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  • 2003 Volume 23 Issue 2
    Published: 20 March 2003
      
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  • On Geography Facing Challenges and Its Development
    CHEN Guo-Jie
    2003, 23(2): 129-135. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.02.129
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    Geographical science studies order degree and its changes of the earth surface system in a definite spatial and temporal scales. Contemporary geography is facing several serious challenges: (1) the complexity of the earth surface system is very difficult to be described quantitatively; (2) the change speed of relationship between human and the earth oversteps human ability for identifying and forecasting warning; (3) there exists a contradiction between fuzzy characteristics of the earth surface system of and exact demand for scientific value; (4) acute competition exists between geography and other scientific disciplines. Geography development might have the following tendencies in the 21st century: (1) geography study pays more attention to humanism; (2) interface study would be a hot point for physical geography study; (3) global study would be a big issue for geography study; (4) geography would pay more concern to ecological security; (5) mountain research would become an important field. For accelerating geography development, the author gives the suggestions as follows: (1) bring up a number of geographical thinkers and strategists; (2) assembling all useful methods from other disciplines for geography and creating new geographical methodology; (3) seeking quantitative methodology to suit different demands in different development levels; (4)focusing geography study on big subjects concerning with human future.
  • On the Geographical Theory of ZOU Yan and His Contribution to Wu Zang Shan Jing
    WANG Nai-Ang, CAI Wei-Min
    2003, 23(2): 136-141. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.02.136
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    ZOU Yan(about 343-265 B.C.)was a well-known Chinese ancient philosopher and geographer in the Pre-Qin Period. He established two knowledge systems of history and geography. Along with the development of navigation of Qi State, the geographical knowledge about oversea-lands had grown. From this knowledge, ZOU Yan presented a geographical theory of "Nine Large Lands". He thought that China was only a small part of the world. The large land on which China locates was named Chi Xian Shen Zhou, and it was divided into nine parts, called "Nine Lands". There were nine large lands, each of then was the same large as China. The nine large lands made up a division, and there were nine such divisions in the earth. Hence, according to the views of ZOU Yan, there were 81 large lands altogether in the world. All divisions were surrounded by ocean (Da Ying Hai), and in each division the large lands were separated by sea (Pi Hai). ZOU Yan's theory was advanced in Pre-Qin Period, but it was considered an absurd idea in ancient China. Wu Zang Shan Jing(the Classic of the Mountains) is the most concrete and most elegantly written part of Shan Hai Jing. Even though mixed up with some elements of legend and mythology, it is primarily a regional geographic work that contains much realistic knowledge of the ancient times. Concerning the author of Wu Zang Shan Jing, it may be said as opinions varying, and no unanimous can be draw. Synthesizing the relevant factors, this article pointed out that the Wu Zang Shan Jing was possibly written by ZOU Yan and his followers. The reasons included following sections: 1) The academy of Ji Xia and Qi state, in which ZOU Yan being as a chairman once, was the cultural center of China in the Pre-Qin Period. So there were much geographical data, which was from different regions, it is possible for collecting of the Wu Zang Shan Jing. 2) The writing times and contents of the Wu Zang Shan Jing were identical with the activated times of ZOU Yan and his theory. 3) The describing method of the Wu Zang Shan Jing was coincident with ZOU Yan's empiric induction, and the writing style did not show any differences between the Wu Zang Shan Jing and his left literary works.To sum up, being one of the earliest geographers, ZOU Yan should have taken an important position in the history of ancient geography both in China and in the world.
  • Role of Development Areas in Urban Spatial Changes in China: Types and Dynamics
    ZHANG Xiao-Ping, LIU Wei-Dong
    2003, 23(2): 142-149. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.02.142
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    The spatial structure of regional development has been one of the major academic concerns of both geographers and economists. In the last two decades, as a result of increasing globalization and fast technological advances, dynamics behind spatial organization of economic activities have been changing very rapidly and hence spatial arrangements of economic activities become more and more complicated. To actively participate in globalization via attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) and technological transfers, the Chinese government has established various kinds of development areas since the opening up and reform in the late 1970s and provided tax holidays to foreign investors in these areas as well as domestic investors in the high-tech sectors. After 20 years' fast development, most of these development areas become a major contribution to urban economic growth and spatial restructuring, which is a very important spatial phenomenia of development in China in the last two decades. Based on field investigations, this paper has identified three basic types of urban spatial changes resulted from the growth of development areas. They are, namely, twin-center structure, joint-zone structure, and multi-antenniform structure. The driving forces behind rapid agglomeration of economic activities in these development areas are global forces in terms of FDI (seeking favorite locations), internal spatial restructuring of the cities, and attractive investment environment of these areas. As such, the new urban spatial structure is different from that resulted from traditional urban expansion, which has profound policy implications for urban development.
  • Research on Functional Division among the Core Cities in Tokyo Megalopolis and Its Enlightenment
    LU Ming-Hua, LI Guo-Ping, SUN Tie-Shan
    2003, 23(2): 150-156. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.02.150
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    Tokyo Megalopolis is one of the biggest urban agglomerations in Japan, even in the world. It takes on the function as the political, economic and cultural center of Japan, at the same time, it takes on the function that controls the global economy. Among the core cities in Tokyo Megalopolis, relatively distinct functional division and cooperation system has formed, which makes the global region exert the advantage of agglomeration. Based on the analysis of functional division among the core cities in Tokyo Megalopolis, combined with actualities in China Capital Circle, this paper put forward the assumption of functional division among the core cities in the China Capital Circle, which will accelerate the formation of reasonable division and cooperation system in this area.
  • Present Situation of the Man-Land Relationship Inconsistency in the Oases of Xinjiang and the Mitigation Measures
    JIANG Feng-Qing, ZHU Cheng, MU Gui-Jin, HU Ru-Ji
    2003, 23(2): 157-163. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.02.157
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    This paper focuses on the recently man-land relationships inconsistency in the oases of Xinjiang. The disorder of the man-land relationships in Xinjiang can be found in almost all aspects in the nature. It is evident that the land degradation and salinization, the shortening of the river courses and the dry-up of the lakes, the enlargement of the flood-affected and the drought-affected areas, the decrease of the pasture production, and the decline of the natural forests in the river valleys, etc. are drastic. The global climate change and especially local human activities have contributed much to these. Therefore, more attention is now being paid to finding the means to allow society to adapt to the unfolding gradually impacts of climate change and human activities. The actual resources, especially water resources use situations, the eco-environmental settings and the implemented development policies in Xinjiang are also carefully analyzed in this paper. It is argued that the technological renovation and the system change should be taken as the main countermeasures to mitigate the present man-land relationship inconsistency in the oases of Xinjiang.
  • Thinking on Ethics-Geographic Research of International Traffic Corridor of Tumen River Area
    DING Si-Bao
    2003, 23(2): 164-168. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.02.164
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    We can find a different situation of our geography sciences and the situation abroad. There are several sciences schools in West geographies,e.g. radicals geography, Marxism geography. The symbol of the school is its subject of study—to criticize the political and economic contradictions of West capitalism system. It is obvious that these are radicals ethics issues. Chinese people, including our Chinese geographers, always pay much attentions to morals and the ethics because of our cultural tradition of Confusion School in a very much long historical time. We, as Chinese geographers, have to seriously answer on the questions of ethics. The paper points out that there are three kinds of ethics questions which geographers often meet. The first one is personal behavior,means the geographer as a private scientist, whether or not his behavior is in pace of ethic and moral. The second is the ethic think about the subject which geography studies on(e.g. the view point of "deep ecology", the interaction of the human society and the nature, the moral code of the natural environment, and so on). The third is geographers'(as a social group) ethics codes of scientific behavior. The most important view point is about the positive connection between our Chinese geographers scientific behavior and the demand, the decision behavior of the governments. The positivity is decided by cultural education and the social system which decide our scientific work being the service for the decisions of governments thereby. It is the ethics we must defer to. We practice these codes in study of international traffic corridors construction of Tumen River Area. The construction is a kind of typical behavior of government of China, either the other countries concerned. There are three periods of the construction term. The goal or we can call "the demand of the government of China and the international society" of the start period was a hot one. Then, about 5 years later, it became "cold". Since the 21st century it is hot again. The change is the reflection of the change of economic situation of China and the situation of internatianal cooperation. So,the code of geographic work and the scientific principle were different in pace of the subject of interests of government in different periods of construction. The key view point is, when the interest of government is the social or we call it "the public interest" —being the strategic interest of a enough long term and enough wide space, the change of geographic scientific behavior is correct, and in according with our ethics and moral codes. The last view point is, we can not stress alone the scientific impartial of geographers. To understand the government which we must work for,to help and to guide the direction of their decision behavior is our duty and our ethics code. We believe that the geographic sciences have the capacity to make big improvements of decisions of government, along with the achievements, we can practice our ethics and morals codes.
  • Geographic Distribution Patterns of Pollen Types in Polygonaceae of China and Their Relationship to Ecological Factors
    ZHOU Zhong-Ze, LI Yu-Cheng, ZHANG Xiao-Ping, XU Ren-Xin
    2003, 23(2): 169-174. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.02.169
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    In the present paper, geographic distribution patterns of pollen types of Polygonaceae and their relationship to ecological factors are first introduced. Geographic ditribution centre of Atraphaxis-type,Calligonum-type and Aviculare-type is located in the northwestern China, but they differ in other factors. Atraphaxis-type and Calligonum-type are in the habitats of gobi desert and sandy land with altitudes from 300 to 800 m, annual precipitation from 20 to 200 mm, annual accumulated temperature from 1600℃ to 3400℃;Aviculare-type is in the habitats of arid hillside,calcareous desert and flood grassland with altitudes from 400 to 2000 m,annual precipitation from 200 to 800 mm,annual accumulated temperature from 1600℃ to 4500℃.Geographic ditribution centre of Rheum-type, Koenigia-type and Acetosa-type is located in Northwest China and Southeast China, but they differ in other factors. Rheum-type is in the habitat of mountain slope of cold high mountain area with altitudes from 2000 to 4000 m, annual precipitation from 50 to 400 mm, annual accumulated temperature from 1600℃ to 2000℃; Koenigia-type is in habitat of meadow in summit of a mountain with altitudes from 2000 to 4900 m, annual precipitation from 300 to 800 mm, annual accumulated temperature from 600℃ to 3000℃;Acetosa-type is in habitats of wetlant in mountain valley and near river with altitudes from 450 to 3100 m, annual precipitation from 200 to 800 mm, annual accumulated temperature from 1600℃ to 6000℃.Geographic ditribution centre of Aconogonon-type, Cephalophilon-type and Polystachyum-type is located in Southwest China. They are in habitats of shrubbery and grassland on mountain slope and wetland in mountain valley with altitudes from 1000 to 3000 m, annual precipitation from 400 to 1600 mm. Geographic ditribution center, habitats,altitudes and annual precipitation of Fagopyrum-type resemble that of Aconogonon-type,Cephalophilon-type and Polystachyum-type,but they differ in annual accumulated temperature. Fagopyrum-type is from 4500℃ to 8000℃; the others from 1600℃ to 8000℃.Geographic ditribution centre of Bistorta-type and Aubertii-type is located in Southwest China and Central China, but they differ in other factors. Bistorta-type is in habitats of meadow in summit of a mountain and wetland in mountain valley with altitudes from 1300 to 5000 m, annual precipitation from 400 to 1200 mm, annual accumulated temperature from 1600℃ to 8000℃; Aubertii-type is in habitats of grassland on mountain slope, shrubbery in mountain valley with altitudes from 900 to 3200 m, annual precipitation from 400 to 800 mm, annual accumulated temperature from 1600℃ to 5000℃.Geographic ditribution centre of Pteroxygonum-type is located in Qinling in habitats of crevice in rock and shrubbery on mountain slope with altitudes from 600 to 2000 m,annual precipitation from 400 to 800 mm,annual accumulated temperature from 3400℃ to 4500℃.Geographic ditribution centre of Persicaria-type and Tovara-type is located in East China and Central China in habitats of wetland near gully with altitudes from 30 to 2500 m, annual precipitation from 400 to 1600 mm,annual accumulated temperature from 4500℃ to 8000℃.Geographic ditribution centre of Amphibium-type and Convolvulus-type is located in Southwest China, Central China and Northeast China, but they differ in other factors. Amphibium-type is in habitats of shallow water in margin of lake and near gully with altitudes from 50 to 3700 m, annual precipitation from 800 to 1600 mm, annual accumulated temperature from 1600℃ to 6000℃;Convolvulus-type in habitats of grassland on mountain slope and wetland in mountain valley with altitudes from 100 to 2800 m, annual precipitation from 300 to 1600 mm, annual accumulated temperature from 1600℃ to 6000℃.Geographic ditribution centre of Tiniaria-type is located in Southwest. China, Central China and East China in habitats of shrubbery in mountain valley with altitudes from 200 to 3000 m,annual precipitation from 800 to 1600 mm, annual accumulated temperature from 4000℃ to 8000℃.Distributions of the pollen types indicate arid and desert climate in Northwest China with assemblage of Atraphaxis-type and Calligonum-type;warm, humid and subtropical climate in Southwest China with assemblage of Aconogonon-type, Cephalophilon-type,Polystachyum-type, Acetosa-type and Fagopyrum-type; high and cold climate in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with assemblage of Koenigia-type and Rheum-type; warm humid subtropical climate and tropical monsoon climate in southern coastal area with assemblage of Persicaria-type and Tovara-type; warm and humid climate in Central China and East China with assemblage of Persicaria-type, Bistorta-type, Tiniara-type and Tovara-type; warm and semi-humid climate in North. China with assemblage of Bistorta-type, Aubertii-type and Pteroxygonum-type; humid, semi-humid, middle warm and monsoon climate in Northeast China with assemblage of Amphibium-type, Convolvulus-type and Sibiricum-type.
  • Natural Consolidation of Deposits and Its Consequences at the Yellow River Delta
    SHI Chang-Xing, YOU Lian-Yuan, LI Bing-Yuan, ZHANG Zu-Lu, ZHANG Ou-Yang
    2003, 23(2): 175-181. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.02.175
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    The causes for the disasters in the highly developed deltaic areas have been a main study topic for many years. Using data of depositional structure, grain size composition, dry bulk density and other engineering properties of the deposits in the Yellow River delta and under the seabed, this study made an analysis of potential land subsidence due to post-depositional sediment consolidation. The settlement was estimated in the light of some basic equations of soil mechanics and empirical relations between dry sediment bulk density and burial depth. The degree of consolidation was calculated based on the theory of Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation.It is revealed that consolidation of silt layers, which are the main component of the Yellow River delta, may finish in a short time, but consolidation of clay layers under the silt layers may last for decades and the total settlement, which mainly comes from the clay layers at the top of the seabed, seems to be considerable. The clay layers may reach 14 m in thickness where the prodelta clay layers stack on the marine ones and about 20 m in thickness where clay layers consist of those in the bay and prodelta and under the seabed. The results disclose that the total settlements due to consolidation of clay layers of 14 m and 20 m in thickness under 15 m deltaic deposits may reach about 1.35 m and 1.5 m, respectively. Over about 10 years, which is the mean lifetime of the deltaic lobes of the delta, about 37% of settlement for the 20 m thick clay layers and 60% of settlement for the 14 m thick clay layers may be completed. The settlement of the 14 m thick clay layers is about 50 cm over the next 27 years and it is about 86 cm over the next 50 years for the 20 m thick clay layers. The average rates of settlement for both cases are over 17 mm/a. The settlement and its rate at a location should approximate to the products of maximums multiplied by the ratio of the thickness of deposits in the lobe at the location to 15 m, so the total sediment settlement and rate tend to decline with the distance from the depocenter of an abandoned lobe. But, the land subsidence due to sediment consolidation should be noticeable in a large area along the coast during decades after a deltaic lobe was abandoned in the light of the isopach maps of lobes of the delta. Land subsidence will result in inland invasion of storm surge and land losses and will lower the standard of projects for preventing storm surge floods and coastal erosion, so the natural sediment consolidation must be taken into account in designing projects in the areas where it is still active.
  • Analysis of Disastrous Features of Landing Typhoo in Coastal Regions of Guangdong Province in Recent 50 Years
    TANG Xiao-Chun, LIU Hui-Ping, PAN An-Ding, LIANG Bi-Qi, LI Yan-Tong, WANG Tong-Mei
    2003, 23(2): 182-187. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.02.182
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    Based on the data of disaster of landing Typhoo in coastal regions of Guangdong Province in 1949-1998, and through the analysis of the activity features of landing Typhoo in recent 50 years, this paper has studied the features of Typhoo disasters. It has analysed factors leading to Typhoo disaster, and has classified the main disasters and statistics of the effects of the disasters causeed by landing Typhoo. This paper has also studied the characteristics of Typhoo disasters and the relations of Typhoo route and Typhoo disasters, and has given the countermeasures of prevention and control.
  • Status, Features and Management Practices of Land Desertification in the West of Jilin Province
    QIU Shan-Wen, ZHANG Bai, WANG Zhi-Chun
    2003, 23(2): 188-192. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.02.188
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    In the west of Jilin Province, land desertification mainly includes sandy desertification, salinization and grassland degradation. Land desertification limited agricultural and animal husbandry development in this region. In particular, soil salinization has threaten the survival of the local farmers. The desertification in this area has the characteristics of fragility, restorability and reversibility. Therefore, it is required that different practices of management should be used for different types of land desertification. The management of land desertification is a long and tough work, and should to be taken into account in social and economical planning. With the persistent management we can keep the ecological environment on the right cycle and maintain the sustainable development of economy.
  • Study on the Differentiation and the Evolution of Substance and Energy with the Slope Change in the Heihe Oases
    ZHANG Bo, CHENG Guo-Dong
    2003, 23(2): 193-199. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.02.193
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    The phenomenon and law studies of the substance and energy differentiation along with slope change in the oases of the arid region greatly conduce to better understanding the natural background of the inhomogeneity oases formation and evolution and the characteristic of agricultural resources combination. That can offer a theoretical basis of rational agricultural distribution and optimum disposition of natural resources. The oasis differentiation in the Heihe River Basin is obvious. On the basis of integrated analysis of the physical geographical elements of climate characteristic, geologic structure, geomorphologic evolution, surface and groundwater hydrochemistry character, soil properties, and water supply, the paper classifies the Heihe Oases into three types, that is, the higher position oasis, the middle position oasis and the lower position oasis. The higher position oasis lies to the diluvial fans of the north foot of the Qilian Mountain, the height is 1?400-2?200?m above sea level, the annual average temperature is 2.2℃-7.0℃in the district, and the annual precipitation and evaporation are 150-370?mm and 923-2?246?mm separately. This kind of oasis is more stable than the others. It is further subdivided into two types, that is, the higher cool oasis, which has high potentialities, and the higher temperate climate oasis, which is the cream of the oases in the Heihe River basin at present. The mid-position oasis lies to the alluvial plain of which the elevation is 1?100-1?400?m above sea level, annual average temperature 7.0-8.0℃, per annum precipitation 60-100?mm, and per annum evaporation 2?250-2?540?mm. The lower position oasis lies to the lacustrine plain and dry river delta, the height is about 900-1?100?m above sea level, the annual precipitation is only about 38?mm, however, the annual evaporation reaches the peak of 3?506?mm. This kind of oasis belongs to natural ones, and is unstable because of deficiency of water resources. Each type of oases has a certain combination of light, heat, water and soil, and has a certain oasis quality and suitable degree. Moreover, the paper has analysed the climate suitability of main crop differentiation with slope in very oases types of the Heihe valley. Every type of oasis possesses specific optimum combination, and every sort of crop has the most suitable planting region, and in accordance with these, the planting zone can be divided into five regions, that is, the most suitable, more suitable, suitable, little suitable and unsuitable planting regions respectively. That provides the important theoretical basis for optimum disposition of agricultural resources. Adjusting and distributing agricultural structure and energetically developing farm industry would suit measures to local conditions, so as to develop potential productive forces of photosynthetic, temperature, water and land resources to the full. Spring wheat, potatoes, flax, rapeseed and broad bean are suit to plant in the cool higher position oasis, spring wheat otherwise would be reduced the areas in the mid-position oasis due to the dry-hot wind.
  • Geochemical Characteristics of Aluminum and Calcium of Soils and Their Impact on Ecological Environment in Hainan Island
    GONG Zi-Tong, ZHANG Gan-Lin, ZHAO Wen-Jun, CHEN Zhi-Cheng, OUYANG Tao, ZHAO Yu-Guo
    2003, 23(2): 200-207. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.02.200
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    In the paper the contents and forms of aluminum and calcium of soils, as well as their geochemical characteristics in soil-forming processes, in Hainan Island are discussed. Meanwhile, the impacts of both elements on crop growth and human health are also primarily researched. The soils in Hainan Island have the pedogeochemical characteristics that the soils are highly abundant in aluminum and highly deficient in calcium. The total amount of aluminum (Al2O3) may be as high as 300 g/kg, but that of calcium is very low or even trace. In the same way, the content of exchangeable aluminum of the soils is high and that of exchangeable calcium is very low. Now, there are about 50 percent area of the soils where plant growth may be impact due to soil aluminum toxicity. The intake of calcium for local people, reflecting on the food, is less than that for the people of whole country as well as the neighboring province. Consequently, the suggestion is recommended that, besides improving soils, cultivating more legume crops, increasing soybean production and developing dairy farm are necessary to build up the people's health.
  • Characteristics of Element Geochemistry and High-resolution Sedimentation Records in Xianghai Wetlands
    WANG Guo-Ping, LIU Jing-Shuang
    2003, 23(2): 208-212. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.02.208
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    Here we reported a case study on the Xianghai wetlands at downstream of an interior river—Huolin River. By segmenting sample at an interval of 2cm or 4cm and assorted with 137Cs,210Pb age measure, high-resolution characteristics of sediment element geochemistry were analysed in two typical sedimentation cores. Results indicated that F1 of PCA has much more representative; Cluster Analysis classifies elements to three major groups according to geochemistry features and behavior at surface of the earth; most of metal elements present remarkable relativity among them and with TOC and <63?μm grain size, by analyzing high-resolution sedimentation records, Xianghai marsh development can be traced back to 1885; in 1885 AD, the environment in this region have originated sudden change; in recent 250 years, temperate and humid climate, wind-drift sand action, or arid climates have occurred by turns; within the upper layers of the sedimentary sequences, heavy metals have been enriched clearly, which indicated increasing human disturbance in the upper reaches of the Huolin River.
  • Characteristic of Seasonal Variation of Transition Metal Elements Content in Paludine Plant——A Case Study of Typical Wetland Plant in the Sanjing Plain
    WANG Jin-Da, LIU Jing-Shuang, YU Jun-Bao, LI Zhong-Gen
    2003, 23(2): 213-217. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.02.213
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    Under different hydrological conditions in wetland ecosystems in the Sanjiang Plain, the seasonal variation of the transition metal element Fe,Mn,Zu,Cu is general resemble in different organs of the same and different kinds of plants, and at the same time it shows a seasonal content difference to some extent. The content of Fe in root, stem and leaf of Calamagrostis angustifolia in upper, middle and lower land reaches the acme in the seedling, and reduces after it matures except in the upper land. The content of Mn in Calamagrostis angustifolia reduces in the seedling period and then increases seasonally, and the variation in root is complicated. The content of Zn is high in the seedling and becomes low in the mature period except in stem and root of the lower land, and the variation trend is complexity. The Cu content in root, stem and leaf in all sites reduces with time, and the trend of root in high land and leaf in the lower land is different. The order of element content in different organs of these plants is Mn >Fe in stem and leaf, Fe >Mn in root; Zn>Cu in root, stem and leaf.
  • Sustainable Development and Enterprise Behaviors in Guangzhou City
    XU Xue-Qiang, GE Yong-Jun, ZHANG Jun-Jun
    2003, 23(2): 218-222. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.02.218
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    This paper makes a comprehensive assessment of Guangzhou's urban sustainable development, and analyzes its utilization of natural resources and energy. The results are: since the reform and opening up, Guangzhou City is advancing towards sustainable development, but it is at the expense of environmental degradation to some extend. The expressing problem of Guangzhou is that urban ecological system is being destroyed, which are prominently presented by the waste of living water; the lower reuse-rate of industry water; the huge emission of industrial dusts; and the lower use-rate of materials. Enterprises are the basic unit of urban economy, and their consciousness and behaviors of environmental protection are critical to urban sustainable development. According to questionnaires, the aim of Guangzhou's enterprises has transferred to profit maximization, but their consciousness of environmental protection is too weak. As to their behaviors of environmental protection, Guangzhou's enterprises are somewhat passive: their driving forces of investment on environmental protection are from Environmental Protection Law, the citizens' suing, and the government regulations; their investment on environmental protection is too low; their environmental protection organ plays a less important role; they dispose pollution at the end stage of production.
  • Synthetic Evaluation of Sustainable Agricultural Development in Mountain Counties
    ZHAO Ying-Xue
    2003, 23(2): 223-229. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.02.223
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    On the basis of the features of agricultural combinative system in mountain counties and according to the ideas of sustainable agricultural development and by expert decision system, an evaluation index system of sustainable agricultural development in mountain counties is set up. The index system consists of level evaluation index system and capability evaluation index system, which are selected from ecosystem, economy and society aspects and can represent the features of agricultural combinative system in mountainous county areas. A coordinative evaluation model of sustainable agricultural development in mountain counties is constructed, which makes up for the shortcoming in sustainable agricultural development evaluation. With qualitatively and quantitatively integrated method, a synthetic evaluation model of sustainable agricultural development in mountain counties is constructed. Taking Wuhua for an example, the present condition of the sustainable agricultural development in mountain counties is evaluated. The restrictive factors are: underdevelopment of agriculture facilities, lack of priority in agricultural structure, lack of scientific improvement, sharp contradiction between man and land and low industrialization.In accordance with the limitations and by making good use of the advantages of agricultural development in Wuhua County, strategies and concrete measures are proposed, which includes: (1)to increase the agricultural investment by improving the agricultural investment mechanism; (2)to adjust agricultural structure according to market orientation and the principle of priority;(3)to adopt measures to promote agriculture by applying scientific and technological advances so as to increase the science and technology content of agricultural products; (4)to divert the surplus agricultural labor force so as to ease the contradiction between a big population and the deficient land; (5)to synthesize the regulation and exploitation of mountain, water conservancy, forestry, farmland and roads and promote coordinative development of agricultural ecosystem, economy and society,ect.
  • Research Progresses in Hillslope Soil Erosion Processes
    ZHENG Fen-Li, GAO Xue-Tian
    2003, 23(2): 230-235. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.02.230
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    According to soil erosion pattern, research progresses in raindrop splash, sheet erosion, rill erosion, and ephemeral gully erosion were reviewed, and existing shortcoming in research on hillslope erosion process was proposed. Finally, urgent strengthening research fields in raindrop splash, sheet erosion, rill erosion, ephemeral gully erosion were put forward.
  • Study on the PPE Model Based on RAGA to Evaluating the Water Quality
    FU Qiang, FU Hong, WANG Li-Kun
    2003, 23(2): 236-239. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.02.236
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    The authors improved the traditional genetic algorithm, and combined the new method named RAGA (Real coding based on Accelerating Genetic Algorithm) with PPE (Projection Pursuit Evaluation) model. The RAGA-PPE model can optimize several parameters at one time. Based on this method, the authors built up a new evaluating model. Through applying the new model to evaluating the water nutrient states of South Lake in Changchun, the authors gained the good results. Thus, the authors provided an new method and thought for readers who engage in researching the water quality evaluation.
  • Study on the Theory of Tourist Resistance Side
    ZHANG Xu-Qiang, LI Hua, DONG Xue-Wang
    2003, 23(2): 240-244. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.02.240
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    The article founds the theory of tourist resistance side and the model on the ecological theory of resistance side. Also, the paper founds the resistance system of sight spots, scenic spots and historical sites and the system of the influence factors. In addition, the article discusses the function of the theory in local tourism planning and development. Finally, the paper illustrates the beauty spot of Wudalianchi to demonstrate the function of the theory in local tourism exploitation and development. There are four parts in the article to discuss the theory of tourist resistance side. The first part is the foreword. In this part, the trend of rapid development of global tourism and the unceasing upgrade of tourism status in the area industry are analyzed. And after entered into the WTO, the tourism in our country is faced with more drastically competition. So, how to find and found the directive theory to optimize the space structure of area tourism and to enhance the benefit of investment and to strengthen the capability of market competition is very essential. Then, the theory of resistance side is introduced. In the second part, based on the introduce the ecological theory of resistance side, the article found the theory of tourism resistance side and the model and analyzed the influencing factors. And the resistance hierarchy system of sight spots, scenic spots is founded. Also, from the two aspects of academic and practice, the significance of study on the theory exploitation and development and planning in local tourism is systemically and thoroughly analyzed. The paper takes the beauty spot Wudalianchi as an example to illustrate the function of the theory of tourism resistance side in local tourism developing and planning in this third part. Firstly, it can provide the guidance to optimize the space structure of area tourism; secondly, it can help optimize the tourism path and enhance the abundance of the tourism product; lastly, it is in favor of foundation of the network system of tourism among the beauty spots.In the end, it is concluded that the spot of tourism resource is looked as motile main body that is capable of expending in the theory of tourism resistance side and the realization of expending of the spot of tourism resource is depended on overcoming the resistance that is decided by local element character and the capability of completion of the spot of tourism resource. So, analyzed from the diffent scale of space, the tourism spatial structure in given area is can be realized and the developing trend can be forecasted and controlled by study on the tourism resistance side. In a word, the study on the theory of tourism resistance side can help optimize the scheme of the resource and rationalize the tourism spatial structure in tourism planning and developing.
  • The Dynamic Changes of Cultivated Land in Eastern Mountainous Area in Jilin Province——Taking Yanbian Autonomous Prefecture as an Example
    HE Yan-Fen, MA Chao-Qun, ZHU Jin-Hua
    2003, 23(2): 245-250. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.02.245
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    Land-use /cover change(LUCC) study has been an important subject, since it was put forward. Its theoretical analysis has converted from pure natural analysis to the combination with natural and socio-economical analysis, from macroscopic global analysis to small regional analysis, from multiple type analysis for land use to single type.One of the dimensions of the studies is to study the human driving forces, which cause the changes. Cultivated land is one of the main type of land-use, and it is closely, correlative to population, spatial distribution of agricultural produce and natural factors such as soil, air temperature, topograghy and water condition. Cultivated land is an important basis source for a region's sustainable development and food security. With the development of economy, increase of population and expansion of city, cultivated land is faced with heavy pressure to raise and to hold more and more people on it. There are several cases studies of LUCC in China for cities such as Shanghai and Shenzhen, which are both the developed cities. What about mountainous area in middle-level developed province. The paper gives the quantitative changes and qualitative changes of cultivated land in eastern mountainous area of Jilin Province. Using correlation analysis and combining natural status, social status and economy status, we can get the causes of the dynamic change. With AHP, the conclusion is obtained that the decrease of the cultivated land in east mountainous area has close correlation with the increasing population, the level of agriculture skill, and economical policy.
  • Effect of Tourism Buildings on Water Environment and Its Controlling Model
    QUAN Hua
    2003, 23(2): 251-254. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.02.251
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    There are some buildings within most scenery spots. They take the environment go to bad. The main reason is that more and more hotels are built. After field monitoring and analyzing the tendency of the environment in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, we found that the effect of the hotels is more evident than that of the others. The most glaring change is the declining of the water quality in Jinbian stream. Main expression is blue green algae breeding quickly. The main reason is that phosphate content surpass the set standard in the discharging waste water from Luoguta, the reception area in the upstream. A threshold model for the most fragile environment factor was given in this paper: L={(CN-C0)Q+K(X/U)CNQ}/P·R-L0. On condition of no surpassing the set water standard in Jinbian stream, the most fragile environment factor, that is phosphate content≤0.02,we computed the dynamic threshold series for tourist lodgings in the upstream of Jinbian stream:the most quantity of beds in Spring,Summr,Autumn and Winter is 1186,3057,545 and 333. The scale of building in the upstream of Jinbian has built in excess of the threshold