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  • 2004 Volume 24 Issue 3
    Published: 20 May 2004
      
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  • Main Tasks and Methods of Geography
    CHEN Yan-Guang, LIU Ji-Sheng
    2004, 24(3): 257-263. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2004.03.257
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    Geography as a scientific branch is reviewed in the whole scientific perspective in this paper, by comparing the discipline with physics and economics, and other related subjects. It is hard to answer what is this thing called science, but we know what science does. As J von Neumann (1961) so cogently observed: "The sciences do not try to explain, they hardly even try to interpret, they mainly make (mathematical) models." As for the function of mathematical models, Marc Kac (1969) once pointed out in Science: "The main role of (mathematical) models is not so much to explain or predict-although these are the main functions of science-as to polarize thinking and to pose sharp questions." Synthesizing the two pieces of logion, we can drawn some conclusions as follows: 1) The main functions of science are to explain or predict. 2) The main task of science is to make models. 3) The main role of models is to explain or predict (the world) and to polarize thinking and to pose sharp questions. Now it is understood that if geography is regarded as a kind of science, which make mathematical models as expected, it is also supposed to make models. Otherwise, if the main task of geography is not to make models, the subject can not be considered to be a kind of science. The traditional scientific methods include the mathematization of world picture and experience and experiment. Nowadays, computer simulations are also an important method, or the third method, used to scientific research. Among the three methods, namely, mathematical theory, experiment, and computer simulation, the first and the third one will be very significant for future geography department. The two main elements of this scientific method are the use of mathematics and measurement to give precise determinations of how a geographical system and its parts work, and the use of observation, and where necessary, computer simulations, to gain understanding of geographical world. However, the mathematics is not the traditional mathematical theories but the postmodern mathematics of fractals and chaos, and the computer simulations are based on the rising ’bionic’ scientific theories such as cellular automata (CA), genetic algorithms (GA), artificial neural nets (ANN), and artificial life (A-life), etc. Among all the so-called bionic scientific theories, CA gives a tool of prominence so that it looks like a paradigm for the 21st century geography.
  • Statistics and Self-organized Criticality Characters of Natural Disasters in China
    ZHU Xiao-hua, CAI Yun-long
    2004, 24(3): 264-269. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2004.03.264
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    Bak P,Tang C and Wiesenfeld K enunciated the concept of Self-organized criticality(SOC)in his paper"Self-organized criticality:an explanation of 1/f noise?"published in "Physical Review Letters" in the 1980s. The SOC concept was presented for the first time in that paper and has been applied to many fields ever since such as earthquake,weather and population etc. It has been adopted thousands upon thousands times. SOC is a new method to observe and explain the complexity and mechanism of nature. The negative power is the direct proof of SOC,fractal and disaster are two exterior representations of SOC. A SOC system can be forecasted. China is an agricultural country to some degree. However,natural and social factors result in the frequent natural disaster,which has greatly affected the agriculture and economy of China. Thus,it is useful to study the characters of statistics and SOC of natural disasters of China. In this paper,the characters of statistics and SOC of exposure of natural disasters of China are discussed based on the concept of Self-organized criticality and fractal. Furthermore,the relationships between the scale and frequency of cities covered by flood,died people by drought and flood are constructed. For example,the relationship between the scale and frequency of cities covered by flood is logN=4.0957-0.577logr,that of died people by drought is logN=3.9486-0.5359logr,and that of died people of all disasters is logN=4.8645-0.6526logr. The paper also discriminates the relationship between the negative power and scales,it is found that the character of self-organized criticality of China disaster exposure exists objectivity,but the value of the negative power of relationship between the scale and frequency may change with different scales.
  • Regional Distribution of Land Cover Change Amplitude in China
    LI Xiao-Bing, CHEN Yun-Hao, WANG Hong, SHI Pei-Jun
    2004, 24(3): 270-274. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2004.03.270
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    In this study, monthly NOAA/AVHRR-NDVI digital images from 1983 to 1992 with 8km spatial resolution, were used to build an index of land cover change amplitude (D), and to study the regional distribution rule of land cover change in China. It showed that land cover change amplitude in the northwest inland and Tibet Plateau were small, and amplitude of the most southeast region (southeast and southwest monsoon area) was bigger than other regions. From the southeast to the northwest, change amplitude showed a declining trend and it can be found obvious strap regularity. Based on these results, a regional division of land cover change was carried out, and there were nine first class regions, 15 second class regions, indicating further the regional difference of land cover change in China. Nine first class regions included: (1) lesser to larger amplitude area of mountain in the northwest; (2) lesser amplitude area of inland plateau and basin in the northwest, and the west of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; (3) lesser to larger amplitude area in the middle and east of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; (4) larger amplitude area on the southeast edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the west of the Yunnan-Gui Zhou Plateau; (5) middle to large amplitude area on coastal region in the southeast, and Hainan; (6) large amplitude area of mountain in Taiwan; (7) middle to large amplitude area of mountain and hill in the southern China; (8) middle to larger amplitude area of mountain in Northeast China, and of mountain and plain in North China; (9) lesser amplitude area in the middle of Inner Mongolia Plateau.
  • Sediment Transferring Function of the Lower Yellow Riveras Influenced by Discharge and Sediment Load Conditions
    XU Jiong-Xin
    2004, 24(3): 275-280. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2004.03.275
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    The sediment transferring function of the lower Yellow River has been studied in this paper by using a geomorphological approach. An index for sediment transferring function (Fs) of a river has been proposed, which is defined as the output of sediment load from a given river reach divided by the input of sediment load to this river reach. The Fs index was found to be closely related with discharge and sediment load conditions. When water discharge decreased and sediment load increased, Fs decreased. The >0.05mm percentage in suspended load was negatively correlated with Fs. The index C/Q, especially the index C>0.05/Q, where C is suspended sediment concentration, C>0.05 is the concentration of the >0.05mm sediment, and Q is water discharge, is a major factor determining sediment transferring function of the lower Yellow River. The higher the C/Q and C>0.05/Q are, the lower the Fs will be. The event-based Fs decreased with both the increasing event maximum suspended concentration and the increasing frequency of hyperconcentrated flows. The construction of Xiaolangdi Reservoir provides some possibility for enhancing the sediment transferring function of the lower Yellow River by means of water discharge and sediment load regulation. This study shows that the event-averaged suspended sediment concentration C=35 kg/m3 and the event-averaged index C/Q=(0.015 kg·s)/m6 are the optimal values for the optimization of Fs, and so is the bankfull water discharge.
  • Correlations between Surface Runoff and Their Time Variations in the Joint Zone between Qinling Mountains and Huanghuai Plain
    GUAN Hua, LI Bin
    2004, 24(3): 281-285. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2004.03.281
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    There is generally an inverse interrelated relationship between surface runoff and its time variations (seasonal and annual variation) in most areas of the world and China, but it is direct interrelated relationship in the joint zone between Qinling mountains and Huanghuai Plain. Based on the 1962-1999 observation data of 42 runoff stations in the joint zone and its adjoining area, we get the following results: the distribution lows of the surface runoff depth is that its value increases progressively from north to south and from plain to mountain, the distribution lows the proportion of winter runoff and annual runoff Rw/R is that its value increases progressively from south to north and from mountain to plain, the distribution lows the proportion of the summer runoff and annual runoff Rs/R and flood season runoff and annual runoff Rf/R are that their values increase progressively from north to south and from plain to mountain, and these results shows that there is a direct interrelated relationship between the surface runoff and its seasonal variation; both the proportion of extreme value of annual runoff Km and the variation coefficient of annual runoff Cv have the distribution lows that their values increase progressively from north to south and from plain to mountain, and these results shows that there is a direct interrelated relationship between the surface runoff and its annual variation too. The main causes of formation of the abnormal phenomenon are that the surface runoff depths of different areas have less differences in winters and wet years, and have much differences in summers and dry years. In other words, the differences of annual runoff of different areas formed mainly in summers and wet years.
  • Geomorphological Effects of Plate Movement During Quaternary in China's Tropics
    HUANG Zhen-Guo, ZHANG Wei-Qiang
    2004, 24(3): 286-291. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2004.03.286
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    The eastern and westwern fronts of plate movement in Taiwan Island and Tibetan Plateau respectively are the sources of tectonic force for a series of tectonism and morphogenesis in China's tropics. Seven examples of geomorphological effects of plate movement are enumerated to discuss the differentiation of tectonic landforms in space and time during Quaternary.The dynamic source western front is stronger than that of eastern, for example the length of collision zone in western reachs 2 000km but only 200km in eastern and the width of seismic zone is 800~1 800km in western but only 350km in eastern. The more near by sources of tectonic force is, the more obvious will be the geomorphological effects of plate movement. For example the Yushan Mountain of Taiwan Island has the highest peak in the islands of the western Pacific Ocean. The emergence rate of central mountains in Taiwan occupies the first place in the world. The shape of Taiwan Island became curved to continent rather than to ocean as a unique example in island arc system of western Pacific Ocean. In western tropics the deep fracture valleys of Hengduan Mountain are very famous. There are 1 000 or more fault basins with thickness of 100-600m of the Quaternary in Yunnan Plateau. The tectonic movement tends to be more active since the Middle Pleistocene. For example the gravel layers were deposited extensively at that time. The river terraces with multi-level are mostly formed since the Middle Pleistocene. The most active stage of volcanism also occurred during Middle Pleistocene. The zone neat by 110癊 can be regarded as the juncture of western and eastern tectonic force. Because here the common apex of three ranges of arc-shape mountains curved southwards,the most extensive distribution of the Quaternary basalts in China,and the transform zone of crustal deformation can be seen.
  • Geomorphic Transformational Event Around 1.2 Ma B.P. in the Southern Shanxi Province
    LI You-Li, SHI Xing-Min, FU Jian-Li, Yang Jing-Chun
    2004, 24(3): 292-297. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2004.03.292
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    Based on the studies of magnetic susceptibility, paleomagnetism and loess-paleosol sequence of the Chaizhuang and Yangfan sections in the southern Shanxi Province, it is suggested that these sections documented a geomorphic transformation from fluvial environment to the loess environment around 1.2 Ma B. P. Combining with the analyses of the sedimentary environment and tectonic background, we proposed that this event is likely the result of the uplift of the transverse horsts, the Chaizhuang horst between the Linfen and Houma basins, the Emeitai horst between the Houma and Yuncheng basins, in the Shanxi graben system which probably linked with the tectonic movement in the Tibet Plateau.
  • Genetic Properties of Soils Derived From Purple Sedimentary Rocks in the Basin in South Anhui Province
    GU Ye-Ping, LIU Fu-Cheng
    2004, 24(3): 298-304. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2004.03.298
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    This paper deals mainly with soil-forming characters and genetic properties in the southern Anhui. The results show that the soils have, in varying degree inherited some properties of purple sedimentary rocks for their very weak chemical weathering. The slit/clay ratios of most soils are above 1.3, silica-alumina ratios (SiO2/Al2O3) of the B or major genetic horizons are above 3.7, and the content of free iron oxide ranges from 16-29 g/kg, much lower than that of the Udic Argosols derived from granite in the same area. Most of the soils studied are eutrophic with base saturation (BS) above 50%, and two soil profiles have high aluminum saturation (AS) from 60% to 90%, with the BS lower than 30% or even 20%.
  • Formative Mechanism and Regional Effect of the Twin Cities of Shanghai and Suzhou
    LU Yu-Qi, DONG Ping, YU Yong-Jun
    2004, 24(3): 305-313. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2004.03.305
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    Allen theoretically derived model of Twin City and developed theory of regional spatial structure, basing on a large quantity of experimental analysis on America. Suzhou, which rises rapidly impulsed by the oversea investments after 1990, has constructed the paragenetic relation on function with Shanghai, i.e. Twin City model. The formation of the model is derived from two reasons. One is the administration reason that the management costs and industrial policies of Suzhou and Shanghai have obvious differences since 1980, because they belong to different provinces. The other is economic reason that Suzhou is located in the inner circle of Shanghai municipal circles that radius is 100 km and about 50 km away from Hongqiao airport. The formation of Suzhou-Shanghai Twin Cities by the rising of Suzhou generates versatile regional effects. Suzhou and Wuxi, with the same development level and industrial property originally, now have different tendency of development. This gives them the basis on the reasonable division of function. Suzhou, which is located on the boundary of two provinces, and Nanjing, which is the capital of Jiangsu Province construct the generalized dual-nuclei structure model. We build the multiple spatial composite model of reasonable division of function of cities along Shanghai-Nanjing railway, by the comprehensive action of above-said factors. We generalize the formative condition of Suzhou-Shanghai Twin City model and analyze the formative condition and possibility of Twin Cities at others area in China as Hong Kong and Beijing.The rising of Suzhou drives scholars to discuss the ideal spatial structure form of cities along the Shanghai-Nanjing railway in Jiangsu province, observed by theoretical level. In definition the dual-nuclei structure is composed of the regional center city and port city. The connotation and application range are expended widely by inducing the definition of margin effect. Although border cities are not near large river, they have the dominance of margin effect, because they have difference on economic, management mechanism and ethnical culture. The combination of regional center city and border city also is one of the representations of the dual-nuclei structure model. The border city is referred to not only the city between two countries that is named borderer city, but also the city between two provinces that is named boundary city. The border city and boundary city are called margin city together. The combination of regional center city and port city is the primary form of dual-nuclei structure model; the combination of regional center city and margin city is the secondary form of dual-nuclei structure model. The evolution of spatial structure in Yangtze delta is effected deeply by the rising of Suzhou and the relocation of cities near Suzhou. In fact, the cities near Suzhou all take some corresponding strategies in recent years, as 173 planning of Shanghai and exploitation planning of Hangzhou bay. How to accept challenge is the main task of Suzhou to be relocated in Yangtze delta.
  • Relation of Urbanization and the Changes of Inudstrial Structure in Northeast China
    YANG Qing-Shan, LI Hong-Ying, MEI Lin
    2004, 24(3): 314-319. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2004.03.314
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    This article summarizes the characteristics of urbanization development and the changes of industrial structure in Northeast China, analyzes the relation of urbanization and the changes of industrial structure in Northeast China by applying the mutually prompt law of urbanization and industrialize, the law of the changes of industrial structure and the law of urbanization development, and discusses the reasons of forming this relation. Finally, this article puts forward harmonious strategy on the relation of urbanization and the changes of industrial structure in Northeast China. that is, promoting harmonious development of urbanization and industrial structure by optimining industrial structure, building the reasonable urban system and improving the level of infroastructure.
  • Evaluation of Urban-Rural Integration Course in Northeast China
    XIU Chun-Liang, XU Da-Ming, ZHU Xiang-Ling
    2004, 24(3): 320-325. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2004.03.320
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    The urban-rural relationship is an important social connection and spatial connection not only at present but also a fairly long time of future in China, however the urban-rural integration is the basic trend of the urban-rural relationship development. The urban-rural relationship and integration course of Northeast China compared with other regions has universality and individuality as well. The paper selects Dalian, Changchun and Baicheng respectively as investigation objects on coastal large cities, large cities in the middle part of Northeast China and western medium-sized cities, then makes relatively deep positive research and comparison analysis on the urban-rural integration of the typical cities. The research mainly substitutes downtown area of the current administration division for city proper. The peripheral counties and a few distant suburbs are taken as rural regions. The villages and towns are selected as research units in order to describe the space-time difference of urban-rural integration inside the counties. The synthetical index method is adopted so as to evaluate the urban-rural integration course. The synthetical index of urban-rural integration is composed of the development level of economy, the non-agriculture level of village, social fairness and welfare, traffic and daily connection etc., which is between 0 and 100 and is obtained by ratio between each index of village microcosmic region(village and town, county) and each index of central city weighted sum. The conclusion by the synthetical index method and observation is that the urban-rural connection is strengthened gradually and is tending to diversify, the peripheral regions around the central cities has engendered spatial sequences of four classes, including advanced integration region (the first class), medium integration region(the second class), primary integration region(the third class), and the traditional village region(the fourth class). The integration region sequences of four classes in Dalian is complete. In addition the advanced integration region has come into being and is expanding, the urban-rural relationship tends to integrate, Changchun region lacks the first class, Baicheng has the third class and the fourth class only, the urban-rural dual structure is still obvious. The first and second class integration region can be looked upon as functional urban area (the metropolitan area). The urban-rural integration course is positively related to per capita GDP—the representative of the development level of economy. The paper aims to advance the research of this kind of question in science by quantitative investigation on the space-time course of the urban-rural integration of each city proper. The mentioned above three types can represent the whole condition and space difference of the course in northeast region. The conclusion can be taken as a basis while all kinds of specific questions, such as the Northeast regional urbanization, the urban-rural relationship, the delimitation of functional urban region, and the urban-rural development strategy are researched.
  • Response of Farm Households' Behavior to Regional Agricultural Industrial Policy Reform and Analysis of Effect of Soil and Water Conservation in Red Soil Area of Jiangxi Province——A Case Study of Shangrao County
    WANG-Peng, HUANG Xian-Jin, ZHANG Zhao-Gan, YANG Zhao-Wei, YANG Da-Yuan
    2004, 24(3): 326-332. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2004.03.326
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    With the introduction of the "household responsibility system" (HRS) in the large rural area in China since the 1980s, farm-households' land use decision-makings affect sustainable land use. This effect has already been shown after the first run land contract, such as the bare mountainous region and the aggravating soil erosion area which are caused by farm-households' felling forest in volume, and the degradative cultivated land quality which is caused by the fact that the farm households attach importance to chemical fertilizer and pesticide while ignore soil miscellaneous fertilizers and organic fertilizer. In order to test the effects of response of farm-households' behavior to regional agricultural industrial policy reform on effect of soil and water conservation in red soil area of Jiangxi Province, three sample villages in Shangrao County were selected as a case study of massif red soil region in Jiangxi Province, and the field work of questionnaires of 111 farm-households' behavior had been held in the villages. Based on the feedback of the questionnaires, a model was established to analyze effect of agriculatural industrial policy reform of soil and water conservation. It showed that, status of soil and water loss of rural land is affected directly by households' behaviors in course of agricultural industrial structure adjustment in Shangrao County at present, and that its main influence factors include the transformation of agricultural labor, the price of agricultural production means, educated level of farm-households, and the degrees of land scale operation, etc. The authors think that this state is in the universality in red soil area of Jiangxi Province at present. According to these results, some suggestions of sustainable land use are proposed.
  • Ecological Footprint of Sustainable Development of Suihua City
    ZHOU Jia, SHANG Jin-Cheng
    2004, 24(3): 333-338. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2004.03.333
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    The main content of estimation of sustainable development is to ensure human load stay within global carrying capacity. Because humans consume the products and services of nature, every one of us has an impact on the earth.The ecological footprint concept has been designed to answer this question and estimate man's inpact on nature. The ecological footprint of any defined population(from a single individual to a whole city or country)is the total area of ecologically productive land and water occupied exclusively to produce all the resources consumed and to assimilate all the wastes generated by population.The ecological footprint method presents a simple framework for national natural capital accounting. In the paper,we introduced the concept of ecological footprint and its calculation method.And the article calculates and analyses the ecological footprint of Suihua City over recent 10 years. And, we surveyed diversity of ecological footprint and development ability. The ecological footprint ledger is composed of two main sections. The first ledger is basic biotic resources comsumption including its byproducts,the second is energy comsumption.Based on the ecological footprint concept and analysis framework,human consumption can be compared with regional-level natural capital production using existing data.The results showed that the ecological footprints deficit of Suihua City was 0.421ha per capita in 2001 which is declined by 1998 and 1999. And results demonstrated that utilization benefit of resource increased.The method of improving sustainable development of Suihua City is increasing ecological footprint's diversity and reducing footprints.
  • Reconstruction of Climatic Changes of Yansan Mountain Area since 5000 a B. P. Inferred from Pollen Data
    XU Qing-Hai, YANG Xiao-Lan, YANG Zhen-Jing, LIANG Wen-Dong, SUN Li-Ming
    2004, 24(3): 339-345. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2004.03.339
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    Climatic changes of Yanshan Mountain area since 5000 a B. P. had been reconstruted using several major pollen-climate response surface models. Two serious climate decline events took place during the past 5000 years. One was in the period of 4500-3600 a B. P. with mean July temperature 2.0℃ lower than that at present. Another was in the period of 2750-1750 a B. P. with mean July temperature 3.7℃ lower than that at present. Since 2000 a B. P., the mean annual precipitation reduced gradually. The present mean annual precipitation is about 50-100mm lower than that 2000 a ago. Pollen analysis shows that Castanea trees had been cultivated about 1600 years, and Oryza had been planted for 700 years in the southern part of Yanshan Mountain.
  • Lake Sediment Records of Climatic and Environmental Change in Angulinao Lake
    JIANG Jia-Ming, WU Jing-Lu, SHEN Ji
    2004, 24(3): 346-351. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2004.03.346
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    Angulinao Lake is the biggest lake in the Bashang area, Hebei Province. It lies in the southeast edge of Inner Mongolia Plateau, belonging to arid, semi-arid climate areas. And this enables its deposits to record the climatic and environmental changes sensitively. A multi-proxy investigation of a sediment core from Angulinao Lake reflects climatic and environmental evolution of the catchment over the past 400 years. On the basis of the analysis of grain size, carbonate content and total organic(TOC)content, Three environmental stages are identified. From 1634 to 1801 A.D., detrital grains and the high carbonate contents in sediments suggests the lake became shallower as a result of the dry climate. From 1801 to 1889 A.D., evidenced by thinner grain size and lower contents of TOC and carbonate, the climate became colder and moister and the lake area expanded, which is interpreted as the last fluctuation of the Little Ice age. From 1889 A.D., sediments become coarser with the rapid increase of TOC and carbonate contents, indicating a time when the climate was getting drier and drier, warmer and warmer. In all, the envirmonmental evolution in the Angulinao area over the past 400 years is charactered by the alternating of the warm-dry and the cold-humid climate. Also, the clear warm-dry trend of the lake area can be seen over the last 100 years.
  • Polarized Reflectance Characteristics of Some Soils
    SONG Kai-Shan, ZHANG Bai, ZHAO Yun-Sheng
    2004, 24(3): 352-357. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2004.03.352
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    Polarized reflectance data of dry soils and soils containing 18% of water are collected with bi-directional reflectance detection instrument. The specialties of this instrument lies in its ability to measure the polarized reflectance of targets at various zenith viewing angles, incidence light zenith angles and azimuth angles with band A (630-690nm) and band B (760-1100nm). So analysis according those characteristics listed above is done. It is found that soils reflectance characteristics have direct relation with soil type, soil property and sensor's viewing geometry. This study on polarized reflectance of soils can not only help to find a new way for soil remotely detection but also provide the theoretical basis for further researches on the remote sensing of polarized light.
  • Application of Wavelet Transform to Relative Sea Level Research
    OU Su-Ying, CHEN Zi-Shen
    2004, 24(3): 358-364. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2004.03.358
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    This study is concerned with wavelet transform for relative sea level research. The abnormalities of monthly mean sea level of 14 stations in Guangdong coastland for the last 40 years are analyzed by the Morlet wavelet transformation to study the periodic variances and the variances of relative sea level variation with time domain. The results show that the periodic variances of relative sea level comprise half year period, one year period, 2-4 years period, 10-11 years and 18-20 years long term variances and are localized in time domain. The periodic variances has a significant effect on the trends of relative sea level change. Yet before removing periods in the records, the trend change of relative sea level is overestimated, and after eliminating the effects of periodic components significantly determined by wavelet transform, the variances of relative sea level vary with time domain and rise in 0.36-1.2 mm/a at all in Guangdong coastland.
  • Analysis on Urban Destinations in China: Status Change and Factors for the Change since the Reform Era
    BAO Ji-gang, GAN Meng-yu
    2004, 24(3): 365-371. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2004.03.365
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    As the most important element in urban tourism, urban destinations have played key roles in tourism development in China since the Reform Era. This paper uses the data of 28 major cities in China from 1982 to 2001, with reference to China Tourism Statistics from 1989 to 2001, to analyze the status change and the factors for the change in Chinese urban destinations. The change is evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively. Among the top ten urban attractions with the most tourist arrivals in 1982,1989 and 2001, Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou continue to be the most important destinations in China. On the other hand, tourism in Dalian, Kunming and Xiamen have developed very rapidly in the past 20 years. Zhuhai is a special case because the number of tourists hardly changed during this period. It is argued that most tourists to Zhuhai are from Hong Kong and Macao, where the tourists are stable and up to re-visit Zhuhai. This paper also discusses the impacts of the changing driving forces from urban tourism. Firstly, the driving mechanism of tourism exerts some influences on urban destinations, such as tourist behavior, urban attractions and port policies. Secondly, the change in urban destinations is related to the changes in urban functions and status. It seems that urban destinations in eastern China have developed better than those in the western China, in response to the pattern in economic development. Lastly, the competition between new urban destinations and traditional urban destinations also plays a part in the development of urban destinations. Xiamen and Dalian represent those in the eastern China while Kunming is an example of those in the western China. Both such new urban attractions have increased rapidly since 1989. Urban destinations of the same type are compared to build some models on the time-space scale. The spatial concentration index (SCI) of tourist arrivals of 28 major tourist cities indicates a drop of 41.8% from 55.0 in 1982 to 32.1 in 2001, which means that during the last 20 years, the number of urban tourists has increased, and the spatial structure of urban destinations has become more stable especially after 1989. In addition, Shenzhen is an important urban destination in its change of status and represents a model for urban areas with little tourist resource. With changing patterns of tourist behavior, the lack cultural interpretations for attractions, and environmental pollution, most traditional urban destinations lost their shares in the tourist market to different extent. This paper also discusses the trends for development in urban destinations in China.
  • Quantitative Study of the Impact of Tourist Trampling on Ecotourism Scenic Region—A Case Research of the Shangri-la Bita Lake Ecotourism Scenic Region
    CHEN Biao, YANG Gui-Hua
    2004, 24(3): 372-376. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2004.03.372
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    The study of impacts of tourists trampling on soil is an important part of the environmental carrying capacity in an ecotourism scenic region. By the results of experimental analysis of the data gathering in field investigations of soil in Bita Lake, an intensive index of the impact of tourist trampling was built as well as a model of norm distribution of the tourists' numbers in transverse section of tourists' path. This was an indication of the law between the tourists' distribution and the intensive index of tourist trampling on soil. As a result of this study, basic carrying capacity illuminated the adaptability of the Bita Lake Ecotourism Scenic Region to the tourists trampling on soil. And this index will be propitious to the environmental management in an ecotourism scenic region.
  • Past, Present and Future of Estimates of Paleoprecipitation in Closed Lake Basin
    JIA Yu-Lian, MA Chun-Mei, ZHU Cheng, WEI Ling, WANG Peng-Ling
    2004, 24(3): 376-383. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2004.03.376
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    This paper reviewed the research situation of estimates of paleoprecipitation in closed lake basin,and on the basis of recent works carried out in the Tibetan Plateau,analysed the method,principle and preliminary results,and gave some advices on the research work in the future. It was Lettau(1969) who first estimated the precipitation of closed lake basin based on the combined hydrological and energy balances of Palae-catchment. Then, Kutzbach(1980) developed two versions of the model:the first version is one in which precipitation and lake area are linearly related,and the second one is the relationship of the precipitation and lake area is nonlinear because the runoff ratio and Bowen ratio of the basin are made functions of precipitation. These studies provide the theoretical framework for estimates of paleoprecipitation from water budget and surface energy budget considerations. Many researchers,such as,Hastenrath et al.(1983,1985), Swain et al.(1983), Benson(1985), Adams et al.(1985),Winkler(1986),Fang(1989), Wu(1993), Qin(1993,1997),Guo(2000) followed this approach to study many paleolakes worldwide. However,the authors do not think it is appropriate to follow the above researches to ensure the parameters. Thus,a lot of works had been carried out in closed catchments of Asian Monsoon area in the last three years,the authors firsly applied the method of searching-for similar area in present atlas to ensure some parameters,such as,fractional cloud cover,surface albedo,surface vapor pressure,and so on, based on the considerations of water budget and surface energy budget of the whole catchment. In the end,the authors give some advices on improvements of this method. For example,we think it is the combined effect of humidity and temperature of paleoclimate,shown Rb/Sr sediment and salinity of paleolake,that is the best parameters to search for the appropriately similar area.