The Location Selection and Layout Optimization of Export-oriented Manufacturing Activities in Mainland China
Received date: 2012-10-24
Request revised date: 2013-02-28
Online published: 2013-05-20
Copyright
The development of processing trade in China is the result of labor-intensive manufacturing link transfer to Chinese mainland since opening-up and reform. Therefore, the imbalance development of processing trade in different provinces of China reflects the location selection rules of the export-oriented manufacturing activities. Based on the location factors analysis, using processing trade data in 2008 and 2001, this article is intended to analyze the basic location selection rules of the processing manufacturing activities. The result shows that comprehensive advantages of endowments and transaction cost saving determine the location of export-oriented manufacturing activities. That is also the reason for east coastal areas of China taking the lead in processing trade. With the formation of China's multi-directional opening-up pattern and improvement of the infrastructure conditions, transaction costs in Midwest China are rapidly reducing. It creates favorable conditions for processing manufacturing activities to transfer to Midwest areas. In this context, east coastal areas of China need to promote the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry through cultivating advanced elements urgently. For the Midwest areas, paying more attention to better the introduction pattern of processing manufacture is also very important. That is the key for the optimization of spatial structure of processing manufacture in China.
KONG Xiang , YANG Hong-ling , HUANG Yi-cun . The Location Selection and Layout Optimization of Export-oriented Manufacturing Activities in Mainland China[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2013 , 33(5) : 521 -528 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2013.05.521
Fig.1 Development of processing trade in Chinese Mainland in 2000 and 2010图1 中国大陆各省区加工贸易的非均衡发展 |
Table 1 Primary indicators of state-level economic and technological development zones表1 国家级经济技术开发区的主要指标 |
经开区 | 东部经 开区 | 中部经 开区 | 西部 经开区 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
国家级经济技术开发区数量 | 90个 | 47个 | 21个 | 22个 | |
工业增加值 (亿元) | 2010年 | 18660.5 | 12937.5 | 3635.3 | 2087.7 |
2009年 | 15185.2 | 10716.2 | 2853.7 | 1615.3 | |
出口总额 (亿美元) | 2010年 | 2536.3 | 2348.8 | 107.3 | 80.2 |
2009年 | 1980.0 | 1853.5 | 69.2 | 57.3 | |
实际利用FDI (亿美元) | 2010年 | 305.9 | 242.9 | 46.8 | 16.1 |
2009年 | 255.8 | 201.6 | 35.2 | 19.0 | |
历年累计已开发 土地面积(km2) | 2010年 | 2392.9 | 1679.9 | 396.6 | 316.5 |
2009年 | 2111.3 | 1502.3 | 319.8 | 289.3 | |
年末从业人员 (万人) | 2010年 | 898.2 | 612.4 | 164.4 | 121.5 |
2009年 | 818.5 | 557.3 | 148.4 | 112.8 |
资料来源:中国投资指南网[12]。 |
Table 2 Location factors and their impacts on export-oriented manufacturing activities表2 外向型加工制造活动的区位因子及预期影响 |
变量名称 | 指标含义及标记 | 预期 影响 |
---|---|---|
因变量 | 各地加工贸易进出口总额(y) | / |
劳动力成本 | 当地职工年平均工资(x1) | - |
土地价格 | 省会城市工业用地出让最低价标准(x2) | - |
运输成本 | 省会城市到沿海港口较近的公路运输里程(x3) | - |
基础设施 | 地区互联网用户密度(x4) | + |
地区道路网密度(x5) | + | |
政策优惠 | 地区优惠政策指数(x6) | + |
三资工业企业应交增值税占其总产值比重(x7) | - | |
对外开放度 | 地区进出口总额/地区GDP(x8) | + |
地区实际利用FDI/全国实际利用FDI(x9) | + | |
市场化程度 | 地区国有企业产值/地区工业企业总产值(x10) | - |
集聚经济 | 各地区外商投资与港澳台投资工业企业 总产值(x11) | + |
经济发展 水平 | 地区人均GDP/全国平均水平(x12) | + |
当地居民消费水平(x13) | + |
注:“/”为缺项;“+”为正向预期影响;“-”为负向预期影响。 |
Table 3 Results of the multicollinearity analysis表3 多重共线性诊断结果 |
解释变量 | 与反应变量的相关程度 | 容忍度 | 方差膨胀因子 | 条件指数 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001年 | 2008年 | 2001年 | 2008年 | 2001年 | 2008年 | 2001年 | 2008年 | |
x1 | 0.419* | 0.26 | 0.064 | 0.063 | 15.547 | 15.936 | 1.946 | 2.062 |
x2 | / | 0.491** | / | 0.103 | / | 9.721 | / | 3.592 |
x3 | -0.321 | -0.366* | 0.191 | 0.328 | 5.228 | 3.047 | 3.383 | 5.24 |
x4 | 0.326 | 0.526** | 0.025 | 0.077 | 39.544 | 12.904 | 17.891 | 15.743 |
x5 | 0.334 | 0.394* | 0.207 | 0.293 | 4.831 | 3.409 | 19.223 | 17.058 |
x6 | 0.388* | 0.205 | 0.288 | 0.514 | 3.471 | 1.947 | 4.786 | 7.732 |
x7 | -0.423* | -0.321 | 0.459 | 0.433 | 2.177 | 2.308 | 5.242 | 8.899 |
x8 | 0.661** | 0.636** | 0.044 | 0.052 | 22.485 | 19.075 | 8.386 | 10.028 |
x9 | 0.918** | 0.824** | 0.021 | 0.112 | 47.67 | 8.95 | 10.127 | 12.05 |
x10 | -0.530** | -0.458* | 0.14 | 0.158 | 7.15 | 6.345 | 12.108 | 13.34 |
x11 | 0.955** | 0.972** | 0.015 | 0.119 | 66.073 | 8.401 | 24.575 | 21.617 |
x12 | 0.331* | 0.449* | 0.006 | 0.043 | 172.045 | 23.105 | 42.835 | 29.177 |
x13 | 0.333 | 0.485** | 0.007 | 0.03 | 149.316 | 33.477 | 74.641 | 32.462 |
注:** P<0.01, * P<0.05,双尾检验;“/”为缺项。 |
Table 4 Measurement results of the dependent variable and extraction factors表4 因变量与提取因子的计量分析结果 |
2008 | 2001 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
模型1 | 模型2 | 模型3 | ||
2008年 | f1 | 0.330{t=2.409,P(t)=0.023} | ||
f2 | 0.620{t=-4.526,P(t)=0.000} | |||
2001年 | f3 | 0.198{t=1.869,P(t)=0.073} | ||
f4 | 0.755{t=7.138,P(t)=0.000} | 0.755{t=6.830,P(t)=0.000} | ||
f5 | 0.314{t=2.970,P(t)=0.006} | 0.314{t=2.842,P(t)=0.000} | ||
R | 0.702 | 0.842 | 0.818 | |
R2 | 0.493 | 0.709 | 0.67 | |
AdjR2 | 0.456 | 0.675 | 0.645 | |
N | 30 | 30 | 30 | |
F | 13.146 | 21.087 | 27.359 | |
P(F) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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