The Effects of Police CCTV Camera on Crime Displacement and Diffusion of Benefits: A Case Study from Gusu District in Suzhou, China
Received date: 2019-07-15
Online published: 2020-12-05
Supported by
Research Team Program of the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong (2014A030312010), Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (41531178), Key Project of Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou City, China (201804020016), National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFB0505500, 2018YFB0505503).
Copyright
Ever since the Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) has been widely installed in mainland China, the police CCTV plays an indispensable role in the police strategy. According to the theory of situational crime prevention and the theory of crime prevention through environmental design, the police CCTV cameras should deter the potential offenders by increasing the risk of being exposed or arrested, and thus reduce crime. The crime reduction schemes can lead to crime displacement or diffusion of benefits. The installation of CCTV will not only affect crime in the surveillance areas of CCTV, but also the surrounding environments. Scholars have found that whether CCTV causes crime displacement or diffusion of benefits varies among different crime types. Existing research has applied the weighted displacement quotient (WDQ) to study the effect of crime displacement and diffusion of benefits in many countries. However, WDQ will not work properly when the denominator is equal to zero. Additionally, little research investigates the effect of crime displacement and the diffusion of benefits related to police CCTV in China. This paper attempts to fill the aforementioned research gaps and propose an appropriate approach to assess the impact of CCTV on the surrounding environment in a Chinese city. Based on difference-in-differences (DID) and WDQ, this study introduces a new quadrant estimation method, which displays the result plots after calculating DID between the target area and the control area and DID between the buffer area and the control area. This method not only avoids the problem in WDQ calculation but also exhibits the phenomenon of crime displacement and diffusion of benefits more intuitively. Taking the Gusu district in Suzhou city as the study area, this paper applies this new method to investigate crime displacement and diffusion of benefits related to CCTV from three aspects: all crime, different types of crime, and crimes in the different temporal periods. This study investigates the impact of the police CCTV cameras on crime events from 2014 to 2016 in Gusu. The results show that when any crime reduction at a site could be observed after the open-street CCTV implementation, diffusion of benefits rather than crime displacement was the norm. In terms of variations among crime types, the crime displacement phenomenon of theft is more obvious than all other three types of crime: fraud, fighting, and violation of public order; and electric vehicle battery theft's displacement is more obvious than that of electric vehicle theft. In terms of the temporal variations, the phenomenon of crime displacement is more obvious in holidays and daytime, while diffusion of benefits is more obvious in weekdays and evenings.
Liu Lin , Li Lu , Zhou Hanlin , Jiang Chao , Lan Minxuan . The Effects of Police CCTV Camera on Crime Displacement and Diffusion of Benefits: A Case Study from Gusu District in Suzhou, China[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2020 , 40(10) : 1601 -1609 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2020.10.003
表 1 研究单元内分时间及类型案件数量的描述性统计Table 1 Descriptive statistics of crime incidents by different periods and different types |
案件分类 | 目标区/件 | 缓冲区/件 | 控制区/件 | |||||||||||
总和 | 最大值 | 最小值 | 平均 | 总和 | 最大值 | 最小值 | 平均 | 总和 | 最大值 | 最小值 | 平均 | |||
总体 | 235 | 16 | 0 | 0.54 | 1035 | 33 | 0 | 2.38 | 1598 | 55 | 0 | 3.68 | ||
白天 | 159 | 11 | 0 | 0.37 | 641 | 22 | 0 | 1.48 | 1019 | 28 | 0 | 2.35 | ||
夜晚 | 76 | 8 | 0 | 0.18 | 394 | 16 | 0 | 0.91 | 578 | 27 | 0 | 1.33 | ||
工作日 | 171 | 12 | 0 | 0.39 | 744 | 25 | 0 | 1.71 | 1096 | 38 | 0 | 2.52 | ||
节假日 | 64 | 5 | 0 | 0.15 | 291 | 14 | 0 | 0.67 | 502 | 17 | 0 | 1.16 | ||
盗窃类 | 154 | 12 | 0 | 0.35 | 582 | 24 | 0 | 1.34 | 942 | 29 | 0 | 2.17 | ||
诈骗类 | 22 | 2 | 0 | 0.05 | 139 | 7 | 0 | 0.32 | 201 | 8 | 0 | 0.46 | ||
斗殴类 | 27 | 2 | 0 | 0.06 | 180 | 11 | 0 | 0.41 | 278 | 15 | 0 | 0.64 | ||
违反公共秩序类 | 32 | 3 | 0 | 0.07 | 135 | 5 | 0 | 0.31 | 177 | 7 | 0 | 0.41 | ||
盗窃电动自行车 | 49 | 7 | 0 | 0.11 | 138 | 8 | 0 | 0.32 | 222 | 12 | 0 | 0.51 | ||
盗窃电动车电瓶 | 38 | 3 | 0 | 0.09 | 1000 | 33 | 0 | 2.30 | 1436 | 55 | 0 | 3.31 |
表 2 犯罪转移与效益扩散统计Table 2 Descriptive statistics of crime displacement and diffusion of benefits |
类型 | 所有案件摄像头 数量/个−占比/% | 工作日摄像头 数量/个−占比/% | 节假日摄像头 数量/个−占比/% | 白天摄像头 数量/个−占比/% | 夜晚摄像头 数量/个−占比/% | |
犯罪转移汇总 | 24−20 | 13−12 | 16−18 | 17−17 | 12−13 | |
效益扩散汇总 | 94−80 | 94−88 | 72−82 | 84−83 | 82−87 | |
类型 | 盗窃类摄像头 数量/个−占比/% | 诈骗类摄像头 数量/个−占比/% | 斗殴类摄像头 数量/个−占比/% | 违反公共秩序类摄像 头数量/个−占比/% | 盗窃电动自行车摄 像头数量/个−占比/% | 盗窃电动车电瓶摄像 头数量/个−占比/% |
犯罪转移汇总 | 17−17 | 5−8 | 9−13 | 10−18 | 5−10 | 22−21 |
效益扩散汇总 | 86−83 | 54−92 | 63−88 | 45−82 | 47−90 | 84−79 |
注:占比值为犯罪转移或效益扩散占二者总和的比例。 |
[1] |
Song G, Liu L, Bernasco W et al Theft from the person in urban China: Assessing the diurnal effects of opportunity and social ecology[J]. Habitat International, 2018. 78, 13- 20.
|
[2] |
徐冲, 柳林, 周素红 基于临近相似性考虑的犯罪热点密度图预测准确性比较——以DP半岛街头抢劫犯罪为例[J]. 地理科学, 2016. 36 (1): 55- 62.
Xu Chong, Liu Lin, Zhou Suhong The comparison of predictive accuracy of crime hotspot density maps with the consideration of the near similarity: A case study of robberies at DP Peninsula[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016. 36 (1): 55- 62.
|
[3] |
李钢, 谭然, 王会娟, 等 中国拐卖儿童犯罪的地理特征研究[J]. 地理科学, 2017. 37 (7): 1049- 1058.
Li Gang, Tan Ran, Wang Huijuan et al Geographic characteristics of child trafficking crime in China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017. 37 (7): 1049- 1058.
|
[4] |
张延吉, 秦波, 唐杰 城市建成环境对居住安全感的影响——基于全国278个城市社区的实证分析[J]. 地理科学, 2017. 37 (9): 1318- 1325.
Zhang Yanji, Qin Bo, Tang Jie The influence of urban built-up environment on sense of residential security: Based on the empirical research of 278 communities in urban China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017. 37 (9): 1318- 1325.
|
[5] |
周素红, 谢蔚翰, 宋广文, 等 土地利用对街头抢劫影响的空间分异模式: 以H市为例[J]. 地理科学, 2017. 37 (6): 885- 894.
Zhou Suhong, Xie Weihan, Song Guangwen et al The spatial differentiation effect of land use on street robbery: A case study in H City, China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017. 37 (6): 885- 894.
|
[6] |
Zhou H, Liu L, Lan M et al Assessing the impact of nightlight gradients on street robbery and burglary in Cincinnati of Ohio State, USA[J]. Remote Sensing, 2019. 11 (17): 1958.
|
[7] |
柳林, 宋广文, 肖露子, 等 不同犯罪类型受害者报警行为特点及其影响因素分析[J]. 地理科学, 2018. 38 (12): 1998- 2005.
Liu Lin, Song Guangwen, Xiao Luzi et al Characteristics and effect factors of victims' crime reporting behavior of different victimization[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2018. 38 (12): 1998- 2005.
|
[8] |
Wang Z, Liu L, Zhou H et al Crime geographical displacement: Testing its potential contribution to crime prediction[J]. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 2019. 8 (9): 383.
|
[9] |
柳林, 杜方叶, 宋广文, 等 犯罪共生空间的类型识别及其特征分析[J]. 地理科学, 2018. 38 (8): 1199- 1209.
Liu Lin, Du Fangye, Song Guangwen et al Detecting and characterizing symbiotic clusters of Crime[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2018. 38 (8): 1199- 1209.
|
[10] |
杨建国 论视频监控的犯罪预防功能及犯罪侦查价值[J]. 犯罪研究, 2011. (1): 64- 74.
Yang Jianguo The crime prevention function and the crime detection merit for CCTV system[J]. Criminal Research, 2011. (1): 64- 74.
|
[11] |
Clarke R V G. Situational crime prevention[M]. Monsey, N Y: Criminal Justice Press, 1997.
|
[12] |
Jeffery C R. Crime prevention through environmental design[M]. Beverly Hills, C A: Sage Publications, 1971.
|
[13] |
Farrington D P, Gill M, Waples S J, et al The effects of closed-circuit television on crime: Meta-analysis of an English national quasi-experimental multi-site evaluation[J]. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 2007. 3 (1): 21- 38.
|
[14] |
Caplan J M, Kennedy L W, Petrossian G Police-monitored CCTV cameras in Newark, N J: A quasi-experimental test of crime deterrence[J]. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 2011. 7 (3): 255- 274.
|
[15] |
Cho Y A Study on the increasing plan of the crime controll effectiveness of the closed circuit TV (CCTV) for the Crime Prevention[J]. Korean Journal of European Public Administration, 2009. 6 (2): 27- 54.
|
[16] |
Gill M, Hemming M. Evaluation of CCTV in the London borough of lewisham[M]. PRCI Ltd: Leicester, 2004.
|
[17] |
Short E, Ditton J. Does closed circuit television prevent crime?: An evaluation of the use of CCTV surveillance cameras in Airdrie Town Centre[M]. Scotland: Scottish office Central Research Unit, 1995
|
[18] |
Choi E, & Kim Y The effectiveness of the closed circuit TVs (CCTVs) on the crime prevention[J]. Korean Journal of Public Safety and Criminal Justice, 2007. 26, 145- 186.
|
[19] |
Park H H, Oh G S, Paek S Y Measuring the crime displacement and diffusion of benefits effects of open-street CCTV in South Korea[J]. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 2012. 40 (3): 179- 191.
|
[20] |
Cerezo A CCTV and crime displacement: A quasi-experimental evaluation[J]. European Journal of Criminology, 2013. 10 (2): 222- 236.
|
[21] |
Kim Y An analysis for crime prevention effects of closed circuit TVs: Centering on the crime displacement effects and diffusion effects of crime control benefits[J]. Journal of The Korean Society of Private Security, 2008. 11, 209- 245.
|
[22] |
Park C H, Choi S H Crime prevention effects of Publicity of CCTV installation at Kang-Nam Gu, Seoul: The effects of first news[J]. Korean Criminological Review, 2009. 20 (3): 213- 238.
|
[23] |
柳林, 李璐, 姜超 警用视频监控的犯罪防控效果及空间差异——以苏州市姑苏区为例[J]. 地理科学, 2019. 39 (1): 61- 69.
Liu Lin, Li Lu, Jiang Chao The effects of police CCTV camera on crime: A case study from gusu district in Suzhou, China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2019. 39 (1): 61- 69.
|
[24] |
Ratcliffe J H, Taniguchi T, Taylor R B The crime reduction effects of public CCTV cameras: A multi-method spatial approach[J]. Justice Quarterly, 2009. 26 (4): 746- 770.
|
[25] |
Lim H, Wilcox P Crime-reduction effects of open-street CCTV: Conditionality considerations[J]. Justice Quarterly, 2017. 34 (4): 597- 626.
|
[26] |
张春霞, 柳林, 周素红 ZG市非接触型诈骗被害相对发生概率的性别差异[J]. 地理科学, 2018. 38 (8): 1218- 1226.
Zhang Chunxia, Liu Lin, Zhou Suhong Gender difference on relative probability of non-contact fraud in ZG City[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2018. 38 (8): 1218- 1226.
|
[27] |
Gill M, Spriggs A. Assessing the impact of CCTV[R]. London: Home Office, 2005.
|
[28] |
Welsh B C, Farrington D P Public area CCTV and crime prevention: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Justice Quarterly, 2009. 26 (4): 716- 745.
|
[29] |
Gill M. The impact of CCTV: Fourteen case studies[M]. London: Home Office, 2005.
|
[30] |
肖露子, 柳林, 周素红, 等 ZG市工作日地铁站点扒窃案件的时空分布及其影响因素[J]. 地理科学, 2018. 38 (8): 1227- 1234.
Xiao Luzi, Liu Lin, Zhou Suhong et al Spatio-temporal pattern of pickpocketing at subway stations on weekdays of ZG City and its influencing factors[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2018. 38 (8): 1227- 1234.
|
[31] |
Hill R C, Griffiths W E, Lim G C. Principles of econometrics [M]. Hoboken N J: Wiley, 2008.
|
[32] |
Bowers K J, Johnson S D Measuring the geographical displacement and diffusion of benefit effects of crime prevention activity[J]. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 2003. 19 (3): 275- 301.
|
/
〈 |
|
〉 |