The Differences of Urban-rural Population Change and the Underlying Mechanism in the Populaaation Shrinking Counties in China
Received date: 2020-10-25
Revised date: 2021-02-11
Online published: 2021-09-06
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42001166)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41771180)
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M660776)
Copyright
In recent years, the continuous decline of the total population at the regional scale has become increasingly obvious. Considering that most regions have still been experiencing the rapid urbanization processes, it is necessary to analyze the differences of urban and rural population changes and its underlying driving forces in the population shrinking areas. Based on the population census data in 2000 and 2010, this article has analyzed the difference characteristics of urban-rural population change in the population shrinking counties by identifying several urban-rural differentiation types, and then we have established a theoretical framework to investigate the underlying drivers. The main findings are as follows: 1) 38.6% of the research samples have experienced population shrinkage in the period from 2000 to 2010, but most of them have been characterized by “urban population increasing and rural population declining” (or “urban growth and rural decline” for short), and these units account for 89.5% of all the shrinking samples, and the proportion of urban-rural population both shrinking type (or “urban and rural both decline” for short) has a relatively low percentage. 2) In the central region, the type of “urban growth and rural decline A”, which means a high urban growth rate, occupies the main part, and Northeast China has a high percentage of the type of “urban and rural both decline”, and there are obvious spatial differentiations in the eastern and western China. 3) The factors of urbanization level and economic development level have the most significant impacts on the differentiation of urban-rural population change among the population shrinking areas: the population shrinking areas with higher urbanization level and lower economic development level will be more likely to experience slow urban population growth and even urban population decline. 4) The growth rate of economic development, the level of natural population growth, and the quality of public services also have certain impacts on the differentiation of urban-rural population change among the population shrinking areas. Based on these findings, we argue that the perspective of urban-rural differentiation can deepen understanding of population shrinkage in China, and it can also contribute to the relevant theories of population shrinkage in a developing context.
Liu Zhen , Qi Wei , Liu Shenghe . The Differences of Urban-rural Population Change and the Underlying Mechanism in the Populaaation Shrinking Counties in China[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2021 , 41(7) : 1116 -1128 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2021.07.002
表1 2000—2010年不同区域人口收缩城乡分异类型的数量特征Table 1 The number of the type in terms of urban and rural population change at county level from 2000 to 2010 |
全国 | 东部地区 | 中部地区 | 西部地区 | 东北地区 | ||||||||||
数量/个 | 比例/% | 数量/个 | 比例/% | 数量/个 | 比例/% | 数量/个 | 比例/% | 数量/个 | 比例/% | |||||
注:未包含港澳台数据。 | ||||||||||||||
人口收缩区 | 867 | 38.6 | 172 | 30.3 | 225 | 40.2 | 383 | 42.7 | 87 | 39.0 | ||||
城增乡减型 | 776 | 34.5 | 157 | 27.7 | 212 | 37.9 | 352 | 39.3 | 55 | 24.7 | ||||
城增乡减A型 | 413 | 18.4 | 72 | 12.7 | 145 | 25.9 | 187 | 20.9 | 9 | 4.0 | ||||
城增乡减B型 | 363 | 16.1 | 85 | 15.0 | 67 | 12.0 | 165 | 18.4 | 46 | 20.6 | ||||
城乡双收缩型 | 59 | 2.6 | 12 | 2.1 | 9 | 1.6 | 21 | 2.3 | 17 | 7.6 | ||||
城减乡增型 | 32 | 1.4 | 3 | 0.5 | 4 | 0.7 | 10 | 1.1 | 15 | 6.7 | ||||
人口增长区 | 1382 | 61.4 | 395 | 69.7 | 335 | 59.8 | 513 | 57.3 | 136 | 61.0 | ||||
总计 | 2249 | 100 | 567 | 100 | 560 | 100 | 896 | 100 | 223 | 100 |
表2 区域人口收缩影响因素选择及说明Table 2 The description of the variables of population shrinking areas |
影响因素 | 指标 | 指标简称 | 说明 |
注:行政等级中县域单元作为参照组。 | |||
经济发展水平 | 人均GDP | PGDP | 人均国内生产总值 |
经济增长速度 | GDP增长率 | RGDP | GDP期末值相比期初值的增长变化率 |
公共服务 | 平均受教育年限 | E | 按照现行学制为受教育年数计算的6岁以上人口平均受教育年限 |
自然因素 | 地形起伏度 | T | 根据1 km×1 km DEM数据计算各区域的平均地形起伏度 |
行政等级 | 区域的行政等级 | AD1 | 该区域行政等级为县级市 |
AD2 | 该区域行政等级为市辖区 | ||
城镇化水平 | 城镇化率 | UR | 采用常住人口城镇化率 |
人口自然增长 | 人口自然增长率 | N | 年自然增长人口与年平均人口的比值 |
表3 中国县市人口收缩城乡分异类型影响因素的回归分析结果Table 3 The result of the multiple logistic model at the county level in China |
指标变量 | 城增乡减A型 | 城增乡减B型 | 城乡双收缩型 | 城减乡增型 |
注:***和**分别表示在1%和5%的显著水平下显著;未包含港澳台地区数据;Log likelihood=-1910.44,chi2=946.92,Prob>chi2全部为0.00,样本数为2249;变量含义见表2。 | ||||
PGDP | -2.33*** | -1.90*** | -2.02*** | -2.82*** |
RGDP | -0.43*** | -0.72*** | -1.22*** | -1.47*** |
E | -0.15** | -0.27** | -0.53 | -0.65 |
T | -0.41*** | -0.24** | -0.43** | -0.41 |
N | -0.32*** | -0.30*** | -0.30*** | -0.33*** |
AD1 | -10.81*** | 2.43*** | 6.52*** | 10.61*** |
AD2 | -0.01 | -0.20 | 0.11 | 1.07** |
UR | -1.04** | -2.50*** | -3.43*** | -3.26*** |
常数 | 6.17*** | 4.45*** | 4.23** | 2.91 |
表4 四大经济区县市人口收缩城乡分异类型影响因素的回归分析结果Table 4 The result of the multiple logistic models among four economic regions |
指标变量 | 东部地区 | 中部地区 | 西部地区 | 东北地区 | |||||||||||
城增乡 减A型 | 城增乡 减B型 | 城乡双 收缩型 | 城增乡 减A型 | 城增乡 减B型 | 城乡双 收缩型 | 城增乡 减A型 | 城增乡 减B型 | 城乡双 收缩型 | 城增乡 减A型 | 城增乡 减B型 | 城乡双 收缩型 | ||||
注:***和**分别表示在1%和5%的显著水平下显著;根据2011年国家统计局发布的划分方法(http://www.stats.gov.cn/ ztjc/zthd/sjtjr/dejtjkfr/tjkp/201106/t20110613_71947.htm)及《东北振兴规划》,网址http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2007-08/20/content_721632.htm)进行中东西及东北地区区域划分;由于城减乡增型单元的数量较少,可能影响回归结果的可靠性,因此在分四大区域分析中未包括该类型;变量含义见表2;未包含港澳台地区数据。 | |||||||||||||||
PGDP | -2.43*** | -2.20*** | -0.89 | -0.50 | -1.88** | -7.73** | -2.76*** | -3.42*** | -2.17 | -1.31 | -0.17 | -0.24 | |||
RGDP | -0.31 | -0.79** | -1.54 | -1.01*** | -1.05*** | -4.34*** | -1.31*** | -1.11*** | -1.57*** | 8.05 | 2.59 | -1.63 | |||
E | -1.01** | -0.57 | -0.04 | -1.41*** | -0.96** | -3.48*** | 0.22 | 0.01 | -0.98** | -0.57 | -1.84** | -1.85 | |||
T | 0.35 | 1.35*** | 2.45*** | -0.41 | -0.42 | -1.59 | -0.61*** | -0.63*** | -1.51*** | 1.92** | 0.83 | 1.22** | |||
N | -0.49*** | -0.45*** | -0.30** | -0.41*** | -0.48*** | -0.90*** | -0.27*** | -0.22*** | -0.19*** | -0.34*** | -0.56*** | -0.71*** | |||
UR | -4.94*** | 6.15*** | 7.91** | -11.88*** | 5.86*** | 27.18*** | -15.94*** | 2.41** | 7.80*** | -2.17*** | 0.31 | 2.78 | |||
AD1 | -0.82 | -0.03 | 0.01 | 0.44 | 0.62 | -0.08 | -1.01 | -0.91 | -0.01 | 0.62 | -0.96** | -0.33 | |||
AD2 | -1.65 | -1.94 | -2.17 | -1.51 | -2.08*** | -1.85 | -0.06 | -2.21*** | -1.83 | -11.07 | -3.03** | -1.82 | |||
常数 | 11.49*** | 5.27** | -3.76 | 15.99*** | 11.44*** | 30.30*** | 5.44*** | 4.67*** | 8.84*** | 6.83 | 14.78** | 13.67** | |||
Log likelihood | -404.74 | -392.68 | -666.88 | -202.97 | |||||||||||
chi2 | 219.13 | 349.14 | 518.27 | 187.78 | |||||||||||
Prob>chi2 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||||||||
样本数 | 564 | 556 | 886 | 208 |
图3 2000—2010年人口收缩城乡分异类型在经济发展水平和城镇化水平各区间的占比Average和σ分别表示所有研究单元人均GDP的平均值和标准差;图中百分比代表该区间内各人口收缩城乡分异类型占人口收缩区总数量的比例;未包含港澳台地区数据 Fig. 3 The percentage of the types of the difference between urban and rural population change in different sections in terms of economic development level and urbanization level in 2000-2010 |
图4 2000—2010年四大经济区人口收缩城乡分异类型在经济发展水平和城镇化水平各区间的占比EC和UR分别代表经济发展水平和城镇化水平,区间划分、百分比含义与图3相同;另外,为避免结果的偶然性,图中未包括研究单元数量低于10的区间的计算结果;未包含港澳台地区数据 Fig. 4 The percentage of the types of the difference between urban and rural population change in different sections in terms of economic development level and urbanization level among four economic regions in 2000-2010 |
城乡收入差距因素未纳入模型主要是由于部分单元研究数据未能获取。
本文将人口增长区作为参照组,有助于揭示人口收缩与人口增长分异的影响因素;同时,可以进一步通过比较人口收缩城乡分异类型结果,分析人口收缩城乡分异特征的影响因素。
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