Influence mechanism and spatial heterogeneity of urbanization process on carbon balance in coastal areas
Received date: 2024-07-09
Revised date: 2025-03-05
Online published: 2025-09-25
Supported by
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC3108103)
Jiangsu Province Marine Science and Technology Innovation Project(JSZRHYKJ202203)
Copyright
Coastal areas are now economic zones with strong comprehensive strength, high population density, and strategic significance due to rapid urbanization. Nevertheless, urbanization is also a major contributor to local ecological pressure overload, which has significantly altered the regional carbon cycle process. Developing strategies to attain carbon neutrality requires an understanding of how the urbanization process affects the carbon balance. In this study, we evaluated the effects of urbanization rate and nine urbanization process characterization elements on the carbon balance of 53 prefectural-level coastal cities between 2003 and 2022 using structural equation model and geographically and temporally weighted regression. The findings indicate that: 1) Over the past two decades, the carbon balance of coastal areas has exhibited distinct regional distribution characteristics. Northern coastal cities have mostly become net carbon emitters, while southern cities generally act as carbon sinks. 2) Urbanization has a net negative impact on carbon balance, indicated by a total effect of −0.178. The effect size of the characteristic elements of urbanization level was land use (−0.556), ecological quality (0.345), population size (−0.212), energy consumption (−0.277), environmental governance (−0.029), industrial structure (−0.102), technological innovation (−0.006), economic growth (−0.080), and foreign investment (−0.129). 3) The urbanization rate, land use, population size, and other factors have varying impacts across different coastal cities, contributing to the spatial heterogeneity of the carbon balance. Among them, according to the annual change trend, the regression coefficient of the urbanization rate has been increasing over the past two decades. Hence, to achieve a win-win situation between socio-economic development and ecological and environmental protection, it is imperative to strengthen the guidelines of green urbanization, implement the differentiated carbon balance reconstruction strategy, and promote the sustainable development of coastal areas.
Liu Zhenhang , Chi Yuan , Ouyang Lyuyin , Li Yanping , Liu Dahai . Influence mechanism and spatial heterogeneity of urbanization process on carbon balance in coastal areas[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCE, 2025 , 45(9) : 2024 -2034 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.20240716
表1 社会−经济−自然复合生态系统视角下城镇化进程影响碳平衡的表征要素Table 1 Impact element of urbanization process on carbon balance under socio-economic-natural complex ecosystem perspective |
目标层 | 准则层 | 要素层 | 指标层 | 单位 |
注:—为无量纲数据。 | ||||
城镇化 进程 | 城镇化水平 | 城镇化率(UR) | 非农业人口占比 | % |
自然子系统 | 土地利用(A11) | 土地利用程度指数[28] | — | |
生态质量(A12) | 地表温度(B11) | ℃ | ||
干度指数(B12) | — | |||
归一化植被指数(B13) | — | |||
社会子系统 | 人口规模(A21) | 人口密度 | 人/km2 | |
能源消费(A22) | 能源消费总量[29] | 2.93×1012 J | ||
环境治理(A23) | 建成区绿化覆盖率(B21) | % | ||
人均公园绿地面积(B22) | m2/人 | |||
经济子系统 | 产业结构(A31) | 二三产业产值比 | — | |
技术创新(A32) | 万人拥有专利数 | 件/万人 | ||
经济增长(A33) | 人均GDP | 元 | ||
外商投资(A34) | 外商直接投资 | 102万美元 |
图2 2003年和2022年各沿海城市城镇化进程与碳平衡比值1.锦州;2.盘锦;3.丹东;4.葫芦岛;5.营口;6.大连;7.唐山;8.秦皇岛;9.天津;10.沧州;11.滨州;12.东营;13.烟台;14.威海;15.潍坊;16.青岛;17.日照;18.连云港;19.盐城;20.南通;21.上海;22.嘉兴;23.杭州;24.绍兴;25.宁波;26.舟山;27.台州;28温州;29.宁德;30.福州;31.莆田;32.泉州;33.厦门;34.漳州;35.潮州;36.汕头;37.揭阳;38.汕尾;39.惠州;40.深圳;41.东莞;42.广州;43.中山;44.珠海;45.江门;46.阳江;47.茂名;48.湛江;49.北海;50钦州;51.防城港;52.海口;53.三亚;不含儋州市、三沙市、港澳台数据 Fig. 2 Urbanization process, carbon balance ratio of coastal cities in 2003 and 2022 |
表2 模型拟合度评价Table 2 Model fitting degree evaluation |
模型 | CMIN/DF | RMSEA | AGFI | GFI | CFI | NFI | TLI |
注:CMIN为卡方值;DF为自由度;RMSEA为渐近残差平方和的平方根;AGFI为调整的拟合优度指数;GFI为拟合优度指数;CFI为比较拟合指数;NFI为规范拟合指数;TLI为逐步拟合指数;不含儋州市、三沙市、港澳台数据。 | |||||||
最优模型 | 2.803 | 0.041 | 0.961 | 0.986 | 0.990 | 0.984 | 0.976 |
标准模型 | < 3.000 | < 0.080 | > 0.900 | > 0.900 | > 0.900 | > 0.900 | > 0.900 |
表3 城镇化进程影响沿海地区碳平衡路径Table 3 Urbanization process affects carbon balance pathways in coastal areas |
影响路径 | 标准化系数 | 显著性 | 影响路径 | 标准化系数 | 显著性 | |
注:***、**、*分别代表在显著性水平0.1%,1%和5%的水平下显著;不含儋州市、三沙市、港澳台数据。 | ||||||
城镇化率→碳平衡比 | −0.084 | ** | 能源消费→碳平衡比 | −0.325 | *** | |
城镇化率→土地利用 | −0.099 | * | 能源消费→生态质量 | 0.122 | *** | |
城镇化率→人口规模 | 0.413 | *** | 能源消费→环境治理 | −0.192 | *** | |
城镇化率→环境治理 | 0.465 | *** | 环境治理→生态质量 | −0.085 | ** | |
城镇化率→产业结构 | −0.274 | *** | 产业结构→碳平衡比 | 0.090 | ** | |
城镇化率→技术创新 | 0.491 | *** | 产业结构→土地利用 | 0.211 | *** | |
城镇化率→经济增长 | 0.390 | *** | 产业结构→生态质量 | −0.247 | *** | |
城镇化率→外商投资 | 0.326 | *** | 产业结构→外商投资 | −0.079 | ** | |
土地利用→碳平衡比 | −0.239 | *** | 技术创新→环境治理 | 0.531 | *** | |
土地利用→生态质量 | −0.771 | *** | 技术创新→经济增长 | 0.369 | *** | |
土地利用→能源消费 | 0.164 | *** | 技术创新→能源消费 | −0.140 | *** | |
土地利用→环境治理 | 0.179 | *** | 经济增长→土地利用 | 0.227 | *** | |
生态质量→碳平衡比 | 0.345 | *** | 经济增长→能源消费 | 0.268 | *** | |
人口规模→碳平衡比 | −0.159 | *** | 经济增长→生态质量 | 0.350 | *** | |
人口规模→土地利用 | 0.165 | *** | 外商投资→碳平衡比 | 0.235 | *** | |
人口规模→生态质量 | 0.158 | *** | 外商投资→土地利用 | 0.219 | *** | |
人口规模→产业结构 | −0.096 | ** | 外商投资→生态质量 | −0.214 | *** | |
人口规模→技术创新 | 0.183 | *** | 外商投资→能源消费 | 0.540 | *** | |
人口规模→经济增长 | −0.149 | *** | 外商投资→经济增长 | 0.235 | *** | |
人口规模→外商投资 | 0.279 | *** |
表4 城镇化进程对沿海地区碳平衡的直接效应、间接效应和总效应Table 4 Direct, indirect and total effects of urbanization process on carbon balance in coastal areas |
UR | A11 | A12 | A21 | A22 | A23 | A31 | A32 | A33 | A34 | |
注:UR为城镇化率;A11、A12、A21、A22、A23、A31、A32、A33、A34分别为土地利用、生态质量、人口规模、能源消费、环境治理、产业结构、技术创新、经济增长、外商投资;不含儋州市、三沙市、港澳台数据。 | ||||||||||
直接效应 | −0.084 | −0.239 | 0.345 | −0.159 | −0.325 | 0 | 0.090 | 0 | 0 | 0.235 |
间接效应 | −0.094 | −0.317 | 0 | −0.053 | 0.048 | −0.029 | −0.192 | −0.006 | −0.080 | −0.364 |
总效应 | −0.178 | −0.556 | 0.345 | −0.212 | −0.277 | −0.029 | −0.102 | −0.006 | −0.080 | −0.129 |
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