Prehistoric Population and Cultivated Land Change in the Eastern Qinghai Province and Its Environmental Effects
Received date: 2012-02-18
Request revised date: 2012-10-08
Online published: 2013-01-31
Copyright
Integrated the archaeological and DEM data in the eastern Qinghai Province, using a combination of the area archaeological site and burials to estimate the regional prehistoric population, and apply the GIS tools to rebuild the regional cultivated land area of the prehistoric period for time and space. The results showed that regional population and cultivated land increased rapidly during the Majiayao culture of Neolithic Period, and the population had reached the peak during the late Machang culture regional of Neolithic period,in which the population had totally risen up to about 40×103 and the size of farm land was expanded to 462 km2. The population and the farm land were mainly distributed in the valley area of the Huanghe River-Huangshui River. The population and farm land were decreased significantly during the Qijia culture period, but it was rebounded obviously during the bronze age, in which total population increased to 61 000 and the farm land was expanded to 1 076 km2, about 1/10 of the total arable land area in the region. With the changes of population and farm land, the influence of human activities on the environment began to appear. In 5-4ka B.P., human activities lead to the reduction of the arbor in the study area, the increase of Androphile, especially Gramineae have sharply increased, as agriculture is closely related with the millet. After 4 ka B.P., a shape reduce of the arbor is due to the change of climate, while strengthening of human activities accelerated the shrinking arbor cover area.
Key words: prehistoric; population; cultivated land; environmental effects; vegetation change
HOU Guang-liang , WEI Hai-cheng , E Chong-yi , ZHAO Xiao-hao . Prehistoric Population and Cultivated Land Change in the Eastern Qinghai Province and Its Environmental Effects[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2013 , 33(3) : 299 -306 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2013.03.299
Fig.1 Location of study area图1 研究区概图 |
Table 1 The population of various cultural periods in the burial sites of the eastern Qinghai表1 青海东部各个文化时期的典型遗址墓葬人口数量 |
文化类型 | 典型遗址 | 活动时间(cal ka B.P.) | 统计人骨数(人) | 人均寿命(岁) | 估算常住人口(人) | 文献来源 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
马家窑文化马家窑类型 | 民和核桃庄 | 5~4.5 | 179 | 30 | 35 | [22] |
马家窑文化半山类型 | 民和阳山 | 4.5~4.3 | 215 | 32.96 | 36 | [23] |
马家窑文化马厂类型 | 乐都柳湾 | 4.3~4 | 890 | 37.42 | 70 | [24] |
齐家文化 | 贵南尕马台 | 4~3.6 | 53 | 34.06[20] | 53 | [25] |
辛店文化 | 民和核桃庄 | 3.4~2.6 | 71 | 27.48 | 70 | [22] |
卡约文化 | 大通上孙家寨 | 3.6~2.6 | 1077 | 27.48[18] | 34 | [26] |
Table 2 Classification standard of farm land表2 适宜耕地分级标准 |
类型 | 分级 | 赋值 | 类型 | 分级 | 赋值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
土壤 | 可耕作土壤(粟钙土、灰钙土) | 1 | 坡度 | 0º~10º | 1 |
不可耕作土壤(高山荒漠土、棕漠土等) | 0 | 10º~20º | 0.5 | ||
河流 | 距离河流≤3 km | 1 | >20º | 0 | |
距离河流>3 km | 0 | 海拔 | 0~2000 m | 2 | |
朝向 | 0º~45º | 0 | 2000~2800 m | 1 | |
45º~225º | 1 | >2800 m | 0 | ||
225º~360º | 0 |
注:0为不适宜耕作,赋值大则适宜耕作。 |
Table 3 The prehistoric population and farm land in the eastern Qinghai表3 青海东部史前时期人口-耕地表 |
文化类型 | 遗址平均人口 规模(人) | 人口总数 (人) | 遗址理论耕地 面积(m2) | 遗址耕地 半径(m) | 理论耕地 面积(km2) | 史前耕地 面积(km2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
马家窑文化(新石器文化) | 马家窑类型 | 35 | 9900 | 560000 | 422 | 158 | 149 |
半山类型 | 36 | 3708 | 576000 | 428 | 59 | 25 | |
马厂类型 | 70 | 39200 | 1120000 | 597 | 627 | 462 | |
齐家文化(铜石并用) | 53 | 22790 | 848000 | 519 | 364 | 330 | |
卡约文化(青铜文化) | 34 | 54400 | 326400 | 322 | 1297 | 1076 | |
辛店文化(青铜文化) | 70 | 6930 | 1120000 | 534 | 80.64 | 77 |
Fig.2 The pattern of spatial and temporal variation of prehistoric farm land in Northeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau图2 青海东部史前耕地格局时空变化 |
Fig.3 Pollen records and human activities in the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau图3 青海东部花粉记录与人类活动 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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