The snow temperature under Picea schrenkiana forest crown and on the open ground was observed at Tianshan Research Station for Snow-cover and Avalanche of the Chinese Academy of Sciences from Dec 27,2009 to Apr 2,2010.The spatial and temporal distributions as well as variations of snow temperature were analyzed in details.The results indicated that there is a higher snow temperature near the ground surface,and local cold and warm centre happen at the snow surface layer.The snow temperature under crown is higher than that on the open ground in stable period,which present a contrary trend in snowmelt period;the low and high temperature centre of forest snow appears later and weaker than that on the open ground.Besides,the decreasing rate of snow temperature amplitude with depth and time under crown is lower than that on the open ground above break point,but there is no statistical difference below break point at early stable period.The snow temperature gradient is small and positive,and it increases with air temperature decreasing but decreases with depth from surface down.The negative temperature gradient of forest snow appeases later than that on the open ground.Under crown and on the open ground,the maximum positive temperature gradient of snow reaches 0.95℃/cm and 0.82℃/cm,and the negative temperature gradient reaches-0.84℃/cm and-0.35℃/cm,respectively.Whereas the whole layer snow temperature gradient under forest crown is larger than that on the open ground.
LU Heng, WEI Wen-shou, LIU Ming-zhe, HAN Xi, HONG Wen
. Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Snow Temperature in Forest of the Western Tianshan Mountains,China[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2011
, 31(12)
: 1541
-1548
.
DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2011.012.1541
[1] Hedstrom N R,Pomeroy J W.Accumulation of intercepted snow in the boreal forest:measurement modeling[J].Hydrol Processes,1998,12:1611-1623.
[2] Jones H G,Pomeroy J W,Walker D A,et al.雪生态学—覆盖生态系统的交叉学科研究[M].赵哈林,周瑞莲,赵悦译.北京: 海洋出版社,2003:30~83.
[3] 魏文寿,秦大河,刘明哲.中国西北地区季节性积雪的性质和结构[J].干旱区地理,2001,24(4):310~313.
[4] Poots G.Skelton P L I.Thermodynamic models of wet-snow ac-cretion:axial growth and liquid water content on a fixed con-ductor[J].International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,1995, 16(1):43-49.
[5] 王彦龙.中国雪崩研究[M].北京.海洋出版社,1992:45~53.
[6] 张志忠,刘正兴.天山积雪雪崩站季节性积雪变质因素分析[C].雪害防治研究(第四集),1985:18~27.
[7] Birkeland K W.Terminology and predominant processes asso-ciated with the formation of weak layers of near-surface facet-ed crystals in the mountain snowpack[J].Arctic and Alpine Re-search,1998,30(2):193-199.
[8] H?geli P,McClung D M.Avalanche characteristics of a transi-tional snow climate--Columbia Mountains,British Columbia, Canada[J].Cold Regions science and Technology,2003,37: 255-276.
[9] Colbeck S C.An overview of seasonal snow metamorphism[J]. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics,1982,20(1):45-61.
[10] Miller D A.An Integrated Microstructural Study of Dry Snow Metamorphism Under Generalized Thermal Conditions[D]. Montanaration,Department of Civil Engineering,Montana State University,2002:257.
[11] 张志忠,刘正兴.天山巩乃斯河谷季节积雪变质作用因素分析[J].冰川冻土,1987,9(增刊):27~33.
[12] McClung D.The elements of applied avalanche forecasting. Part II:The physical issues and rules of applied avalanche fore-casting[J].Natural Hazards,2001,26(2):131-146..
[13] Anderson E.A Point Energy and Mass Balance Model of Snow Cover[C].NOAA Technical Report NWS 1,U.S.National Weather Service,Decpt.Of Commerce,Washington,D C,1976.
[14] Jordan R.A One-digressional Temperature Model for a Snow Cover[C].Cold Regions Research and engineering Laboratory, Hanover,NH.1991.
[15] Loth B H,Graf F,Oherhuber J M.Snow cover model for global climate simulations[J].J Geophys Res,1993,98: 1045-1064.
[16] Sun S F,Jin J M,Xue Y K.A simple snow-atmosphere-soil transfer mode1[J].J Geophys Res,l999,104(Dl6):l9587-597.
[17] 陈海山,孙照渤.陆面模式CLSM的设计及性能检验Ⅰ.模式设计[J].大气科学,2004,11(6):801~819.
[18] 王彦龙.我国西部季节性深霜发育与雪崩关系[J].冰川冻土, 1988,10(2):173~180.
[19] 胡汝骥,马维林,魏文寿,等.我国天山降雪与季节性雪崩的基本物理特征[J].干旱区地理,1985,8(1):53~57.
[20] 魏文寿,王存牛,姜逢清,等.中国天山积雪的热量交换与水汽蒸凝过程研究[J].冰川冻土,1996,18(增刊):129~138.
[21] 刘明哲,魏文寿,姜逢清.天山西部山地冬季积雪能量交换特征分析[J].干旱区地理,1997,20(4):68~73.
[22] 梁林恒,周幼吾.大兴安岭阿木尔森林火灾区积雪分布特征调查[J].冰川冻土,1992,14(2):134~140.
[23] Sturm M.Snow distribution and heat flow in the taiga[J]. Arctic alpine Res,1992,24(2):145-152.
[24] Pomeroy J W,Granger R J,Pietroniro A,et al.Hydrological Pathways in the Prince Albert Model Forest:Final Report, NHRI Contribution Series No:CS-97007[R].National Hydrolo-gy Research Institute,Saskatoon.Environment Canada.1997.
[25] 高卫东,魏文寿,张丽旭.近30年来天山西部积雪与气候变化——以天山积雪雪崩研究站为例[J].冰川冻土,2005,27 (1):68~73.
[26] 汪祥森.天山北坡雪岭云杉林调查报告[J].新疆农业科学, 1963,7:285~289.
[27] 马虹,刘一峰,胡汝骥.天山季节性积雪的能量平衡研究和融雪速率模拟[J].地理研究,1993,12(1):87~92.
[28] 谢应钦,张金生.雪层内太阳的穿透辐射[J].冰川冻土, 1998,10(2):135~142.
[29] Sturm M,Holmgren J,Morris K.The thermal conductivity of seasonal snow[J].J Glaciol,1997,43(143):26-41.
[30] Kamata Y,Sokratov S,Sato A..Temperature and temperature gradient dependence of snow recrystallization in depth hoar snow[J].Advances in Cold-Region Thermal Engineering and Sciences,1999,533:395-402.
