimate goal that human society has been pursuing. Although many disciplines, such as geography, urban planning, psychology, economics, and ecology, have made some explorations on the relationship between population density and urban livability, none of the existing theories among these disciplines have directly and systematically introduced the relationship between population density and urban livability. Moreover, the existing theories are mainly based on low-density contexts, ignoring high-density contexts in East Asia, especially in China, leading to relatively limited applications of these theories. This paper takes Chinese and American cities as examples, which are proxies of high- and low-density contexts, respectively. By comparing the research findings in these contexts, we aim to seek a generalized relationship between population density and urban livability. After reviewing the current empirical evidence, we found that population density has an important impact on urban livability but its impacts differ between Chinese and American cities. First, in American cities, population density has positive associations with commuting durations. A possible reason is that a higher population density reduces distances to destinations and improves accessibility to facilities. However, Chinese cities provide opposite evidence, which shows that population density has a negative relationship with commuting durations. This may be because a higher population density in China often induces traffic congestion. Second, population density is mainly negatively related to air pollution in American cities, whereas it is mainly positively associated with air pollution in Chinese cities. Third, many American studies suggest that population density has a positive relationship with physical health, because a higher population density promotes active travel, leading to higher levels of physical activity. However, studies from Chinese cities show that population density has negative or inverted U-shaped associations with physical health due to limited space for physical activity. Fourthly, population density has positive associations with subjective well-being by enhancing social capital in American cities, whereas it is negatively associated with subjective well-being by reducing social capital in Chinese cities. An important explanation for the above differences is that the basis of population is different between the U.S. and China. That is, population density may have different effects on urban livability in low density contexts (i.e., American cities) and high density contexts (i.e., Chinese cities). Combining both contexts, we conclude that there is an inverted U-shaped law between population density and urban livability. In particular, in the low-density contexts, a higher population density promotes urban livability, because it is conducive to reducing travel duration, improving air quality, and enhancing citizens' physical health and subjective well-being. However, in high-density contexts, a higher population density tends to reduce urban livability, as it may prolong travel duration, worsen air quality, and decrease citizens' physical health and subjective well-being. This inverted U-shaped relationship between population density and urban livability reminds geographers and urban planners to reconsider the local contexts of population density when designing and building livable and sustainable cities in China and other countries all over the world.

  • Qi Honggang, Zhao Meifeng, Liu Zhen, Qi Wei
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    China's high-quality and inclusive growth of regional economy need to cooperatively attract skilled and less-skilled labors. Based on microdata of China's 2015 one-thousandth population sample survey, this paper analyzes the spatial pattern of interprovincial skilled and less-skilled migration from 2010 to 2015, and uses zero inflation negative binomial regression models to reveal the driving forces of interprovincial skilled and less-skilled migration. The main findings are as follows: 1) The interprovincial mobility of less-skilled labors is stronger than that of skilled labors, and the spatial distribution of the interprovincial skilled migration is more dispersed than that of interprovincial less-skilled migration. 2) The eastern developed provinces and municipalities have high net inflow intensity of skilled and less-skilled labors, and the central regions have high net outflow intensity of skilled and less-skilled labors. The net migration intensity of less-skilled labors is higher than that of skilled labors, and there is high intensity of net out-migration of skilled labors in northeastern region and Gansu province. 3) Skilled labors mainly move from the central, southwestern and northeastern regions to Guangdong, Beijing and Shanghai, while the less-skilled labors mainly migrate from the central and southwestern regions to Guangdong, Zhejiang, Shanghai and Jiangsu. 4) China's interprovincial skilled and less-skilled migration are mainly driven by economic factors, and the employment complementarity between knowledge- and technology-intensive industries and consumer services leads to similar choices of destination for skilled and less-skilled labor. However, the impact of economic factors such as income, and housing price on the scale of interprovincial less-skilled migration is stronger than that of interprovincial skilled migration. The quality of children's primary education is the most important amenities that both highly skilled and less-skilled labor value, while the amenities of educational and cultural services facilities, and the climatic amenities play bigger positive roles in the interprovincial skilled migration than that of interprovincial less-skilled migration.

  • Gao Shuang, Wang Shaojian, Mo Huibin
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    High-quality urbanization is key to China's modernization and low-carbon and green development transition. Based on the panel data of 195 countries (regions) from 1990 to 2020, this paper measures the comprehensive urbanization level of each country (region) from four dimensions of population, space, economy and society, and analyzes the impact mechanism of urbanization on carbon emissions in China and different groups of countries based on STIRPAT and EKC theory. The results show that: 1) The comprehensive urbanization level of all countries (regions) around the world shows an increasing trend, with the most obvious improvement in Asia and Europe. There is a large gap in the comprehensive urbanization level between countries (regions) with different income levels. China's comprehensive urbanization level shows a trend of low start and fast development. 2) The proportion of population, space and economic urbanization in countries (regions) around the world is decreasing year by year, while the proportion of social urbanization is steadily rising. And the development quality of comprehensive urbanization is steadily improving. The comprehensive urbanization development of high-income countries (regions) is mainly dominated by economic urbanization and social urbanization, while the dominant types of comprehensive urbanization in low-income countries (regions) are population urbanization and space urbanization. China's urbanization process has gradually changed from “quantity” driven by urban population to “quality” of coordinated development, but there is still a big gap in the quality of urbanization compared with developed countries. 3) There is an “inverted U-shaped” curve relationship between comprehensive urbanization and per capita carbon emissions in high-income, high-urbanization, and low-income countries (regions), and there is an “U-shaped” relationship in low-income, medium-high urbanization, and low-urbanization countries (regions). China's urbanization and per capita carbon emissions have an “inverted U-shaped” curve relationship, and the inflection point has not yet appeared. Promoting the level of economic urbanization and social urbanization is the key to achieving carbon peaking. Therefore, in the future, China needs to coordinate the relationship between urbanization development, residents' living standards improvement, energy conservation and emission reduction, so as to improve the quality of urbanization and reduce the contribution of urbanization to carbon emissions.

  • Ma Liang, Huang Yan, Cao Xinyu
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    Over the last three decades, a growing number of studies have examined the impact of the urban environment on active travel, aiming to identify effective environmental interventions to promote active transportation. However, given the disparity in the levels of urbanization and motorization between China and the western countries, empirical evidence from the western countries may not be generalizable to China. Through analyzing and comparing relevant research from China and the western countries, this study aims to provide new insights into future research on active travel in China. First, we found that the development of active transportation in most countries has generally followed a “boom-decline-revival” pattern, which is closely correlated with the levels of urbanization and motorization in the corresponding countries. Second, we reviewed the literature on the relationship between the urban environment and active travel, and identified several general patterns linking the urban environment and active travel. We found that a high-density built environment, mixed land use patterns, good street connectivity, supportive facilities for walking and cycling, a safe travel environment, and a supportive social culture promote active travel. Moreover, environmental perceptions play a mediating and moderating role in the process of the urban environment influencing active transport travel. Third, we summarized key differences in research findings between studies from China and the western countries. Our analysis revealed that some urban environmental elements, including built environment density, land use diversity, walkability/bikeability, road design, distance to city centers or commercial centers, and environmental safety, have different effects on active travel of urban residents in China and the western countries. Furthermore, studies in the western countries have focused on the moderating effect of individual characteristics in the process of urban environment influencing active travel, empirical but evidence is lacking in China. Finally, we made recommendations for future research. We suggested that future research should explore more the causal and non-linear relationships between the built environment and active transport travel, as well as precise modeling and measurement of active transport travel behavior. More importantly, future research should focus on unique issues related to urbanization and motorization in China, and propose unique and innovative theories and practical guidelines.

  • Qi Qi, Ma Ruiguang, Yin Jiangbin, Wang Zixuan
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    Return migration has become a notable socio-economic trend in the new stage of China's urbanization, and the analysis of its driving mechanism has received extensive academic attention. As a micro behavior, the return of migrants is not only affected by personal and family factors, but also closely related to external environment. However, existing studies have focused on the role of individual factors, but not enough research has been conducted on the relationship between regional contexts and return migration. We introduce a gradient boosting decision tree model in the field of machine learning, based on the data from the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey, with the return intention as the response variable and the regional contexts—Both in the place of origin and destination—As well as migrants' personal and household factors as the explanatory variables, focusing on the non-linear influence of the regional contexts on the return migration intentions and the threshold effect. The results show that: 1) The total contribution of the local contexts of the place of place of the origin and destination to the intentions of the migrants to return is 44.1%, which is an important factor influencing the return intentions, and the contributions of the two places is roughly equal. Among these, medical and health resources and air pollution are extremely important in both places. In addition, economic growth in the place of origin is also important for the return intention of migrants, while the climatic condition in the place of destination is more important; 2) There are both non-linear and linear relationships between local contextual factors and migrants' intention to return. Among them, medical and health resources, basic education resources, air pollution have obvious non-linear effects on the return intention, while economic growth and temperature conditions have mainly linear effects; 3) The influence of individual factors on return intention is mainly nonlinear effect. There is an irregular U-shaped relationship between age, migration duration and return intention, and the non-linear influence of household income is more complex. There is an obvious threshold effect between household housing expenditure and return intention, and a negative correlation between migrant's education level and return intention. This study incorporates the local contexts of the place of origin and destination into the analytical framework for the mechanism of return migration, identifies the relative importance of the local context and individual characteristics of the two places on the return intention of the migrants, and reveals the specificity and complexity of internal return migration in China, which contributes to deepening the research on migration in the new era and provides scientific reference for policy makers.

  • Zhang Ping, Fan Wenhui, Jia Jing, Liu Yi
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    As enterprises are key players in industries, the enterprise development determines the industry development. The spatial pattern of the enterprises has important guiding significance for the development of the industry and its resource allocation. This paper analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics of fine-grained artificial intelligence (AI) industrial agglomerations in Beijing by using the improved Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithm to deal with the geographic location information of AI enterprises registered in the city. In terms of improving DBSCAN algorithm, in the first instance the Minpts parameters are adjusted to two dimensions, the total registered capital of enterprises and the number of enterprises. The number of enterprises is more than 5 and the total registered capital is greater than a certain amount, which are two necessary conditions for the formation of industrial agglomeration area. Then, the enterprises located at the boundary in the cluster are chosen as the geographical boundary points which are connected to form the geographical boundary of the AI industry agglomeration area. This paper focuses on the impact of the total registered capital of enterprises and cluster radius on AI industrial agglomerations. Meanwhile, the kernel density estimation method is used to verify that the improved DBSCAN has the advantage of accurately depicting industrial agglomeration areas and identifying industrial agglomeration areas of different sizes. According to the analysis, AI industrial agglomerations in Beijing are concentrated in six districts of the urban center, showing the distribution of ‘Driven by the two leading urban districts and spread all over Beijing'. Among the sixteen districts of Beijing, Haidian District and Chaoyang District are at the highest level, where the development of the AI industry is far ahead, followed by Xicheng District, Dongcheng District, Fengtai District and Changping District. Tongzhou District, Daxing District, Pinggu District, Miyun District, Shijingshan District, Fangshan District, Mentougou District, Huairou District and Shunyi District are at a medium level and Yanqing District is at the lowest. Besides, the AI industry cluster areas such as Zhongguancun, Shangdi, Xierqi, Wudaokou Wangjing, Guomao and Beijing Economic-Technological Development Zone are accurately located. It is further concluded that Haidian District's AI research talent and Chaoyang District's original enterprise base in the information technology field are the main drivers of the outstanding AI development in the two districts. Scarce industrial resources, coupled with limited regional functions and other reasons, have led to low-level AI industrial agglomerations in Yanqing District and other suburbs, indicating that the development of AI industry is relatively slow. The spot research showed that the improved DBSCAN algorithm proposed in this paper is effective and accurate. In order to expand AI-related industries and promote the prosperity of AI economy of Beijing, it is suggested that the government further give play to the value of AI clusters as well as take into account the function of all districts of Beijing when formulating AI industrial policies in the future.

  • Chen Fei, Ma Xiaoqing, Li Yonghe
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    The impact of regional cities' risks is continuously becoming more cross-regional and multi-scale, highlighting the importance of exploring pathways to enhance resilience by leveraging urban network connectivity. Based on the connotation and features of density, distance and division elements (3D elements) in the new economic geography theory, we have developed an Urban Resilience Index model using the Pressure-State-Response framework and the coupling coordination degree model. This comprehensive model incorporates six indicators, encompassing three elements of ecological density, spatial distance and social division at both urban and regional scales. Taking 41 cities in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomerations as a case study, the balanced development degree model and the geographic detector model methods are used to explore the spatial distribution characteristics of the Urban Resilience Index, the balance status of urban internal and external development, and the effect of 3D elements on resilience levels at regional and urban scales. The results are as follows: 1) The overall resilience level of the Yangtze River Delta cities remains low, exhibiting a “spindle-shaped” top-down quantitative structure. Resilience levels gradually decrease outward, with the Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou Metropolitan Area serving as the concentric and axial core. The resilience level is closely correlated with location conditions and planning connection, as well as the balance between internal and external resilience development. 2) As the level of urban resilience increases, there is a trend towards greater balance between the Resist-Restore Ability at the urban scale and the Adapt-Transform Ability at the regional scale. The leading scale of regional urban resilience development shifts from the urban scale to the regional scale, ultimately forming a dual-scale linkage. Most high-level cities show balanced internal and external resilience development. More than half of the medium-level cities demonstrate balanced development, with better balance observed in southern region. However, among the low-level cities, only a few achieve balanced development. 3) The effect of 3D elements on the level of resilience varies across different scale. Distance is the dominant element affecting resilience levels at the regional scale, while the dominant element at the urban scale is density. The interaction between the former two elements has an even more significant impact. Furthermore, the impact of social division at the urban scale is notably enhanced when interacting with other elements. Therefore, greater emphasis should be placed on the integrating and optimizing multiple elements across different scales.

  • Wang Bin, Sun Ao, Liu Yungang, Wu Dianting
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    In the context of the Belt and Road Initiative and Chinese-style modernization development, the spatial transformation of border ports has become one of the regional development issues facing the country. The spatial transformation of border ports is the result of multi-subject and multi-scale integration under the background of deepening geopolitical and economic cooperation. However, there are few researches on the spatial practice of border ports with diverse and heterogeneous subjects in the new period. Given this, this study selects Khorgos Port as a typical sample and uses the Actor-Network Theory to analyze its spatial transformation process and formation mechanism. This study mainly adopts the qualitative research methods of participatory observation, in-depth interview, and discourse analysis to obtain first-hand data, and obtains the required data through data collation and analysis. The results show that: 1) The multiple and heterogeneous actors are connected around the common goal of the stage under the premise of pursuing their interests, thus promoting the construction and reconstruction of the border port actor network. 2) In the new period, the composition, intention and goal of border port actors have changed, and the network of actors has changed from a loose state to a tight state. Political power subjects mobilize market capital and social mass forces to participate in and jointly promote the spatial transformation and development of border ports. This study aims to provide a reference for the construction of Chinese-style modern border ports and their effective connection with the Belt and Road Initiative. Through the construction and reconstruction of the network of actors, it is found that the participation of diverse and heterogeneous subjects in the construction of Khorgos Port also brings many difficulties and problems, which should attract the attention of governments and management agencies at all levels, and jointly promote the orderly, healthy and sustainable development of the border port by mobilizing forces from all walks of life. The change in the network of actors at the Khorgos port reflects the deepening and strengthening of the geopolitical and economic cooperation between China and Kazakhstan to a certain extent. This can provide a basis for the study of the region to build an all-round cooperation platform under the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the future, and also provide a reference for the high-quality development of other border ports in the context of China-style modernization development and their efficient docking with the Belt and Road Initiative. In the future, the spatial transformation process and actor network changes of border ports in different regions, different stages, and different types will be further compared, to provide references for the formation of a new pattern of opening up to the outside world in the new era and the shaping of cross-border cooperation space among countries.

  • Sun Yingqi, Zhang Zilong, Chen Xingpeng, Zhang Hui
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    The key to achieving the goal of high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin lies in building a reasonable urban system. Quantitative research on the urban system of the Yellow River Basin from the perspective of size hierarchy and network structure is not only conducive to analyzing the structural characteristics of the urban system, but also has theoretical significance to deepen the understanding of the urban system from the perspective of function and relationship. Based on macro statistics data, micro enterprise data and traffic big data, 87 cities (autonomous prefecture) in the Yellow River Basin are taken as the basic unit, and the rank-size rule, urban gravity model and social network analysis are integrated. From two aspects of scale and connection, this paper explores the size-hierarchical and network structure characteristics of the Yellow River Basin urban system under the three dimensions of urban node, development axis and spatial structure, and the relationship between urban size hierarchy and network structure. The results show that: 1) The urban system of the Yellow River Basin presents the characteristics of dense small and medium-sized cities, scattered high-level sub cities and multi center distribution. The overall scale level tends to be balanced, and the scale status of the first city is not prominent. 2) The development axis of the Yellow River Economic Belt, dominated by the connection between Lanzhou, Xi'an, Zhengzhou, Jinan and Qingdao, has been formed, and the “ψ” spatial pattern has been formed along this axis. The network centrality gradually increases from the upstream to the downstream, and forms dense sub-networks in Shandong and Henan provinces. However, the overall connection strength is not high, and the transportation connection is stronger than the economic connection. 3) The coordination degree of city size hierarchy and network structure in the Yellow River Basin is relatively high, and they show a flattened S-shaped curve relationship, which can be divided into three stages: Low-level low-speed coupling, medium-level high-speed coupling and high-level low-speed coupling. Population, economy and land use scale all have significant positive effects on network centrality.

  • Su Lingling, Zhou Suhong, Kwan Mei-Po, Chai Yanwei, Qi Lanlan
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    The impact of the urban environment on residents' happiness has become a hot topic in the field of geography in recent years. Despite the achievements of research on happiness, there has been a lack of attention to how happiness is expressed as transitory experiences in the proximate environment and related to the spatial-temporal geographic contexts of people's daily activities. This study obtains data on momentary happiness via ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and collects environmental data of activity place through GPS and mobile sensors to explore the relationship between the real-time geographic environment and momentary happiness of daily activities. The results show that residents' momentary happiness is affected by the immediate urban environment. Appropriate temperature and POI density can promote happiness, while noise, PM2.5, population density, the numbers of POI types and intersections are not conducive to happiness. The relationship between the geographic environment and momentary happiness is also regulated by time and space factors. Compared with working days, the immediate environment of activities on rest days has greater impacts on happiness. The distance of activities from home weakens the relationship between the built environment and happiness. This study confirms that geographic contexts of daily activities are related to momentary happiness and are regulated by the characteristics of people's spatial and temporal behaviors, which provides reference for the environmental planning and management of Chinese cities.

  • Guo Wen
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    With the rise of the thought of “post human subject” and the thought of “returning to materialism” in geography, people have a new understanding of the relationship agency between non-human and human, and believe that defining non-human and human as “action element” is more scientific than “actor”. The research puts forward the proposition and hypothesis of “non-human and human relationship agency-spatial superposition- meaning production”, and analyzes the case of micro geospatial space on university campus. It is found that non-human beings have important agency. Non-human and human relationship agency practice in the process of spatial superposition has triggered people's geographical imagination and local image, constructed spatial relations and local identity, and shaped the topophilia and sense of social responsibility through the interaction and mobility of their emotions. The study also found that the relationship agency transformation of non-human and human relations has promoted the construction of human and natural life communities, and its practical knowledge is also more scientific than traditional cultural metaphorical knowledge. Through the other oriented local formation mechanism, it has extended significance to the previous research. As a special micro geographical space, educational space should optimize the boundary of knowledge production media in the future, and pay attention to the role and power of non-human agency in educational space. The research can be used for reference and inspiration to stick to the nature human dynamic synergism, expand the boundary of the practice subject of educational agency. At the same time, the research also plays a constructive role in the harmonious practice of man-environment relationship in the period of national social transformation.

  • Wang Xinyue, Guo Lizhen
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    In order to identify the cyclical stages of the adaptive cycle of China's tourism economy since the 21st century, this study used spatial analysis and geographical detectors to explore its evolution and impact mechanism. The results show that: 1) China's tourism economy presents a ‘rapid growth-volatility release-reorganization and redevelopment' of the adaptive cycle of evolution process. 2001—2007 was a period of rapid growth (r-K stage), which means sustained and stable development in rapid growth. The period from 2008 to 2014 was a stage of volatility release (Ω-K-Ω stage), which was characterized by a shock development trend after repeated shocks in the stable development. Structural rigidity and weak growth of the tourism economy were important features of this stage. 2015—2020 was the restructuring and redevelopment period (α-r stage), which means redevelopment on the new development path after restructuring. In 2020, as the end of this development phase, the impact of Covid-19 was significant, there was the possibility of discontinuous development into the release stage. 2) The evolution characteristics of different attributes are different. The spatial diffusion characteristics of potential dimension are significant, showing the spatial distribution characteristics along the southeast coast to the inland. The correlation degree has a certain tendency of ‘coastal and border railway' agglomeration. And the resilience showed obvious distribution characteristics of the ‘Hu line', and the high-level agglomeration in the southeast region was particularly significant. 3) There are significant differences in the developmental characteristics and driving forces at different stages of the adaptive cycle. The rapid development of macro-economy is the key driving force of strong adaptability of tourism economy in the period of rapid growth. Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Guangdong have achieved super-stage development. The inland transfer of industries and the continuous improvement of ecological environment are important guarantee forces for the adaptability of tourism economy in the period of volatility release. The continuous optimization of industrial structure and the implementation of regional development strategy are the core supporting force for the adaptability of tourism economy in the restructuring and redevelopment period. The number of provinces, regions and cities with over-stage development has risen to 22. In the context of the new normal of economic development, the implementation of regional development strategies such as ‘the Belt and Road', ‘coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region' and ‘the Yangtze River Economic Belt' has brought more opportunities for the adaptive qualitative development of tourism economy in these regions. 4) There are differences in the impact factors at different stages, showing the transformation of the impact factors from the marketization of tourism economy, to innovation cooperation and coordination and sustainability, and then to the joint promotion of hardware facilities and software innovation. Through the three-dimensional drive of potential (to lay the foundation), correlation (to coordinate cooperation) and resilience (to improve quality and upgrade), we will promote the renewal of factors, optimization of structure, improvement of functions and development of stages, gradually achieve the overall development of the tourism economy forward adaptability.

  • Gao Yan, Sun Gennian
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    Cities and high-level scenic spots in Northwest China are regarded as complex systems. In this article, we construct a spatially dynamic panel data model and a heterogeneous spatial autoregressive model. By time and space dimensions, “change” is taken as the clue to examine the time-varying characteristics of the high-level scenic spot spillover effect, and “link” is taken as the clue to reveal the urban tourism spillover effect, the urban tourism time lag effect, and the spatial-temporal lag effect under the scenic spot correlation, and the heterogeneity of the spatial-temporal correlation of urban tourism is fully considered. This paper responds to two fundamental questions: How to relate the supply of high-level scenic spots to the tourism development of the city where they are located and the neighboring cities, and what kind of temporal and spatial correlation characteristics exist in the tourism development of the neighboring cities. The results indicate that: 1) There are significant positive spatial spillovers in neighboring cities in Northwest China. Tourism cooperation should be a core strategy for regional tourism development. 2) In the short term, the increase of high-level scenic spots contributes to the increase of local tourism, but it has a “siphon effect” on neighboring cities. In the long term, it has a positive impact on the local area and neighboring cities, but it has a greater impact on local tourism. 3) The combined supply of high-level scenic spots is the sufficient condition to improve the urban tourism effect and generate the “siphon effect” on neighboring cities in Northwest China, but only relying on 5A scenic spots to drive the effect is limited. PGDP growth and industrial restructuring contribute to tourism development in local and neighboring cities in the short term, while in the long term, an increase in local PGDP will lead to a decrease in tourist arrivals in neighboring cities. 4) The spatial and temporal correlation effects of tourism in cities in Northwest China are heterogeneous. 84.31% of the cities have spatial cooperation relations with neighboring cities, and the cities with spatial competition relations are mainly located in the northern part of Xinjiang and the eastern part of Northwest China. PGDP and the density of high-level scenic spots are the main influencing factors. 5) The steady distribution of cities in Northwest China's tourism development is characterized by scatter and randomness. Cities with economic advantages are more likely to benefit from tourism cooperation and grow into regional tourism growth poles.

  • Yu Lu, Jiang Qijun
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    China is the largest fishery country in the world. However, China's fishing industry still faces problems such as extensive production methods, low green production efficiency, and severe environmental pollution. It is of great significance to achieve green and high-quality fishery development. In recent years, the Chinese government has introduced a series of environmental regulatory policies to promote the green development of fisheries. Based on the provincial panel data from 2010 to 2020, the SBM-GML index is used to measure the green total factor productivity (GTFP) of fishery, and the direct impacts of two types of environmental regulations-command-control regulation and market-incentive regulation on the fishery GTFP are empirically analyzed. On this basis, the heterogeneities of the impact of environmental regulatory tools on the green total factor productivity of fisheries in regions with different levels of economic development are studied. The research found that: 1) In the past decade, China's fishery GTFP fluctuated between 0.967 and 1.090, showing a steady and rising trend. Technological progress is the main source and power of China's fishery GTFP growth. 2) The impacts of two types of environmental regulations on fishery GTFP are significantly different. The impact of command-control environmental regulations is an inverted “U” type, which promotes GTFP first and then suppresses it; while the impact of market-incentive environmental regulations is a positive “U” type, which suppresses GTFP first and then promotes it. 3) Different types of environmental regulations have regional differences in their impact on fisheries GTFP. Command-control environmental regulation plays a more significant role in economically developed regions, while market-incentive environmental regulation plays a more significant role in economically backward regions. Therefore, in order to promote the green and high-quality development of fisheries, the government should reasonably select environmental regulation policies, scientifically set the intensity of environmental regulation tools according to the level of regional economic development and local conditions, actively improve the innovation ability of fishery technology, and strengthen the R&D and promotion of green technology.

  • Wang Duanrui, Mao Dehua, Wang Zongming, Xiang Hengxing, Feng Kaidong
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    Northeast China is the ecological barrier of north China and the ballast stone of national food security. Simulation of future land cover pattern has important guiding significance for sustainable management of regional land resources. The CLUE-S model and Markov-CA model have been proved to have unique advantages in spatio-temporal predicting in previous studies. Based on the land cover change in Northeast China from 2000, 2010, 2015 interpreted by remote sensing, this study fully considers the impact of natural and social factors on land cover change, and uses CLUE-S model and Markov-CA model to simulate the land cover pattern in northeast China in 2015 and 2030 respectively. The results show that: Compared with the actual land cover type data interpreted by remote sensing in 2015, the overall Kappa indices of CLUE-S model and Markov-CA model are 0.9700 and 0.9649, respectively. The results show that the simulation results of the two models are relatively ideal. The simulation accuracy of CLUE-S model is higher than that of Markov-CA model. From 2015 to 2030, the area of grassland, cultivated land, wetland, other land and water showed a decreasing trend in Northeast China, while the area of forest land and artificial surface showed an increasing trend, and man-land relationship became increasingly tense. Northeast China, as a region with relatively fragile ecological environment, should be vigilant against unsustainable land cover change, and should balance the land demand of ecological protection, grain increase and infrastructure construction and coordinate development. This study can provide scientific basis and data support for the formulation of relevant policies such as territorial space planning in Northeast China.

  • Cheng Yuheng, Qiao Weifeng, He Tianqi, Liu Qianqian
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    Based on land use survey data from 2009 to 2019, using land use change models and ecosystem services value evaluation methods, this study reveals the spatio-temporal pattern of land use functions transition in 145 administrative villages in Gaochun District, analyzing the value profit and loss of ecosystem service and constructs sensitivity coefficients to measure the sensitivity of ecosystem services value to land use function transitions. Results show that: 1) The production-eco-oriented function and eco-production-oriented function most widely distributed and dramatically transitioned land use types. The transfer area and proportion of the production-eco-oriented function are the largest, with a transfer rate significantly exceeding its contemporaneous rate of addition, indicating a transition towards contraction-type land use function. Moreover, the spatial increment rates for eco-production-oriented function, residential production-oriented function, and ecological function spaces surpass their corresponding transfer rates during the same period, indicating of a transition towards expansion-type functional spaces. 2) From 2009 to 2019, the ecosystem services value in Gaochun District increased by 3.378 billion yuan. Among the various land types, aquatic land, arable land, and forest land contributed the most to the ecosystem services value. Hydrological regulation and waste disposal emerged as the predominant ecosystem service functions in Gaochun District. 3) When land use function transitions from a low utilization index to a high utilization index, there is a decrease in ecosystem services value, and at this point, the change in land use intensity has a relatively small impact on the regional ecosystem services value. Conversely, when land use function exhibits a trend of transitioning from a high utilization index to a low utilization index, there is an increasing trend in ecosystem services value, and the contribution of land use intensity changes to the regional ecosystem services value becomes more significant. 4) Specifically, the ecosystem services value in Gaochun District has showed a significant increase, and the response of ecosystem services value to different land use function transitions varies. The transition of production-oriented function to residential production-oriented function contributes 15.02% to the reduction of ecosystem services value, while the transition of production-eco-oriented function to eco-production-oriented function contributes 44.57% to the increase of ecosystem services value.

  • Zhang Yuzhi, Ma Xueyang, Li Qian, Ren Jiao
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    Understanding the relationship between climate change and the lake ecosystem variations is crucial for studying the impact of global warming on the lake carbon cycling process. However, less is known of how lake ecosystem variations responding to the global warming in different lakes on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (TP) where thousands of lakes distributed. Here we present comparison researches from Aweng Co (81°37′48″E~81°48′00″E, 32°42′00″N~32°48′36″N, 4430 m a.s.l.) and Toson Lake (96°50′00″E~97°03′00″E, 37°04′00″N~37°13′00″N, 2808 m), they are closed lakes with different hydrological process. Aweng Co (pH is 9.2, salinity is 29.5 g/L) is mainly supplied by glacier melt water via groundwater and precipitation. And Toson Lake (pH is 8.4, salinity is 35.7 g/L) is at the end of Bayin River drainage basin, and it is fed by precipitation and the flowing from Herleg Lake. There are villages and farmland in the upstream of the Toson Lake. Two sediment cores were drilled from the lake center in Aweng Co and Toson Lake, they were AWC2015 (445 cm) and TSL17G (55 cm), respectively. The top sediment of AWC2015 and TSL17G were measured by 210Pb and 137Cs. We focused on the lake carbon cycling process in the two lakes in recent 100 years. Multi-proxy including organic carbon isotope, total organic carbon content and organic carbon accumulation rate were measured to reconstruct the lake productivities and carbon burial rates in two lakes. Results showed that global warming had different impacts on the photosynthetic process in different lakes depending on the lake level, actual temperature and sunlight at the lake bottom. In Aweng Co, when the values of δ18Ocarb tended to be negative, and TOC content increased, indicating that more glacier melt water supplied the lake, resulting in expanding of the lake area, more nutrient supplying the lake, and improving of the lake productivity consequently. However, when plenty of glacier melt water flowed into the lake in short time and the water temperature decreased rapidly, slowing down the photosynthetic process and resulting in decreased carbon burial rate consequently. In the human-disturbed lake, the variations of δ18Ocarb and TOC content indicated that human activity played more important roles in driving aquatic biomass by influencing sunlight at the lake bottom via lake level change. With the increasing of water consumption for agriculture, the water that finally supplied the lake would decrease, and resulted in lower lake level and more light reaching the lake bottom, favoring the growth of the benthic algae, and the organic carbon burial rate increased finally, and vice versa. Therefore, global warming had different impacts on the carbon cycling process in lakes with different hydrological process.

  • Guo Bao, Liu Meixian, Du Hu, Lin Kairong, Luo Wei, Tu Xinjun
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    Atmospheric turbulence structure and its scalar transfer capacity, generally described using the concept of aerodynamic resistance (denoted as ra) in evapotranspiration models, is one of the key factors affecting the accuracy in estimating potential evapotranspiration (denoted as PET). The aerodynamic resistance is significantly affected by the atmospheric stability, however, due to that the atmospheric stability data are not usually available, most of the previous studies estimated ra based on the neutral hypothesis, which would result in uncertainties. This study investigated the atmospheric stability and evaluated the errors brought by the neutral hypothesis in PET estimation in a subtropical forest in southwestern China, based on EC measurements and Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. Results showed that, the neutral, stable and unstable atmospheric stratifications exhibited explicitly diurnal and seasonal patterns, with unstable stratifications being predominant at noon, stable stratifications being more common in the morning and evening, and neutral stratifications being distributed throughout the daytime. Moreover, the high-frequency periods of unstable stability are longer in spring and summer but shorter in autumn and winter. Overall, the mean ratio of unstable, neutral and stable stratifications during the experimental period was 41.4%, 34.7% and 24.0%, respectively. Additionally, the aerodynamic resistance estimation based on the neutral assumption tends to overestimate ra, while neglecting the impacts of atmospheric stability leads to underestimation of PET with significant errors (RMSE=25.82 W/m2), and the deviation of the error becomes more pronounced with increasing PET. Finally, potential evapotranspiration based on the relationship (denoted as PET_equ) between the equivalent aerodynamic resistance (denoted as $ {\hat {r}}_{a} $) and wind speed (R2=0.50, P<0.05, N=394) are more accurate in simulation (R2=0.95, RMSE=20.70 W/m2), compared with that based on neutral hypothesis (R2=0.92, RMSE=25.82 W/m2). Important to note that the relationship between $ {\hat {r}}_{a} $ and wind speed would differ dramatically in different regions, further studies are still needed. These results can provide scientific basis for ecological hydrological modelling, water resource management, and drought assessment.