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  • 1983 Volume 3 Issue 4
    Published: 20 July 1983
      
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  • GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM EXPLORATIN AND EXPERIMENTS
    Chen Shupeng
    1983, 3(4): 287-302. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.1983.04.287
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    Geographic Information System (GIS),developed since last fifteen years,consists basically of:a common geographic base,data digitization and standardization procedure,and a muliti-dimension structure.Its evolution eflects the following characteristics of geosciences: --regional Integrating capability --dynamic monitoring ability --the third generation of geographic language China has paid attention to exploring GIS since 1980 and several thematicexperiments have been conducted in some study areas since then.The experiments which could only be carried out at the thematic level or on the selected areasare due to the lack of large computer systems available in related organizations. 1.Prestudy on Data Acquisition During the 1978’s remote sensing experiment in Tengchong,series thematic mapping by using color IR aerial photographs as the same information source was realized.Meanwhile,the possibility of derivating various thematical maps based on a common landscape unit was also studied.this was actually the thematic extraction from same remote sensing data and then the presentation of the information extracted on a series of maps under a“standard”map scale (e.g.,1:100,000).This work is known an essential procedure in any GIS Sobjects related in the experiment are mentioned below,from what the primary knowledge of data acquisition was learnt.A.The relationship between landscape unit and the cartographic unit.B.Digital terrain model.C.Image enhancement and classification D.Computer assist cartography for statistical data Only the polygon system was used in the Tengchong experiment,Neither grid system nor network system was studied during that priod.2.A Model of Regional Data Bank A experiment system consisting of a IBM370/158 computer,IMS system,aJTS-86 digital Controlled plotter was constructed.Meanwhile attention was also given to studying the applicability of microprocessor a GIS,in order to populize mini-system at the county level for agricultral nagement,planning,inquriing,analizing and mapping.To establsh the model,experiments were conducted on the following aspects:A.Information acquisiton In this field,the methodology for data acquisition from various data sources and the techniques for information registration were experimented.Techniques concering thematic information presentation and digitization were also explored.B.Data processing The study covered such a great diversity of activities as software development for interface system,data assessment system,data input system and utility program package.C.Output and application In this scope,it provides programs for quality evaluation,dynamic analysis and forecasting models.The application covers such areas as assessment of subbmersion losses caused by reservoir construction,water resources estimation,land resource inventory,environmental quality evaluation and population developpment analysis,and etc.D.Integration analysis in case study areas In an industral area,data concerning land use,population and social economic statistics,environmental quality evaluation,resources exploration problem were integrately analized.In an agricultural area,fourteen different types of data were dollected and then analized on two levels.8.Data Base At The County Level The Institute of Geography of Academia Sinica has completed a county boun-dary data base of the whole country (Liu Yue and Liang Qizhang,1982),whi-ch provides the polygon spatial information of county administration boundari-es for over 2800 counties.The base also provides the map base for cartographic automation of the social economic data,resources inventory and for regional integrated anlysis at national scale,This data base has more than 150 fries,including 30 programs for file generation,maintainance,updating,exploration and application,and etc.The Instiute of Geography used the data base in the statistical analysis of some local deseases and in producing population distribution maps and densitymaps at the scale of 1:4,000,000.The results were well successful.In summary,the experiments so far conducted effect works on GIS covering a number of areas,The main achievements are as following:A.Primary experiences relating to the construction of data bases at different levels such as national,county,commune and landscape unit are gained,and the relationship between these levels and ground resolution of remote sensing data are studied.B.Primary understanding of the key technical problems such as improving map measurement and transfering accuracy,information registration between naturall and social economic data,updating data base by using Landsat data are gained.C.Some application software for statistical analysis and cartographic automation were developed or partly improved,which has opened a new channel for geographically integrated study,thematic series apping,remote sensing and telemetry technique.D.The possibility for cooperation at provincial level or county level,or between different water basins are studied.In short,basing on conventional geography,compurtational mathematics,photogrammetry and the remote sensing technique have stimulated further studies on the subject.For example,population,social survey,agricultural,forest,water resources,environment monitoring and urban planning departments have prepared to establish various data base to make their needs.There is a strong tendency for qualitative analysis in geosciences and biology.Such as mathematical geology,biological athematics,geographical qualitative analysis,glacier records,and etc.have been receiving increasingly attentions,Thus a favarable condition for the development of GIS is evident.
  • SOME RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ANTARCTIC ICE EXTENT AND CLIMATE
    Peng Gongbing, Si Youyuan
    1983, 3(4): 303-309. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.1983.04.303
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    The authors have revealed some facts that show the relationships between the climate and the Antarctic ice extent,and proceeded some analyses and discussions.As for the correlation coefficient,there are closer relationships among the Antarctic ice extent,the exponents of atmospheric circulation and the air temperature of China.While the zonal circulation of Northern Hemisphere becomes strong,the active centers of atmosphere over the world move to south,the subtropical anticyclones of Southern Hemisphere and the cyclonic system near the Antarctic move to south too;correspondingly,the Antarctic ice-snow cover increases.In this case,it is colder in the northeast of China and warmer in the south of China,and vice versa. Ice and atmosphere interact on each other.The atmospheric circulation restricts the climate and ice-snow cover of different regions.However,the variation of ice-snow cover causes the modification of cold source in the atmosphere and that of temperature field;the latter,in turn,leads to the variation of pressure field and finally results in the variation of atmospheric circulation and climatic characteristics of different regions.
  • ON RELATION BETWEEN EVOLUTION OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN FACTOR AND DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENT
    Xian Xiaowei, Zhang Linyuan, Ai Nanshan, W·WÖhlke
    1983, 3(4): 311-320. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.1983.04.311
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    Lanzhou valley is a dimond basin striking from NW to SE,including 6 river erraces.The older the terrace,the higher it is above the river and the more splited the surface is.The lower terraces ramaining even and smooth,are main sites for city building.In the east plain,where Lanzhou city lies,the course of the Yellow River has continually moved northward in these two thousand years and enlarged the area of plain,which basically results from neotectonic movement and other natural factors,but human activeties have taken role of increasing importance.The main function of Lanzhou urban settlement is a ferry and a transport centre.Lanzhou used to be a important crossing site and post on the“silk road”,and then became a transport and trade centre in Northwest.In the middle of 17th century,Lanzhou became the capital of Gansu,a new province,and its population and area grew rapidly.But the real fast development of its urban settlement is after 1949.The developing process of Lanzhou urban settlement indicates that urban settlement is a system consisting of natural enviroment and human sociaty basedon the former.
  • GEOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF CHROMIUN CONTENT OF SOIL IN CHINA
    Zhang Shen, Wang Mingyuan, Zhou Qitao, Zhu Yuezhen
    1983, 3(4): 321-328. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.1983.04.321
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    To calculate the abundance of chromium in soil and to study geographical differentiation of chromium content in soil are of great importance for evaluating soil chromium pollution,estimating anomaly of chromium in soil,which has relation to doing harm to man,animal and plant,and existence of dispersion halo of mineral deposits.Statistics from 273 samples of surface soil and 240 samples of soil profile shows that the frequency distribution of chromium content in soil belongs to the approximate logarithmic normal distribution (See Fig.2),the chromium contents of surface soil and soil profile range from 3 to 600 ppm and from 5.2 to 1000.5 ppm respectively;the coefficients of variation are 84.9% and 100.4%;respectively the geometrical means are 58.5 and 61.8 ppm respectively(See Table 1).Chromium content of different soil types and chromium abundance of soil in Chinaare listed in Table 2 and 4.Ceographical differentiation of chromium content of soil in China is characterized by evident provincialism.There is close correlation between soil and its parent material in respect of chromium content (See Fig.3),i.e.chromium content of soil depends closely on those of its parent rock:soil formed on ultra basic and basic volcanic rock is of the highest content of chromium,and soil formed on acid volcanic rock and sand is of the lowest content of chromium (See Table 3).
  • TYPES AND FORMATIVE PERIODS OF PEATLAND IN HUABAI PAAIN AND THE LOWER REACHES OF YANGTZE RIVER PLAIN
    Zhong Jianyue, Zhang Zeyou, Qiu Shuzhang, Sun Shiying
    1983, 3(4): 329-337. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.1983.04.329
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    Huabai plain and the lower reachers of Yangtze River plain in China are regions of which buried peatlands are widely distributed.The cover layers of peatland are chiefly within five meters.In this region,there exist three ypes of peatland,subdivided into seven patterns.Ⅰ.River Valley Type Peatland 1.Washland pattern peatland 2.Paleochannel pattern peatland Ⅱ.Lake Basin Type Peatland 3.Lagoon pattern peatland 4.Barrier lake pattern peatland Ⅲ.Cleuch Type Peatland 5.Head pattern peatland 6.Cleuch pattern peatland 7.Fan’s edge in mouth of cleuch patternp eatland.The peatlands in this region were chiefly formed in Mesoholocene,secondly were formed in eoholocene,and only a small part was formed in Euholocene.The ancient castline in high sea level period in the earlier stage of Mesoholocene could be used as boundary of peatland distribution.In peatland to the eastof this boundary line,there were two buried peat layers,the lower peat layer was formed Chiefly in Euholocene,the upper peat layer was formed chiefly in the later stage of Mesoholocene to Neoholocene.The peatlands to the west of this boundary line were formed chiefly in the earlier stage of Mesoholocene.
  • FOSSIL ICE WEDGES AND LATE PLEISTOCENE ENVIRONMENT IN DATONG BASIN,SHANXI PROVINCE
    Yang Jingchun, Sun Jianzhong, Li Shude, Wang Yixun
    1983, 3(4): 339-344. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.1983.04.339
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    In the east of Datong basin (about 1000m above sea level),we found some fossil ice wedges of late Pleistocene.The surface polygons were composed of ice wedges with meshes measured as large as 3m across.The ice wedges themselves were dominantly vertical and extend to a depth of 120 cm and widened to a width of 20～30cm.Upon the thawing of ice,the cavity of the ice wedge left was filled by fineroundish,eolian sand,forming a cast of sand wedge. Because of the lateral growth and squeeze of the wedge,adjacent lacustrine clay sediments usually developed an upward bend.This fossil ice wedge indicated a rather arid and windy periglacial environment with its mean annual temperatures estimated as some 11.5°to 16℃ colder than those of the present.About 26000 years ago,the southern boundary of late Pleistocene permafrost extended to the latitudes 40°N.
  • THE PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE ORIGIN OF THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM OWING TO THE TECTONIC MOVEMENT IN THE UPPER COURSE OF THE CAO-E RIVER,ZHEJIANG PROVINCE
    Liu Zhenzhong, Wang Feiyan
    1983, 3(4): 345-352. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.1983.04.345
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    The origin of the drainage system and geomorphical development of the Cao-e River was brought under control by geologic structures,especially by faults of new tectonic movements.The original three great tributaries of the Cao-e River have become drainage divisions due to the influence of new tectonic movements,and Pleistocene stream deposits have been left over the drainage divisions.But for each former tributary,two new parallel rivers flowing in the same direction,at a short distance adjacent to each other,with symmetric tributaries,have developed along both sides of the elevated block formed by these deposits:the Xinchang River and the Huangze River,the Chengtan River and the Zuoyu River,and the Changle River and the Xiaowu River,respectively.The Yanshan eruptive rock and its north-eastern strike folds formed the foundation of modern low height mountains.Cretaceous andstone,gravel beds and eruptive rock deposited in structure basins made up the foundation of modernlow mountains and hils.Basaltic table-land that formed at the end of the Tertiary period to the beginning of the Quaternary period was cut apart into high,middle and low basaltic table-land due to unequal height of formation.Therefore,the revived faults due to new tectonic movements became clear geomorphic demarcation lines,new rivers developed along those demarcation lines,and the original river system changed into the present river system.
  • THE PRELIMINARY DISCUSSION OF QUATERNARY CRUSTAL MOVEMENT OF SANJIANG PLAIN
    Sun Guangyou
    1983, 3(4): 353-360. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.1983.04.353
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    The Quaternary crustal movement of Sanjiang plain has been mainly submer ging successively on a large scale,and the maximum depth of the submergence in that region is believed to be nearly 300 meters.The rate of [submergence is 1.7 mm per year.Recently it mainly continues to submerge,but it indicates a tendency of reduction in range and of weakening in the activity of crustal movement gradually.The neotectonic movement provinces of Sanjiang region may be divided into four first-class sections and eight second-class sections:Ⅰ1 and Ⅰ2 The Qianjin-Hanchonggou [and the Juncuan-Seibin province,showing maximum range of submergence in the Pleistocene and a slow submerge in recent time.Ⅱ1 and Ⅱ2 The drainage area of Rouli river and Anbang river,showing the middle range of submergence in the Pleistocene and a glow submerge in recent time.Ⅲ1 and Ⅲ2 The Huacuan-Hongwei and Hanchonggou province,showing middle range of submergence in the Pleistocene and a slow uplift in recent time.Ⅳ1 and Ⅳ2 The Jiamusi-Haiqing province,showing minimum range of submergence in the Pleistocene and a slow uplift in recent time.It is noticeable that the formation of continental rift valley system caused by Pacific plate underthrusting the continent is the principal mechanism which formed the rift of the Sanjiang plain.
  • A SKETCH OF THE TRANSITION OF THE LAKES BETWEEN THE YANGTZE RIVER AND THE HUAIHE IN THE LATE PERIOD
    Pan Fengying
    1983, 3(4): 361-368. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.1983.04.361
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    The region between the Yangtze river and the Huaihe mentioned in the artile,is from the south of the old course of the Huaihe (now the abandoned channel of the Huanghe) to the north of the Yangtze river.The data obtained by drilling 4 meters deep in Gaoyou,Xinghua,Yancheng,Baoying,Huaian,and Jianhu,show that are two types of lacutrine deposits in the late Holocene:one is the lake of continental facies and the other,the lagoon deposit.With the help of the historic and local records,the author tries to describe the transition and thedevelopment of the lakes of this region in number,area and form.There are widely distributed shallow peat deposits at 0～7 meters below the surface of this region and 3～4 layers of natural gas bearing strata of 7～30 meters deep.These facts can be used as evidence of the transitions in the early and middly Holocene to prove the actual existence of the numerous lakes and marshes during that period.During Ⅱ94～Ⅰ885 when the Huanghe captured the Huaihe,the changes of the lake areas were more markedly influenced by man-made factors mainly in twoaspeots:one was the building of the dykes along the Huaihea against the Huanghe, which caused the lakes to join together and enlarge their areas.These lakes were easily silted up by the river deposits during the flood time.The other aspect was the policy of retaining the clear Huaihe water to wash the Huanghe bed and to supply water for the Grand Canal.As a result,the area of the lakes west of the Grand Canal was gradually reduced,and the lakes in the area of Lixiahe were speedily silted up.
  • THE SALT LAKES IN THE INNER-MONGOLIA PLATEAU OF CHINA
    Zheng Xiyu
    1983, 3(4): 369-378. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.1983.04.369
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    Inner-Mongolia plateau is the most widely distributed area of salt lakes in China.It is especially well-known at home and abroad for its great number of alkali lakes.It is a main source of the trona resources of our country.These salt lakes bear the characteristice of large in quantity,complete in types,and short in salt-forming period.This paper is to discuss the physical constituents,hydrochemical characteristics,classification,formation and evolution,and salt-forming regularities of salt lakes in that area through their distribution,lacustrine deposits and salt-forming conditions,etc.Moreover,it also presents some suitable introduction about the resources of salt lakes.
  • APPROACH TO THE LAND UTILIZATION IN THE POYANG LAKE AREA
    Lin Wenrong, Du Gaohung
    1983, 3(4): 379-386. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.1983.04.379
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    The Poyang Lake area lies in the north of Jiangxi Province.It is rich in light and heat resources and has various types of land,which provided favourable Conditions for the agricultural production in the broader ense.Generally the type of the land in this area is centered on Poyang Lake.From the center to the outside of thearea and from the foot of mountain to its top the types of land in turn:the mar-shland-meadow-sandy beach and the water surface;the light meadow-paddy soil alluvial plain,the red soil on which pine and tea oil trees are grown;the low hilly land with brown-red soil;the hilly land with red and yellow soil on which pine and China fir are grown;the hilly area with the yellow-brown soil on which there is broadleaf forest.The Poyang Lake area has varioua land resources.Its area under Cultivation is 24.2% and 17% under forest.The water area is 9.4%.The industry andcommunication,the cities and towns are 10%.the waste hills and land are 39.4%. Out of them there are 3,000,000 mu of waste land in the low hilly land which can be brought under cultivation.Due to various reasons the waste of land is made,the soil fertility is decreased,the level of productiveness is not high etc.In order to rationally exploit and utilize the land resources in the area we have put forward the following ideas:1.Developing the advantages and avoiding the disadvantages,regulating the distribution of productiveness and bringing the potential of land in production into play;2.Launching a large-scale water conservancy projects and reforming soils;3.Persisting in combination of the utilization with the conservation and avoiding the decrease of the soil fertility;4.Rationally opening up the wasteland with red soil at the low hilly waste land.