The Processes of Prehistoric Human Activities in the Tibetan Plateau: Occupation, Adaptation and Permanent Settlement
Received date: 2021-08-06
Revised date: 2021-10-09
Online published: 2022-01-20
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41988101)
The Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20040000)
Copyright
The history of human activities on the Tibetan Plateau is crucial for understanding human adaptation to the extreme environment of cold and hypoxia. This paper systematically reviews the archaeological discoveries and studies in recent years, and provides an overview of five development stages of prehistoric human colonization of the Tibetan Plateau from the known of the earliest occupation until permanent settlement. 1) The Denisovan mandible and mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) found in Baishiya Karst Cave (BKC), 3 280 m above sea level ( a.s.l.), on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, indicate that the ArchaicHomo sapiens, such as Xiahe Denisovan, may have adapted to the plateau at least 190 thousand years ago (ka) during the late Middle Pleistocene and long-term existed in and around the BKC until the last Glacial period; 2) The Initial Upper Paleolithic assemblages, from excavations at Nwya Devu site (4 600 m a.s.l.), reveal that modern humans began to explore the interior region of the Tibetan Plateau as early as 40-30 ka; 3) The relatively rich microlithic sites on the plateau from last deglaciation to early-mid Holocene, show the frequent activities of microlithic hunt-gatherers during this period, especially during 0.9-0.6 ka, perhaps the results of climate warming; 4) According to the evidence of plant remains from the Neolithic sites, millet farmers have entered low-elevation regions (< 2 500 m a.s.l.) on eastern Tibetan Plateau at least 5.2 ka, and permanently settled in regions at elevation above 3 000 m a.s.l. on eastern Tibetan Plateau since 4.8 ka; 5) After 3.5 ka, the introduction and development of wheat and pastoral economy facilitated permanent human occupation in the high-altitude regions (> 3000 m a.s.l.) of the Tibetan Plateau, which is a consequence of cultural exchange in prehistoric Eurasia. These reflect the long-term physiological and cultural adaptation of prehistoric humans in the process of spreading and settling on the plateau. However, our understanding of prehistoric human activities on the plateau is still limited by the number of archaeological sites and excavated materials. Therefore, we suggest that future work should be focused on seeking more prehistoric sites, conducting the systematic study, and solving the following issues: the spatial and temporal distribution of prehistoric hunter-gatherers, farmers and herders on the plateau, their biological and behavioural adaptation to high-altitude environment and connection with prehistoric low-altitude population and modern Tibetans, and the formation and universality of alpine civilization. We expect that new discoveries and multidisciplinary endeavours will promote the understanding of these issues in the future.
Chen Fahu , Xia Huan , Gao Yu , Zhang Dongju , Yang Xiaoyang , Dong Guanghui . The Processes of Prehistoric Human Activities in the Tibetan Plateau: Occupation, Adaptation and Permanent Settlement[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2022 , 42(1) : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2022.01.001
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