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  • 2011 Volume 31 Issue 7
    Published: 20 July 1997
      
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  • The Critic of the Neoliberalism Urban Studies in China
    WU Qi-Yan
    2011, 31(7): 769-774. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2011.07.769
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    There are many international scholars suspect if China has experimented the process of neoliberalism restructure since post reform agenda.However, it does happen somewhat freedom to redistribute social fortunes from the poor to the rich.With the fast increasing of GDP of China in past three decades, the wildly widening gaps between urban and rural, coastal area and western area, and economic elites and marginalized work class are the persistent feature.Therefore, it would be important to give some hints for the study of the neoliberalism urban studies of China from local scholar’s perspective.As a matter of fact since the reform agenda, regionalized neoliberalism practice has been conducted successfully for over thirty years.the China has experimented a significant transition in the track of neoliberalism practice:namely, 1) the widening gap between export surplus and badly unfulfilled public welfare; 2) multi-scales uneven geographical development of, either between inland area and coast area, or urbanization area and its peripheral region.Unfortunately, relevant research still needs much more input to kick it off.For this purpose, this paper suggests that following study should concentrate in the governance environment transition, power structure modulation and the class structure change both in the coastal and inland area of China.Moreover, in order to analyze the complicated phenomenon of localized neoliberalism, the destructive creativeness of study methodology, namely, the reflexive study paradigm should be attempted as well.
  • Characteristics of Spatial Distribution of Cultural Industries in Urban Area of Xi’an City, China
    XUE Dong-Qian, LIU Hong, MA Bei-Bei
    2011, 31(7): 775-780. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2011.07.775
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    The status of regional distribution in cultural industries is conducive to understanding the development level of the cultural industries in this region.Therefore, the cultural industries have attracted more attention from researchers and policy makers in recent years.The L function model is used in this study, which can calculate the cultural industries’concentration of the region.Taking Xi’an City as an example, this study calculates cultural industries’concentration index of 10 districts in Xi’an City.According to the development level of cultural industries in Xi’an City, the authors classify all the districts into three types of areas.They are core area, potential area and dispersion area.After the analysis of Kernel density which is made by ArcGIS, the following conclusions are drawn from this study:Firstly, the number of enterprises in the south of Xi’an City is much more than the north of that.The concentration region is formed by each enterprise itself, not by government.And the spatial distribution of cultural industries is imbalance in Xi’an City.Secondly, the influencing factors of spatial distribution in cultural industries include resources, regional function, supporting institutions and policy.Thirdly, the study on spatial distribution of cultural industries had helped to improve the development level of cultural industries in Xi’an City.Finally, the spatial distribution of cultural industries in Xi’an City has the dynamic changes.
  • The Evolution Mechanisms and Law of Lianyungang Port-city System Based on Principles of Dissipative Structure
    YANG Shan, PAN Jing, JI Zeng-Min
    2011, 31(7): 781-787. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2011.07.781
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    From the perspective of dissipative structure, port-city is a system of dissipative structure supported by external environment of nature, society and economy, based on coupling between systems of port and city spatio-temporally.According to the analysis of its evolution process, while the negative entropy input from the external environment, the system will be able to maintain the order and develop towards an orderly and senior direction through fluctuations of its size.The article vertically evaluated the comprehensive development level of the system in time sequence, and horizontally measured orderly condition using system entropy from elemental composition.By comparative analysis, the comprehensive development level and system entropy are of great relevance.Further studying the structure of system entropy, we can understand the evolution mechanism and the orderly development essence of port-city system which lies in negative entropy stream input of port-city system, city system and port system.Taking Lianyungang city in Jiangsu Province, China, for example, merging the raw data of 29 indicators in 1996-2008 into the entropy of openness, the entropy of social power, entropy of the facilities environment and entropy of economic power, the article derived the input time and method of negative entropy flow which cause fluctuations of port-city system of Lianyungang.Based on above the empirical study, the article theoretically summarized the general law of orderly evolution of port-city system.
  • Spatial Match Between Employment and Housing in Wuhu City, Anhui Province of China
    JIAO Hua-Fu, HU Jing
    2011, 31(7): 788-793. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2011.07.788
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    Employment and housing space are two major functional zones in city.The spatial relationship between them affects traffic flow, commuting distance and cost directly.Meanwhile, it is also an important factor that affected the city layout.So it draws more scholars’attention.At abroad, scholars undertake researches from the aspects of urban spatial structure and the relationship between each core elements, spatial match between employment and housing space, the evaluation of urban comprehensive effect and so on.At home, scholars began this research from the late 1980s.Their research contents mainly focus on the influence of the match between employment and housing space to the traffic, the spatial pattern of employment-housing influencing the problem of urban employment, the spatial organization of employment-housing and the development mode of urban land, spatial mismatch issues and so on.The research areas are mainly concentrated in first-level cities, but rarely in the medium-sized cities which are in rapid growth stage on the central and western China.As one of the core cities along the Changjiang River in Anhui Province exerting industrial transfer, and an A-class port city in China with National Economic and Technical Development Zone, Wuhu City is a very typical medium-sized city.The city scale expanded rapidly in the past decade, whose adjustment of urban functional partition has been strengthened, and the boundary between each function is more clear.The urban residents’demand of housing construction is more urgently in Wuhu City, consequently, its urban land increases nervously, house prices ascendes gradually, and urban traffic pressure emerges.So it is particularly essential to study the spatial match between employment and housing.This paper uses deviation index to analyze the changing characteristics of spatial match between employment and housing from the macroscopic level in Wuhu City.At the same time, the urban residents’commuting time, distance, mode and cost are analyzed from microscopic level based on the survey data from questionnaires.The results indicate that:1) the employment and housing spatial match degree tends to decline; 2) services employment is the leading function in core area, and manufacturing employment in the northern Wuhu and living in the southern Wuhu, which brings residents and employed population flowed from different districts; 3) the average commuting distance and time is about 4 km and 25 min, and residents always choose electric car or bus; and 4) at present, the satisfaction degree of the residents about employment and housing spatial match is reasonable, but still needs to improve.
  • Placeness and Spaciality of Bar Under Globalization:Case of Guangzhou City, China
    LIN Geng, WANG Lian-Jun
    2011, 31(7): 794-801. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2011.07.794
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    The authors explore the feature of placeness and spaciality, and re-explains the place theory and man-land relationship theory from the perspective of consumption geography, with a case study on the bars of Guangzhou, China, under the background of globalization.The paper adopts qualitative research methods, and relies on the third space theory and the production theory of space to conduct a survey on the bars.The authors hope that the research will contribute to the third space theory and the production theory of space, and extend the fields of consumption space from traditional object study to further subject study.The conclusions include that:1) Different from traditional dualistic analysis for man-land relationship, that is, the subject is always opposite to the object, the authors believe that the feature of placeness and spaciality can be observed in the bars from a view of adding on three dimensions:spatial practices, representations of space, and spaces of representation.2) The space construction in the bars of Guangzhou can be represented as a process of re-structuring which includes the native to the west, the modern native to the historical native, which shows integration in three dimensions of spatial practices, representations of space, and spaces of representation.As a place, the bar shows typical reflexivity.The different bar attracts different behavioral agents, and affects on their activities.But, the power discourse of behavioral agents is also involved in the significance system of bar space, and affects on the construction of bar space.3) The reflexivity is also reflected in place attachment, such as the complexity of identity and rejection, and power control in bar’s discourse.In the past research of place, the focus is mainly on the emotions of place attachment in different degrees and different types, so the analysis is only one-side.4) As a geographical space with subjectivity, the bar is a productive space, consumptive space, and flowing space.
  • Spatial Measure and Simulation of Urban Tourism Flow in Nanjing City, China
    YANG Xing-Zhu, GU Chao-Lin, WANG Qun, LU Song
    2011, 31(7): 802-809. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2011.07.802
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    Urban tourist flow is an important content in the research of Tourism Geography.Although the study on urban tourist flow has been recognized, systematic studies of measuring urban tourist flows are still under-explored.This study presents a quantitative method for investigating urban tourism flow spatial change in Nanjing city by size-scale, spatial autocorrelation and factor analysis.At the same time, using software Surfer 8.0 and geographic information system, the paper established spatial data model and simulated spatial distribution pattern of tourist flows in Nanjing City.The study concludes that, 1) spatial difference law in tourist flows is found within the city.Tourist flow in Nanjing city still belongs to the spatial polarization stage, but the concentration tends to decline and the diffusion gradually strengthens.2) By examining the indexes of Global Moran’s I and Local Moran’s I, concentration of tourist flow is dominant and concentration and diffusion exist synchronously within the city.The tourist flow distribution has obviously positive spatial autocorrelation, which had been weaker in 1995-1999 and stronger in 2001-2005.With the increasing of the number of tourist nodes, the spatial nodal structure has grown gradually since 1995, reflecting more significant positive autocorrelation (spatial dependence).3) By factor analysis, four concentration and diffusion tourism fields are found.4) By using software Surfer 8.0, spatial distribution pattern is core-periphery model.The core tourist area lies in inner city, presenting convergency and concentricity.Meanwhile, the interaction between the tourist areas increased gradually.Tourist flow distribution curves showed characteristic of waves and leap forward.And 5) according to spatial change of tourist flows in Nanjing City, tourist flow mode was constructed.
  • Division of Island (County) Major Function Oriented Zoning:A Case Study of Yuhuan and Dongtou, Zhejiang Province, China
    ZHANG Yao-Guang, ZHANG Yan, LIU Huan
    2011, 31(7): 810-816. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2011.07.810
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    Island is the land in the sea.An intact island contains the adjacent sea area besides island terrene, insular shelf and offshore barrier.The area of island is small and its regional structure and ecological structure is simple.The ecological system of island is weak and the biodiversity index of island is very small.The stabilization of island’s ecological and environmental is not optimistic.A lot of ecological and environmental problems will be very easy to appear, if not being paid attention to protection the island.Major function oriented zoning emphasizes division and layout of the territory spatial development, and it requires the complete overlay of the territory.The island county is a compound system of territory.As the land area county, on the basis of the analysis on the resources environmental carrying capability, existing development density and future development potentials, considering the future of Chinese coordinate development of the distribution of population, economic layout, land use and urbanization patterns, the island counties can also be divided into four types of function zones:optimized exploitation zones, prioritized exploitation zones, limited development exploitation zones and banned exploitation zones.Based on the theories of major function oriented zoning and marine functional zoning and the quantification methods of AHP, multi-index synthetic weighed method, principal component-cluster analysis, considering the land and sea area factors, the paper combines qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis to integrate the geographical space thought into the analytical framework and make the major function oriented zoning of island county including the land and sea of Yuhuan and Dongtou counties.At the same time, this paper makes major function oriented zoning of the land and sea natural and compatible, and it makes the orientation of major function harmonious.
  • Protecting Cultivated Land of Standard Changes for New Construction Land Compensation Fee:A Case Study on Jiangsu Province,China
    JIN Xiao-Bin, DING Ning, TANG Jian, ZHANG Zhi-Hong, SONG Jia-Nan, ZHAO Jie, ZHOU Yin-Kang
    2011, 31(7): 817-822. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2011.07.817
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    The effect of the land taxes and fees in cultivated land protection can make a good reference to the improvement and perfection of the land taxes and fees system.This paper studies the new construction land compensation fee, which is charged in comparatively large amounts and has experienced a reform in a long term.In the article, a BP neural network model is built at first to depict the dynamic relationship between the fee and the decrease of cultivated land.By taking Jiangsu Province as an example, the inspection showed that the fitting accuracy of the model is high enough and the fitting error can be controlled below 1%.Secondly, the cultivated land protection effect of the fee is analyzed via the virtual simulation experiment.The cultivated land decrease of Jiangsu Province in 1996-2008 was simulated, respectively under the circumstances of zero-fee standard, the fee standards in 1999 and 2007.The results indicate that the implement of the new construction compensation fee in Jiangsu Province has reduced the decrease of cultivated land by 29.54 hm2 accumulatively in 1999-2008.While the reform of the fee also achieved a great performance in cultivated land protection, in 2007 and 2008, the decrease of cultivated land is reduced by 10.90 hm2 due to the increase of the fee.But despite of the increase of the fee, the contribution of the fee to the cultivated land protection maintains is about 1%.The main conclusions are drawn:1) The new construction land compensation fee can add to the land-use cost of the local government to some extent, which helps to reduce the occupation of cultivated land; 2) The cultivated land area of Jiangsu province is highest in the 2007 fee standard and the lowest in zero-fee standard.So the 2007 fee standard is the best among the three standards.In some conditions, the higher the fee is, the better performance it plays in cultivated land protection; 3) On the whole, the contribution that new construction land compensation fee made in cultivated land protection is around 1%, which is relatively low; and the fee is not satisfactory in the effect of cultivated land protection.There are still a lot of efforts need to take in the policy making and implement.
  • The Evolution Process and Driving Factors of Standard Land Price of Commercial Land in Changchun City, China
    ZHANG Shi-Lei, BI Zhong-De, YANG Zhi-Yi, WANG Shi-Jun
    2011, 31(7): 823-828. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2011.07.823
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    As a momentous part of the urban land price system of China,standard land price (SLP) is one of the statutory public land price of the Chinese government, and it is also the foundation of land price evaluation in China.SLP is the instructive price for the urban land market.On the one hand, SLP reflects the premium level objectively, on the other hand, it is a basic way to government administration and control urban land market, and it is the basis of the appearance of land assets price and calculation of land assets income.In a process of dynamic change of urban SLP, the rise and spatial change of SLP result from comprehensive effects of economic development and city planning construction.Through calculations, the paper takes the SLP of Changchun City as an example to interpret the rule of evolution process.The thesis has first analyzed the dynamic change feature of commercial standard land price by calculation Chain index’eigenvalue in each price level of commercial SLP in Changchun City in 1994-2010.Using exploratory spatial data analysis(ESDA), the paper analyses the street price of commercial land in Changchun City in 2006 and 2010.After the analysis of the basic database structure and trend, the author chooses Kriging method to make interpolating and SLP prediction.The digital model of street price of commercial land in Changchun City in 2006 and 2010 is established based on the basic database of street price of commercial land in Changchun City in 2006 and 2010.According to the above data analysis, the article discusses the spatial pattern change of commercial standard land in Changchun City.The author selects 18 factors of urban SLP in Changchun City according to the actual situation of Changchun City, and using analysis of mathematical model of the principal components analysis.The work fixes the driving factors of commercial SLP of Changchun City.Finally, it gets the disciplines of SLP evolution process.The paper arrives the conclusion that promotion mechanism of economic development, land demand and supply mechanism, planning and guidance mechanism jointly impel and restrict the price and spatial pattern evolution of SLP.The health development of urban economy can obviously promote and improve SLP.And land demand and supply mechanism can drive SLP and restrict SLP spatial pattern.SLP level and the developmental trend are affected by city planning.
  • Influences of Planned Cross-river Channel on Construction Land Increase of Riverside City—A Case of Pukou District of Nanjing City, China
    WU Wei, ZHOU Sheng-Lu, YANG De-Zhi, WU Shao-Hua, HE Jia
    2011, 31(7): 829-835. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2011.07.829
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    With Pukou District of Nanjing as an example, the article introduces SLEUTH cellular automaton model and adopts the Landsat TM/ETM+ remote sensing data in five study periods(the years of 1988, 1995, 2000, 2004 and 2008)to simulate the general situation of urban expansion of the study area with or without the planned cross-river channels.And the influence of the planned cross-river channels on the urban growth of riverside city is analyzed from the perspective of quantity increase of construction land as well as spatial growth.The research shows that:1) SLEUTH model, after adjusted and tested, could well simulate the quantity growth of construction land as well as its characteristics of spatial distribution in the study area, therefore, it could be fairly applicable to the research of urban expansion of the study area; 2) the construction of planning cross-river channel has a significant impact on accelerating the growth of riverside city, but its driving effect will gradually decline year by year.The newly increased construction land in the study area will rise by 48.05% and 62.33% in 2020 and 2030, and the contribution rate of planned cross-river channel is 20.67% and 17.50%, with a decreasing driven effect year by year, which is particularly significant in the street of Jiangpu, Dingshan and Yanjiang in "Pukou New Town".
  • Spatio-temporal Impact Effects of Guangzhou Metro 3rd Line on Housing Prices
    MEI Zhi-Xiong, XU Song-Jun, OUYANG Jun, LIU Jing
    2011, 31(7): 836-842. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2011.07.836
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    Recently, along with the development of urbanization and urban rail transit system, the impact of urban rail transit system on real estate prices has become an interesting research topic, especially the theme of integrating temporal effects with spatial effects on real estate prices of surrounding areas has aroused more and more attention of Chinese and overseas scholars and specialists.On the basis of literature review about the impacts on real estate prices from urban rail transit system, using accessibility equality theory, comparative analysis method, hedonic price model including three characteristics:location, neighborhood and structure, GIS spatial analysis techniques, with a case of Guangzhou subway 3rd line and housing projects along the line, this article calculates the range of subway influencing the surrounding residential housing prices.And the spatio-temporal impact effects on the surrounding housing prices increment with the development of Guangzhou subway 3rd line from 2000 to 2007 is analyzed empirically, which includes the planning stage, the construction stage and the operational stage.The empirical results show:1) The nearer subway station away from city center, the smaller the influence range, and vice versa; 2) Subway contributes to the surrounding residential housing prices increment.Housing prices has a significantly positive correlation with the distances of houses away from subway, and the larger the distance the smaller the impact on the surrounding housing prices; 3) On sub-region variation, houses of Panyu District of Guangzhou are influenced the most, and average appreciation rate of houses in the impact range reaches to 20.48%, while those of Tianhe District and Haizhu District of Guangzhou are only 8.73%; 4) On temporal effect, subway shows a significantly positive effect on the surrounding housing prices of Panyu District of Guangzhou in the planning stage, but the effects in Tianhe District and Haizhu District of Guangzhou are not significant.The impact on the surrounding housing prices is firstly negative and then turns to be positive in the construction stage.The positive effects of the subway on housing prices become more prominent in the operational stage.In conclusion, the construction and operation of Guangzhou subway 3rd line have highly stimulated economic growth in its passed area, and also lead to the appreciation of housing values along the line.This study will provide a helpful reference for city planning, real estate exploitation and choosing and buying dwelling house of citizen.
  • Comparative Analysis on CO2 Emission Per Household in Daily Travel Based on Spatial Behavior Constraints
    CHAI Yan-Wei, XIAO Zuo-Peng, LIU Zhi-Lin
    2011, 31(7): 843-849. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2011.07.843
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    The CO2 emission has been increasing significantly in recent years and resulted in severe effects on global environment, and most emitted in the urban region.Therefore, the key to reduce the greenhouse gas rests on the de-carbonization in urban area on transportation and other aspects, influenced by urban form.The authors argued, for urban environment geography and urban planning, how to realize the low-carbonization of urban spatial structure is one critical scientific proposition, including how to evaluate the environment performance by CO2 emission, compare and find out the low-carbon urban structure, urban form and urban spatial institution and so on.Focusing to issues, an emphasis had been placed to discuss the interactive mechanism between the individual behaviors and the various urban spatial structure of China in the transition period.The residential behaviors vary significantly different by communities with dissimilar spatial characteristics.Based on the first-hand investigation data of 600 households’daily travel surveys at Beijing in 2007, the CO2 emission per household and other characteristics in daily travels during one workday were calculated, all taken place in the context of the community-family constraint mechanism set by the authors.Subsequently, the CO2 emission was presented by communities, which had been catalogued into four types, including the inner company’s communities, the block neighborhood, the outer-suburb commercial housing communities and subsidized housing communities.Averagely, 2 529.59 g CO2 were emitted during one work-day daily travel per residential household at Beijing in 2007, and the divergence was remarkable in the community level.The inner company’s communities and the block neighborhood can induce their residents’low-carbon emission, whereas the outer-suburb commercial housing communities and subsidized housing communities allocated to low-income citizens often resulted in the high-carbon travels.This community-level divergence was illustrated by the mean comparison and tiered distribution, thus the variance and cluster analysis for travel variables are related to the carbon emission.The viewpoint was that the company and block community exerted notable and positive constraint effects on individual CO2 emission for their characteristics such as mixed land-use, jobs-housings balance and the completeness of facilities provision.In contrast, the communities developed in the appliance of the zoning theory would lead to long-distance travels, expand daily travels’scale and promote the individuals to use motor and other the high-carbon travel modes.What deserve attention is that, different from travel distance and travel mode, there is no significant divergence among communities with regards to the number of travels.In conclusion, the company system and zoning system, these two contradictive spatial structure model differ completely in carbon constraint-response and effect path, that is to say that these two main spatial patterns have distinctly different environmental performances.Regarding to the implication of policy, the government should rethink the function zoning, apply the company elements more, and promot the mix land use and comprehensive balance, which are all in accordance with new urbanism and compact city.At the same time, concerned with the governance of low-carbon community, asymmetric-designed policies and controls should be designed deliberatively in view of the household travel characteristic variation by communities.
  • Social Space Structure of Coal City in Transition:A Case Study of Fuxin City, China
    WEI Ye, ZHANG Zhe, XIU Chun-Liang
    2011, 31(7): 850-857. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2011.07.850
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    Fuxin city, Liaoning Province of China, is a coal industrial city, which is in the economic and social transition period.Its social space has some different characters from other cities.Therefore, the study on social space structure of Fuxin has theoretical and practical significance.In the research process, questionnaire survey was used to get the first-hand data.Factor analysis, location quotient analysis and cluster analysis were introduced to analyze the social space structure of Fuxin.The main analysis process contains 3 parts:First, 5 principal factors of social space in Fuxin were extracted by using factor analysis, including:1) the poor, 2) the "in system" employees, 3) the former mining workers, 4) the private and individual practitioners, as well as 5) people living in old residential quarters and shantytown.Second, improved location quotient method was utilized to analyze the spatial agglomeration of each factor with the help of GIS mapping.It was found that the spatial distribution characteristics of 5 factors were different from each other obviously.Third, cluster analysis was performed to divide the social areas.The whole Fuxin contained 5 social areas, namely, 1) the "in system" employees community, 2) the "others-transition" former mining workers community, 3) the "self-transition" former mining workers community (namely the private and individual practitioners community), 4) shantytown to reconstruct and 5) the poor concentration area.In addition, a simplified model of social space structure was abstracted according to the spatial distribution of the social areas.Easy to see from the model, almost all the social areas have some relationships with the former mining workers, and the railway is a clear dividing line.Based on the above analysis, the article also discussed the formation mechanism of social space structure of Fuxin, considering that the transition of the former mining workers, separation of the railway, resources development stage, the economic transition of resources-exhausted cities, special ecological and environmental problems of coal cities, as well as institutional factors in vocational differentiation promoted the unique social space structure of Fuxin.Especially, the transition of the former mining workers is the most important factor.
  • Livelihood Vulnerability Assessment of Farmers and Nomads in Eastern Ecotone of Tibetan Plateau, China
    YAN Jian-Zhong, YU Ou, WU Ying-Ying, ZHANG Yi-Li
    2011, 31(7): 858-867. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2011.07.858
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    Livelihood vulnerability assessment provides a scientific basis for anti-poverty of people and regional sustainable development in vulnerable area.Although there are massive discussions on the concept of vulnerability, it is still a difficult point to make it quantitative and carry out comprehensive appraise.Vulnerability assessments based on sustainable livelihood frame are widely accepted in the case studies for attentions to vulnerable groups.However, these case studies are always on regional scale and never reflect how climate change affects people’s livelihood and adaptive capability.It is necessary to seek a vulnerable assessment index system and the means based on livelihood process of local people.This paper develops a livelihood vulnerability assessment index system on the basis of sustainable livelihood framework and appraises livelihood vulnerability values of 11 townships, using data of 879 sample households.Livelihood vulnerability assessment index system reflects main risks, livelihood assets and adaptation strategies of local people and government.The results show that livelihood vulnerability level of plateau region is higher than that of the mountainous region to the plateau region and the mountain canyon area.Manzhang Township in the plateau region is the most vulnerable township and nomads there cannot cope with risks of climate change, meadow degeneration and herbs degradation.Upper part of the mountainous region to the plateau region and the whole plateau region have high livelihood vulnerability values and local nomads would not cope with risks if no measure is taken by government.The driving forces of livelihood vulnerability include strikes of risks and deficiency of livelihood assets and adaptive capability.Farmers and nomads in high mountain canyon area and lower part of the mountain region to the plateau region can cope with these risks, meanwhile, there are more employment opportunities in secondary and tertiary industries are needed to help them realize livelihood diversification.Therefore, plateau region and upper part of mountain to plateau region is vulnerable region and active steps should be taken by government to strengthen adaptive capabilities of farmers and nomads.Government support should shift from the improvement of natural assets to that of human assets and financial assets, such as technique training, health insurance, animal disease prevention and treatment, low interest or interest-free loan, restoring gazing areas to grassland in black beach, restoring other degraded pastures.
  • Dynamic Changes of Cultivated Land in Changchun City and Their Driving Forces
    LIU Yan-Tong, ZHANG Yan-Jun, ZHAO Ling
    2011, 31(7): 868-873. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2011.07.868
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    The total dynamic changes of the cultivated land from 1988 to 2007 in Changchun City of Jinlin Province, China, were analyzed using the statistic data and the detailed inquisitional land materials and investigated alternated land information.On the basis of this, the main driving factors of the cultivated land amount changing were calculated using the principle component analysis.Ten correlated factors which influence the total quantity of cultivated land changing, such as total population, GDP, the investment of social fixed assets and the tertiary industrial output, etc.were also calculated at the mean time.The results shows that:from 1988 to 2007, the total amount of the cultivated land of Changchun decreased, and the economic development was the main driving factor of the amount of cultivated land in Changchun.In the principle analysis, the factors of the correlation matrix, such as the characteristic value, contribute ratio of principle component and the accumulated contribute ratio, correlated highly and inevitably.Most of the factor loadings are bigger than 0.9 except that of forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, which count for 0.575 out of the total output.Proportionality factor loads of the yield rates of the cultivated land, forestry and fishery are relatively high in the total output.It can be concluded that the main driving factors of the dynamic change of land cultivation amount are socio-economic development, population increasing and the progress of the agricultural techniques.
  • Volumn of Ecological Environment Water Requirement for Urban Waterscape Design
    WANG Yan-Zhen
    2011, 31(7): 874-878. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2011.07.874
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    By analysis on the waterscape design, it was found that the research about water demand of waterscape design was less, especially about the water-preservation, the ecotype water scene design, and studies on the pattern of one-third of water and 7 parks are limited.This paper introduced the volumn of ecological environment water requirement to waterscape design on the first time.By qualitative and quantitative methods, the paper carried out the study on the volumn of ecological environment water requirement for waterscape design.For example, Chaoyang Park waterscape in Beijing, under no consideration of the quantity of water consumption of public open space, the maximal, moderate and minimal quantity of ecological environment water requirement of waterscape was 193.71?104 m3, 189.81?104 m3 and 178.11?104 m3 respectively.If water consumption of public open space came form the park waterscape, the maximal, moderate and minimal quantity of ecological environment water requirement of waterscape was 404.99?104 m3, 401.09?104 m3 and 389.15?104 m3 respectively.This study provided the references and methods for waterscape designer to calculate the quantity of ecological environment water requirement.
  • The Trilateral Regional Tourism Development Strategy:A Case Study of Fushun City, China
    XING Ming, LIU Ji-Sheng
    2011, 31(7): 879-884. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2011.07.879
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    According to the characteristics of tourism and regional development rules, and focusing on the traditional and single mode of urban tourism development strategy, this paper puts forward the trilateral regional tourism development strategy.The targeted strategy should be made in tourism development according to such principles as resources development, market expanding and system optimization.Taking the Fushun City of Liaoning Province, China, as an example, according to the actual situation and related planning, this paper analyses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats of the tourism resources and discusses the local arrangement of the above three strategic task, namely the strategy of key projects leading, regional development and system optimizing.Strategy of key projects leading means to achieve several main travel and tourism areas to lead the leapfrog development of whole service industry, which include Yong Tomb of Qing Dynasty, Leifeng Memorial, Sa-er-hu Natural Park, Qingyuan Slip Resort, and so on.Strategy of regional development means to think about the situation of around cities such as Shenyang, Anshan, Benxi, Tieling, Liaoyang and so on, although travel and tourism of around citis are competitive opponents.There are common origins of Qing Dynasty and the Manchu nationality with "one palace and three tombs of relics".Strategy of system optimizing means to keep balance of four districts(Shuncheng, Dongzhou, Xinfu and Wanghua) and three counties (Fushun, Qingyuan and Xinbin), and optimize the service facilities of travel, which include hotels, restaurants, tourism shops, culture shows, gift manufacture industry and so on.The effective implementation of the three strategies will ensure the rapid development of regional tourism of whole Fushun city.
  • The Concentration Analysis on Distance Decay of Information Flow in Tourism Websites
    ZHANG Qiu-Luan, LU Zi
    2011, 31(7): 885-890. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2011.07.885
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    This paper gets the traffic data of each province in 24 tourism websites by using Baidu, Google, Alexa, Cnzz and other Internet search engines and statistic tool of website traffic.It evaluates the curve model of distance decay of information flow in tourism website, and based on this, further explores the concentration of distance decay of information flow in tourism website.This study includes three stages in which those websites are analyzed by means of going forward by using Zipf law, geographic concentration index and the exponential model.The paper not only describes the concentration of spatial distribution, but also reveals the character of local concentration and economic concentration, and discusses the relationship between local concentration and compliance of exponential model.The research findings are:① rank-size distribution of information flow in tourism website follows Zipf law, mainly shows a single fractal characteristic, and the main scale structure of information flow shows Pareto distribution pattern with significant concentration of spatial distribution.The concentration changed correspondingly with the value of fractal dimension.② The provinces that location quotient value of distance decay of information flow in tourism website bigger than 1 are the tourism website located provinces or economy developed provinces.And the distance decay has obvious local concentration and economic concentration.The spatial Lorenz curve of the distance decay of information flow in tourism websites are concave, and the Gini coefficients of the most tourism websites are more than 0.5.The concentration of distance decay is higher, and imbalance in spatial distribution.③ The local concentration of distance decay of information flow in tourism website is influenced by the nature of the tourism website.The stronger local concentration, the higher of the (goodness-of-fit index), the better match of exponential model with the data points of the website, the closer to standard curve of the various provinces’traffic, the higher match with the fitting curves, the higher traffic proportion of tourism website located province.④ The concentration character of information flow distance decay in tourism websites give a theoretical support to tourist destination defining and tourism websites building and marketing.
  • Suburbanization of the United States and Its Implications to the Urban Efficient Growth of China
    LIU Yan-Yan
    2011, 31(7): 891-896. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2011.07.891
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    There has been always centralizing and centrifugal forces during the urban spatial development processes.Suburbanization is a centrifugal process of urbanization that the centre centrifugal diffusion power is over the centripetal agglomeration.This phenomenon can not only effectively relieve the problems caused by urban expansion, such as high population density and traffic congestion, but also bring some negative effects, like a waste of land resources, the damage of ecological environment, the isolation of class differentiation and the recession of inner city.The United States is one of the most typical countries with suburbanization and has a wealth of experience in dealing with the problems caused by suburbanization, such as how to keep construction and management in good order and handle the relationship between construction and protection.However, because of the different land ownership and urbanization stages between China and western developed countries, the suburbanization phenomenon presents different characteristics.China is in the period of rapid urbanization.Due to the GDP-oriented during the great-leap-forward of urban spatial development, suburbanization has appeared in some well-developed cities, which cause "Spillover-Echo" problem, for example, people in new city cannot achieve on-site job, while the central city is too crowded.In this paper, the suburbanization in the United States and China are compared in details.And methods of enhancing the efficiency of urban spatial growth are proposed from the perspective of efficient growth to guide the city development in China.Learning from advanced experiences of the United States in both effectively making use of suburbanization function and solving the problems caused by suburbanization, and from the perspective of urban efficient growth, it is tried to study how to improve the efficiency of urban spatial growth, and make an effective guidance in growth idea, management technique and the coordinating of the government and the market function of urban development.