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  • 2003 Volume 23 Issue 6
    Published: 20 November 2003
      
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  • Relative Analysis and Provincial Differences of China's Urbanization and Non-agricultural Development
    FAN Jie, TIAN Ming
    2003, 23(6): 641-648. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.06.641
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    This paper analyses the relation of urbanization and non-agricultural development in the last 20 years of 30 provinces in China, and concludes that the relativity of urbanization level and non-agriculture employment level is more and more prominent as a whole, but great differences exist among provinces. From the historical review, differed from other industrialized countries, Chinese industrialization begins with the heavy industry under central planned economy system, and this system distorted the industrial structure, employment structure, and urban-rural structure. The proportion of value of non-agricultural industries is much higher than it's employmental level and employmental level higher than urbanization level. After 1980, along with the market economic system setting up and high-speed economic growth, the distorted industrial structure was redress little by little. The deviation among the value proportion, employmental level and urbanization level is also being redressed, not only in the whole country but also in numerous provinces. But, from horizontal review, there are great differences among provinces. First, the developmental speeds of non-agricultural employment and urbanization are various among 30 provinces in last 20a. Second, the ratio of UN (urbanization level and non-agricultural employment level) is different in different provinces. For example, it is 1.01 in Hainan Province, but only 0.51 in Hebei Province. Furthermore, there is little relationship between UN ratio and economic development level. Based on the developmental speeds and the ratios, the provinces of China are classified into some regional types as well. At last, according with the industrial evolution and the changing industrial employmental flexibility in last 20a, the authors explain the mechanism of provincial differences. In the 1980s, light industry and services make a burst growth in several traditional heavy industrial provinces or big cities, and improve non-agricultural employment and urbanization level, especially in north China. On the other hand, in the 1990s, because of the declined employmental flexibility of second industry, central urbanization and rural urbanization show different among provinces. In traditional industrial provinces, unemployment plays down the urbanization; in under-developed provinces rural urbanization has not played much roles as developed regions; but in developed provinces not only rural urbanization but also the urban services play important role. So, the relation between urbanization and non-agriculture employment level show different greatly among provinces.
  • Research on the Old Industrial Area and Development Stratagem in Northeast China
    WANG Guo-Xia, TONG Lian-Jun, LI Guo-Ping, LU Qi
    2003, 23(6): 649-655. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.06.649
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    Old Industrial Area is such an area emerging during industrialization, which has exist in developed countries with highly industrialization for half an century. The traditional industries like mining, pulp and paper, and the iron steel industry dominated the areas for a long time in the past, and the industrial structure was unbalanced. When the dominant industry declined and the new one had not been established, the whole area appeared economic depressing step by step. Although China has a short industrialization, some regions are the same as ones in developed countries, especially in Northeast China. With enormous capital asserts, many state-owned enterprises and a large number of workers, the northeast of China played an important role in process of Chinese modernization in the past. However, with the rapid industrialization of China and affected by the global economy, some areas are declining because of the being exhausted resources and facing the industrial shunt and labour transfer, or because of low technology development compared with other cities. Some researchers have studied these areas, but they looked them as an unit ignoring the difference among areas or they sampled one area to study without suggestion to national macro-planning though it is useful to regional development. So, the paper supplies a gap and aims to classify the old industrial areas which are really solve the problem of unbalanced development of PRED in Northeast China. Based on the relevant research at home and abroad, the authors briefly introduce the forming background and relative mechanism of OIA, and from the dimension of time and space mainly defines OIA. Then, the authors establish the indicator system believing that the indicator system should include span index and current index, and the method flow of classification. With this system and method, the authors separate 10 OIAs from Northeast of China, which are Fushun, Fuxin, Jixi, Hegang, Shuangyashan, Daqing, Yichun, Qitaihe, and Liaoyuan. At last, as to the forming causes, the paper puts forward macro direction in OIA's development from the choices of dominant industries and the adjustment of the industrial structure.
  • Study on Regional Sustainability of Ecological Consumption in Northeast China
    LIU Li, ZHENG Jing-Shu
    2003, 23(6): 656-660. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.06.656
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    Assessment of ecological sustainability reveals the base line of capacity of regional sustainable development. The issues concerned to this field involve not only to investigate the background of environment, but also to understand the behavior modes of society. Canadian ecological economists initiatively bring forward the method of Ecological Footprint to assess the sustainability of human consumption by comparing with the ecological carrying capacity. The paper describes the method and use for reference to estimate the ecological carrying capacity and the total ecological consumption of Northeast China. Based on these data, authors assess the regional ecological sustainability and further discusses how to promote regional ecological sustainability as well as relative policies goals.
  • Analysis of Climate Jumps in the Sanjiang Plain
    Yan Min-Hua, Deng Wei, Chen Pan-Qin
    2003, 23(6): 661-667. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.06.661
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    The Sanjiang Plain has gone through 4 periods of large-scale reclamation from 1956 to the present. Over 50% of wetlands in the region had changed into agricultural fields. The underlying surface of the plain has changed tremendously. In this paper, monthly records of 4 climatic factors (air temperature, precipitation, sunshine-hour, and wind speed) for 21 meteorological stations covering the period 1955-2000 were used. The climate jumps in the plain were examined by accumulated departure, Jy parameter and Mann-Kendall methods in the paper. Spring months defined in the paper were March-May, summer was June-September, autumn was October-November and winter was December-February of the next year. The results of seasonal and annual climate jumps showed that a jump of annual precipitation occurred in the 1960s, which had a decrease of 66.5mm; two warming jumps of annual mean temperature happened in the 1970s and the 1980s, which made the plain be different from around areas, and had the increases of 0.4℃and 1.0℃, respectively; the jumps of annual sunshine-hour and mean wind speed of the plain in the 1980s had decreased by 121.3h and 0.5m/s, respectively. The greenhouse effect and large-scale reclamation were probably direct reasons that resulted in climate jumps of the Sanjiang Plain.
  • Temporal-Spatial Variation Law of Organic Carbon Content in Typical Black Soil on Songliao Plain
    LIU Jing-Shuang, YU Jun-Bao, WANG Jin-Da, LIU Shu-Xia
    2003, 23(6): 668-673. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.06.668
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    The spatial variation law of soil organic carbon(SOC) and the content variation of SOC in different tillage periods in typical black soil distribution area of China were studied. The results show that, with the increase of latitude, the average total black soil organic carbon content increases from 11.43 g/kg to 20.83 g/kg, the organic carbon compositions content and HA/FA ratio show a increased trend. With soil profile depth increased, the black soil total organic carbon and HA-C, FA-C, HU-C contents are decreased, the black soil total organic carbon contents in A, AB and C layers are 16.04-40.28 g/kg, 8.04-13.82 g/kg, 4.84-9.13 g/kg, respectively. The ratio changes of FA-C/SOC, HA-C/SOC and HU-C/SOC are different in soil profiles from A to B layer, the ratio of HA-C/SOC is to reduce gradually with soil profile depth increased, and the ratios of FA-C/SOC and HU-C/SOC are to increase gradually with soil profile depth increased, HA-C is substituted for FA-C and HU-C gradually. It is shown that ability of humus wholly decayed is to reduce with soil profile depth change. Black soil total organic carbon and its compositions content decrease rapidly before 50 years tillage, then decrease slowly. After 130 years tillage, the soil organic carbon content is relative stable basically.
  • Service Benefits of Wetland Ecosystem and Its Sustainable Utilization
    ZHANG Feng, ZHOU Wei-Zhi, ZHANG Kun
    2003, 23(6): 674-679. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.06.674
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    Wetland as distinctive ecosystem on the earth is different from the other ecosystems, has various types and is distributed extensively on the earth. It has an important role in improving environment and reducing and harboring flood, moreover, can provide various natural resources for human and protect biodiversity. Wetland ecosystem has various important service benefits as follows: (1) It has the ecological service benefit of modulating climate and water regime; moreover, it is favorable to prevent flooding. (2) It has an important function of providing habit and reproduction place for waterfowls. (3) There are abundant biodiversities, including gene, species and ecosystem diversity. (4) It has capacity to degrade and enrich contaminations and improve environment, such as purifying sewage, and decontaminating heavy metal irons, fixing CO2. (5) It is capable to produce materials for human being, e.g., fishes, timber, foods, medicines, and various raw materials for industry. (6) There are various tourism resources, especially waterfall, fresh spring, diving, surfing and boating. However, there are some unilateral ideas and non-reasonable utilization for wetland, some problems for the sustainable utilization of service benefit of wetland ecosystem is discussed, and the strategies for wetland sustainable utilization are presented, which are (1) comprehensively understanding the ecological and environment service benefits and reasonably using its ecological and environment service benefits, (2) reasonably dealing with the balance relationship between direct and indirect service benefits so as to improve the utilization efficiency of service benefits of wetland ecosystem and (3) seeking optimal developing model for the comprehensive economic service benefits of wetland ecosystem in order to get much more economic benefit, respectively.
  • Wetland Resources Degeneration Eco-economical Benefit and Loss Evaluation in Dongting Lake
    ZHUANG Da-Chang, DING Deng-Shan, DONG Ming-Hui
    2003, 23(6): 680-685. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.06.680
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    Wetland is featured by its unique ecological function and economical value. It is amongst the Earth's most productive ecosystem which has such a huge economical and socio-ecological benefits as food supply, raw and processed materials, water resources, flood control and drought defying, biodiversity protection and tourism etc. The Dongting Lake wetland is one of the largest lacustrine wetland ecosystem in China. There are a lot of wetland resources in Dongting Lake area. It includes 1428 species of plants resources, 216 species of birds resources, 119 species of fish resources, 27 species of amphibians and retile, 22 species of mammals and a great many of other wild living things. But the human's unreasonable exploitation and utilization for a long times lead to the wetland's ecosystem degeneration and ecological value fall victim and to restrict the economic sustainable development in Dongting Lake area. Based on the wetland resources' character, the paper makes use of the eco-economics theory and method in the base of the investigation and the experiment to evaluate the benefit and loss value of the wetland ecological function degeneration as a series of the natural and ecological calamity are leaded by the wetland eco-environment and the resources degeneration. The loss of the direct values in use and the loss of the indirect values in use in Dongting Lake wetland resources are evaluated in the use of the method of tax rate of Sweden. Researching value, travel consumption method, Robert Constanza method, market value method, assets value method. The conclusion can be drawn that the total loss value measure of the wetland resources degeneration is 300.71?108 yuan(RMB) in Dongting Lake wetland. The loss of the assets value has affected economical sustainable development as the wetland resources degeneration in Dongting Lake area. The guarantee to realize the economical sustainable development and to the wetland resources sustainable utilization is to renew the wetland eco-environment and to protect the wetland resources in Dongting Lake area.
  • Driving Forces Analysis of Mire Wetland Change in Lower Nenjiang Watershed
    LI Ying, TIAN Zhu-Jun, YE Bao-Ying, ZHANG Yang-Zhen
    2003, 23(6): 686-691. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.06.686
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    The reducing of mire wetland area in lower Nenjiang watershed is much more related to rising of annual mean temperature, declining of humidity, decreasing of precipitation and runoff cutting down during 1986-2000. The reducing of mire wetland is relative to power index of the shortest distance to the road and railway, and is relatively unremarkable with e power exponent of the shortest distance to town. Population growing, improving of agriculture modernization level and aspiring after interests at the movement are main social economic driving forces resulting in mire wetland reclamation.
  • Study on Perturbation Factors and Their Influence on Zhalong Wetland
    XU Lin-Shu, JIANG Ming
    2003, 23(6): 692-698. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.06.692
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    There are many perturbation factors on Zhalong wetlands, they include climate、flood pulsing 、fire、 project construction、farming and grazing. With these action of perturbation factors, Zhalong wetland have been changed greatly, including decrease of wetland area、loss of biodiversity、 contamination of water quality、fragmentation of landscape and so on. Climate influences wetland by the variation of temperature and precipitation, now Zhalong wetland has less rain and a little high temperature than average years, it will lead to the lack of water on Zhalong wetland. Flood has positive influences on wetland, such as supplying water、controlling salinization、improving soil fertility, at the same time flood has negative influences, such as soil erosion、water contamination and habitat destroy. Fire is an important factor which has brought bad effect on Zhalong wetland, it will burn up reed and even harm the root of reed, at last it will result in land salinization where fire touches. Farming and grazing activities become more and more common in Zhaong Reserve. Inning and grazing will destroy seed storage of wetland、bring about soil erosion and sanilization、decrease life diversity and so on. On Zhalong wetland there are many projections, such as ditch and road, these projections lead to fragmentation of landscapes, we often call the phenomenon "landscape island". "landscape island" will obstruct connections between rivers and change form of current, furthermore it will influence fish. At the same time projection construction and resident activities will disturb value birds and lead to the decrease of value bird. In fact these perturbation factors often act on wetland synthetically so that process and mechanism of wetland become more complex. In a word because of the influence of perturbation factors, Now Zhalong wetland function has been declining and ecological environment has been destroyed greatly. Analyzing perturbation factors and understanding their action process and mechanism will have far-reaching influence on utilization、protection and restoration of Zhalong wetland.
  • Fluctuation of Timberline and Environment Change near the Northern Piedmonts of Tianshan Mts. During the Last 2000 Years
    YAN Shun, KONG Zhao-Chen, YANG Zhen-Jing, NI Jian, LI Shu-Feng
    2003, 23(6): 699-704. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.06.699
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    Based on the sporo-pollen analysis and 14C sample annual dating on the deposits of Huashuwozi section and Xiaoxigou section in the northern piedmonts of Tianshan Mts., together with lithologic analysis of the two sections and historic records, this article reveals the environment change during the last 2 000 years. With the thickness of 110 cm,the Huashuwozi section is divided into six layers and contains 52 sporo-pollen samples. The Xiaoxigouzi section is divided into seven layers and contains 38 sporo-pollen samples, with the thickness of 190cm. During the experiment, the spore pollens which belong to 45 families and genera are identified. The five collected 14C samples are determined by the librarian at laboratory of the Institute of Geology, China Seismology Bureau. Based on the sporo-pollen assemblage features of Huashuwozi section, four sporo-pollen assemblage belts are separated from top to bottom, which reflect that,from 2 000 a B.P., the vegetation has undergone a succession processes which is divided into four stages.,which are desert-steppe stage, steppe(forest-steppe) stage,desert-steppe stage and desert-steppe,steppe stage in proper order. 2 000 a B.P. ago, the vegetation in this place is desert-steppe; from 2 000 a B.P. to 1 300 a B.P., the vegetation was steppe. More interestingly, from 1 750 a B.P. to 450 a B.P., the steppe, associating with a small quantity of forests, was distributed dominantly. During this period,the temperature was relatively low and the humidity was comparatively high. Therefore, it was comparatively cold and humid in history in Xinjiang. The environment was good for the growth of Pecea asperata at this period of time. As a result, the Pecea asperata timberline declined at most about 250 m. From about 1 300 a B.P. to 450 a B.P., the vegetation was desert-steppe, which was similar to current situation. Since 450 a B.P., the vegetation has been desert-steppe and steppe with odd broad-leaved forest nearby. Birch forest has been in an advantageous position.The Pecea asperata timberline declined and the environment has been comparatively cold and humid.
  • Relationship Between Human and Nature in the North Part of the Yangtze Delta since the Holocene
    ZHU Cheng, ZHANG Qiang, ZHANG Yun, ZHANG Zhi-Heng, SHEN Ming-Jie
    2003, 23(6): 705-712. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.06.705
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    Grain size analysis, magnetism analysis, pollen analysis and chronology analysis are performed on the samples from Longqiuzhuang Site of Gaoyou, and Qingdun Site of Hai'an in the north part of the Yangtze Delta, analyzing the relationship between rise and fall of human civilization and environment changes. The research result indicates that before human settlement occurred in the study region, the ocean is relatively far away from the region but influenced frequently by the high tide. The warm and wet climate occurred in 7000-6000 a B. P. and around 3700 a B. P. in the study region. The comfortable climatic conditions were suitable for human settlement and human civilization. It should be mentioned that, about 1m natural sedimentary layer is contained in the Qingdun profile. Grain size and pollen analysis suggest that this natural layer is the result of marine transgression event occurred after 4000 a B. P., and just this great transgression event caused the human civilization in this study region collapsed. This paper applied sediment deposition from two Neolithic sites: Longqiuzhuang Site of Gaoyou and Qingdun Site of Hai'an in the study of correlation between rise and fall of human civilization and climatic changes during the Neolithic cultural period, avoiding the uncertainty in the archaeological study applying just one site profile. Therefore, the research is theoretically and practically meaningful.
  • Multifractal Measures Based on Man-Land Relationships of the Spatial Structure of the Urban System in Henan
    LIU Ji-Sheng, CHEN Yan-Guang
    2003, 23(6): 713-720. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.06.713
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    By means of the theory of multifractals, this paper is devoted to studying the spatial structure of urban systems, taking man-land relationships into consideration. Taking the system of cities and towns in Henan Province, China, as a example, and using the box counting method and μ-weight formulae, we calculate the values of the Lipschitz-Hlder exponent α(q), the fractal dimension of the support of singularities f(α), the sequence of mass exponent τ(q), and the dimensions of fractal measures Dq of the urban systems in the studied area. The data processing reveals that the scaling range reflecting log-linearity of complex fractals is narrower than that of simple fractals. This denotes that fractal systems are some kinds of evolving systems, and multifractals usually come from common fractals at least where geographical phenomena are concerned. The computation results show that the spatial structure of the Henan urban system has multifractality to some extent, with a scaling breakdown in the f(α)curve as well as the spectrum of fractal dimensions Dq when the moment order q=-4. That is to say, qc=-3 perhaps is a critical value for q, the multifractals come on well only when q∈[-3,∞], as for q≤-4, the multifractal measures are abnormal: the f(α) curve and the Dq function fail to converge, which maybe implies a sort of phase transition from a rural to urban settlement system during the course of regional urbanization. Moreover, this is another evidence that multifractals generate by evolution from simple fractals. A discovery is made that the fractal dimension of spatial structure of urban systems is less than that of river systems in the same studied region, which maybe means that urban systems as fractals must be included by hydrographical nets, i.e. water systems. We can develop what is called "inclusion principle" about man-land relations that is as important as the "matching principle" about urban systems. Both the matching principle and inclusion principle will be supposed to be the basic principles of fractal urban geography, which will play a significant role in urban plan and geographical space optimization in the future.
  • Fractal Analysis of Urban System Spatial Characteristics Based on Remote Sensing and GIS——A Case Study of Shaoxing
    ZHAO Ping, FENG Xue-Zhi
    2003, 23(6): 721-727. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.06.721
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    It is useful for the sustainable development of city to analyse spatial characteristics and evolvement of urban system. In this paper, spatial structure and pattern of urban system in Shaoxing based on remote sensing and GIS are analyzed by fractal geometry. The rule of evolvement is discussed by comparing the data in 1997 with that in 1984. Remote sensing techniques can provide the necessary data rapidly and periodically for the spatial characteristics and evolvement study. GIS is an effective tool to analyze the spatial characteristics and evolvement with the strong spatial analysis functions. Firstly,the study area including Shaoxing City and towns is cut from TM images in 1984 and 1997 after geometric correction based on the 1:50,000 topographic map. Secondly, the spectral characteristics of the urban system and background on the TM images are analyzed by samples statistics. Thirdly, a model is established based on the difference of spectral values between them to extract the urban information. Fourthly, the result of extraction is transformed to vector map in order to correct some errors and imported to GIS. Then the aggregation dimension, spatial correlation dimension and fractal dimension of pattern in different times are calculated one by one based on the attribution table of GIS. The results of analysis suggest that both spatial structure and pattern of urban system in Shaoxing are obviously fractured. The aggregation dimension D denotes the aggregation or dispersion state around the centre of the urban. If D<2, the density of towns is attenuating from the centre to the surrounding. If D=2, the towns are distributed evenly around the centre of the city. If D>2, the density of towns is increasing from the centre to the surrounding, which is not natural. The correlation dimension D denotes the uniform extend of the towns aggregation. If D→0, the distribution of towns is centralized. If D→1, the towns are aggregating to a geographic line. If D→2, the towns are distributed evenly around any town. The fractal dimension D of spatial pattern denotes its complexity and stability, which can discover the trend of the urban evolvement. It varies from 1 to 2,and the greater the D, the more complex the distribution of towns. If D<1.5, the shape of the urban system is becoming more simple. If D=1.5, the stability is worse,and the urban system is in the Brown movement. If D > 1.5, the shape is more complex and instable. If D=2, one place on the plane is filled by the graph of the town. According to the results of the calculation, the aggregation dimension of Shaoxing urban system is smaller than 2, which suggests that the density of towns decreases gradually around the centre. The spatial structure is optimized. The correlation dimension is nearly 1, so the distribution of towns is not proportional, which tend to aggregate to the traffic routes at the same time. As far as the evolution of urban system is concerned, from 1984 to 1997, the towns tend to be distributed evenly around the city, and the fractal dimension of the spatial structure is decreased. Every town expands around its center gradually, and the spatial correlation is unchanged on the whole. But the spatial pattern of urban system becomes more complex, unstable and random. Especially, with the increasing of economy in Shaoxing, the city develops more quickly, and the spatial pattern is more complex and instable than other towns. Lastly,some suggestions about the development of Shaoxing are brought forward based on the conclusions.
  • Change in Soil Permeability and Anti-scourability of Farmland after Abandonment
    LUO Li-Fang, ZHANG Ke-Li, LI Shuang-Cai
    2003, 23(6): 728-733. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.06.728
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    The Loess Plateau is well known for its severe soil erosion because of the erodible soil, unreasonable land use and natural vegetation damage. Intense soil loss results in depletion in farmland, deteriorating ecological environment and plethoric silt in channel and so on. Therefore, an important policy was established to return the cropland to forest and grassland on the Loess Plateau. After carrying out the policy, most of croplands have been left alone in their wildness on the Loess Plateau. But little research has been conducted on the change of the soil properties on these lands, especially for the properties closely related to soil erosion. The permeability and anti-scourability are two very important indexes of soil properties. The permeability indicates the potential to produce runoff which is one of the main forces of soil erosion. The anti-courability is the ability of soil to defend the scouring of the flow. The typical region of Ansai was selected to study the permeability, anti-scourability and other soil properties of these lands after being wild for different years. Anti-scourability was measured in a hydraulic flume with slope gradient 15癮nd flow discharge of 1,2,3,4,5L/s. The saturated hydraulic conductivity, organic matter, bulk density, saturated water content, capillary water content and field capacity were aslo measured. The results indicated that the scoured soil module changed most markedly, and the saturated hydraulic conductivity, non-capillary porosity, and organic matter also varied greatly, with the indexes of bulk density, saturated water content, capillary water content, field capacity, total porosity, and capillary porosity altering comparatively little. The permeability linearly increased about 0.044mm/min a year after being wild with solidifying by plant roots, increasing organic matter and non-capillary porosity. The scoured soil module exponentially decreased. That is to say, the soil anti-scourabiltiy improved greatly with the increasing time of being wild, in which plant roots also play a very important role. In addition, soil bulk density indicated some relationship with the soil anti-scourabiltiy and permeability. It was shown that the soil and water loss was controlled to a great extent and soil quality also improved after being wild for over 5 years.
  • Study on the Floristic Differentia Among Areas in Henan Province
    ZHANG Gui-Bin
    2003, 23(6): 734-739. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.06.734
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    Henan Province is located in transition zone from temperate to subtropic, ranging from 110?21'to 116?39'E, 31?23'to 36?22 'N. Its various physical conditions and long geologic history made it abundant in species and complex in floristic elements. This paper studies the difference and recemblance among the floras of different areas in Henan Province based on the latest floristic data. It consists of four parts. The first part gives a brief introduction to the flora as well as the natural factors influencing its development and distribution in Henan Province. There are 2954 wild species in 896 genera and 152 families, accounting for 10%, 29% and 45% of the same kind plants of China respectively; among which 24 species in 14 genera and 6 families belong to Gymnosperm, the others to Angiospermae,1831 species to herb (62%) and 1123 species to xylophyta (38%) in the province. The flora is characterised by complex geographical elements and obvious difference among areas as well as old origin and rich spermatophytes and endemic species to China. The second part mainly analyses the difference among the floras of six areas in Henan, including Dabie Mountain, Tongbai Mountain, the north and the south sides of Funiu Mountain, the Taihang Mountains and the Eastern Plain in the province, in the light of their floristic composition and distribution types. The result is that in Dabie Mountain and Tongbai Mountain, the endemic species to China widely ranging in the subtropic are the most; in the south side of Funiu Mountain, the endemic species to China coexisting in Huazhong floral regions and Sorth-West floral region are the most, and in its north side the percentages of the different geographical elements of the endemic species to China tend to the same. The third part explicates the relationship between five mountain floristic areas by calculating their coefficients of similarity of species(Czehanowski). The coefficient of similarity between Dabie Mountain and the Taihang Mountains is 88.4%, between the north and the south sides of Funiu Mountain 83.7%, between Taihang Mountains and Dabie Mountain, Tongbai Mountain, the north and the south sides of Funiu Mountain,52.7%,57.4%,61.1%,68.5% respectively. It shows the degree of resembles between the five floristic areas in Henan Province. The last part summarizes the characteristic of floristic differentiae among areas in Henan Province. The conclusion is that Dabie Mountain and Tongbai Mountain are closed, the north and the south sides of Funiu Mountain closed but the Taihang Mountains alone in their floristic character. Therefore the 5 mountains area can be divided into 3 floral regions of China. Of them Dabie Mountain and Tongbai Mountain belong to Huadong floral region, the Taihang Mountains to Huabei floral region, the sides of Funiu Mountain to Huazhong region (the ridge of the Funiu Mountain shouldn't be the boundary of Huabei and Huazhong floral regions, its two sides shouldn't be treated as one unit and it more resembles Huazhong region than any other region in China in floristic nature).
  • Application of Biomarker PLFA to Groundwater Microbial Ecology Study and the Problems
    PAN Xiang-Liang, DENG Wei, ZHANG Dao-yong
    2003, 23(6): 740-745. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.06.740
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    As a young technology used in groundwater microbial ecology, PLFA technology overcomes several shortcomings of traditional culture-based approaches and has a number of advantages. However, there are still a few of problems to be solved when PLFA technology is applied. Although the groundwater microbial biomass can be estimated from total PLFA by a conversion factor, both the difference of communities and physical changes of environment are potential erroneous sources, which can be reduced by combination of PLFA and traditional technology and employing a proper conversion factor. In some cases, certain PLFA ratio can also indicate the physiological status of microbes under some environmental stresses. In describing groundwater communities and their changes by certain PLFA biomarkers, PLFA pattern and PLFA fingerprint technology, PLFA overlap among different species, background lipids and changes of environmental factors are the main factors influencing the reliability of results. However, with the aid of mathematical statistics and other technologies including nucleic-acid technology and tracer technology, PLFA technology is expected to picture the groundwater ecology and physiology clearly, which can provide theoretical guidance for bioremediation of contaminated groundwater.
  • Impact of Rapid Urbanization on Water Quality and Related Mitigation Options in Taihu Lake Area
    GAO Chao, ZHU Ji-Ye, DAI Ke-Wei, GAO Song, DOU Yi-Jian
    2003, 23(6): 746-750. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.06.746
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    Located in one of the most rapidly developing areas in China, Taihu Lake watershed is undergoing an accelerated process of urbanisation. Concomitant to fast economic bloom and urban expansion is the deterioration of water quality. The eutrophication of Taihu Lake has become a major environmental concern of the region. The main objective of this paper is to summarize the effects of urbanization on eutrophication of the lake. In addition to the increased discharge of domestic wastewater there are also some indirect impact of urbanization on the nutrient status of surface water. Among them are decreased utilization of organic manure, increased dosage of chemical fertilizer, the shift of scattered livestock and poultry breeding to highly concentrated ones, higher runoff due to more impermeable ground, and the encroachment of wetland in which a significant amount of nutrients can be removed from water. All of these can lead to a larger contribution of non-point source N and P to water bodies. To mitigate these negative effects of urbanization on environment some practicable options have been proposed by the authors.
  • Study on the Framework of Indicator System for Strategic Environmental Assessment
    ZHAO Wen-Jin, DONG De-Ming, LONG Zhen-Yong, WANG Xian-En, JIANG Bai-Chuan
    2003, 23(6): 751-754. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.06.751
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    Based on environmental sustainable development which is the target of SEA, the framework of indicator system for SEA is built by analyzing indicator system and its functions, and the meaning of the research on indicator system of SEA is briefly described. The functions of indicator system of SEA are described as the exterior status, interior harmony and developing direction of the Environment-Population-Resources system. The indicator system is a hiberarchy which is based on Driving Force-State-Response (DSR) model. The indicators can be classified as central indicators and peripheral indicators by its different functions. To build scientific, applied and operable system of indicators, the principles for the choice of indicators and quantitative methods are discussed.
  • Structure Characteristics of Jiangsu's Domestic Tourists
    WU Hong, GU Chao-lin, MA Rong-hua, XU Xiao-qin
    2003, 23(6): 755-761. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.06.755
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    This paper makes a critical review about the researches on the tourists, studies the structure characteristics of tourists in different development stages. Based upon quantities of questionnaires and field surveys in Jiangsu, the structure characteristics of domestic tourists to Jiangsu is analyzed. Firstly, the paper shows that the number of tourists increased steadily from 1980s. Then, the paper explores the structure characteristics of domestic tourists to Jiangsu in four aspects. The conclusions include: a) The social economic characteristics of domestic tourists accord with that of initial industrial society. b) The motives of tourists are sightseeing, making holiday, leisure and business. The mass products are preferred. Tourists usually travel with family or partners and only staying less time in one destination. c) The Conventional Mass Tourism is in dominate position, especially the sightseeing. The consumption of hotel, food and traffic is much more than shopping, visiting and amusement. It shows a high efficient organizational network in the structure of Jiangsu tourism industry hasn't been formed. d) Tourists often choose more scenic spots and Partial Orbit Mode or Full Orbit Mode with long distance, but concentrate in the south and middle cities of Jiangsu. e) The spatial distribution is concentrated in the tourist origins near Jiangsu Province. It proves the law of distance decay. But due to the level of economic development, the spatial distribution has developed a pattern which is different from the law of distance decay. Furthermore, the Attraction Radius of Jiangsu is largenning, and the tourist origins are spreading around all over the country. Lastly, the paper demonstrates that the domestic tourism in Jiangsu is in the restructure stage. The features are interlaced both in the initial industrial society and medium-post industrial society. Some guidelines are also briefly discussed such as innovation and organization coordination, strategic alliance, etc.
  • Study on Lake District Peasants' Perception of Wetland Resources and Environment—A Case Study of Lake Group along the Yangtze River in Anqing,Anhui Province
    LU Song, LU Lin, LING Shan-Jin, XUAN Guo-Fu
    2003, 23(6): 762-768. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.06.762
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    Marked by powerful environmental function and ecological benefits, wetlands play an extraordinary role in keeping the ecological balance on the surface of the earth. Study on wetlands had thus become a focus of academic community. Although abundant results are achieved, few research had been made from lake peasants' perception of wetland resources and environment so far in China. The paper takes a case of lake group along the Yangtze River in Anqing, and analyzes the condition of lake district peasants' perception of wetland resources and environment on the basis of on-the-spot questionnaires. Furthermore, the paper reaches some basic conclusions and proposes some suggestions and countermeasures for sustainable development of wetland resources and environment.