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  • 2005 Volume 25 Issue 1
    Published: 20 January 2005
      

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  • YANG Xiao-Guang, FAN Jie
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    In the past 20 years, Chinese rural industry has got great achievements and comes to be a vital factor of national economy. It's very important to study regional rural industrial competitive power to promote rural industrial sustainable development. It's also useful to set up various characteristic frameworks of regional rural industrial competitive power. This paper tries to bring forward a general index system to competitive power assessment. It's based on the outputs of former studies and my own research on main factors of rural industrial competitive power. Index to competitive power is achieved by factor analysis. Regional difference and types of rural industrial competitive power in China is explored. Besides these, this paper is trying to find out measures to improve competitive power. Some conclusions are drawn as followed: 1) The regional difference of rural industrial competitive power is consistent with rural industrial gross output. By the analyse of rural industrial competitive power of 30 provinces, it can be found out that the competitive power of rural industry in most of east provinces is stronger; And the power of competitive in west provinces is lower. Only Henan and Hunan these two provinces have a little stronger competitive power in central China. 2) The rural industrial enterprises in the east region have made greater progress with benefit of output, upgrading of industrial structure and market-based process through structural adjustment in recent years. Though the growth rate of rural industry in the west region is very fast in recent years, quality of development is far behind the east region. The gap between east and west in the development of rural industry will be greater and greater. And this gap will be shown in quality of development more and more. The central and west regions need to spend a long time to improve their rural industrial competitive power. And they must make good use of natural and workforce resources under the support of policy bias and industrial groups with better foundation to improve their competitive power.
  • LI Wei, ZHANG Ping-Yu, SONG Yu-Xiang
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    This article discusses the process, characteristics and causes of the land development in Northeast China during Qing dynasty. In this period, land development mainly happened in the Liao river valley and the west of Liaoning Province, only a little land was developed in Jilin Province and Heilongjiang Province, representing a scene of desolation in vast undeveloped interior area. After Qing government abolished an immigration ban, large area was cultivated in Fengtian, Jilin and Heilongjian one after another at a high speed rarely seen before. The authors further analyse the main factors which had influenced land use change in this area, and find that huge population pressure in central China, successive famines and land policy change of Qing government are the 3 major reasons that caused the large scale immigration and high speed land development in Northeast China during Qing dynasty, particularly in the late period.
  • YUAN Jia-Dong, SUN Zhen-Jie, ZHANG Na, ZHAO Zhe
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    This paper points out that the urban region studied by urban geography has three types. Urban regional system is a synthesis that is composed of geography factors forming the urban region. And it is an organic entirety with different function in the region and complicated structure that is formed by the promotion of productivity and urbanization. The system is an urban function regional one formed by the differentiation and combination of urban region. And the urban regional system is developing, changing, differentiating and integrating all the time. The reasonable urban regional system must have the comparable and functional feature, and the urban statistic must be true. The foreign geographers have studied the foundation of urban regional system for a long period of time. This paper analyses the American Standard Metropolitan Area (SMA) Theory and the Japanese Densely Inhabited District (DID) Theory that are representative and ripe. All these theories can be used by China to reconstruct the urban regional system for reference at the aspect of theory and method. Comparing with foreign study, China has attempted for many times at the aspect of foundation of urban regional system. But some problems of concepts and methods still exist. After the analysis of theory and method about the construction of the pertinent urban region system at home and abroad, the paper points out the subsistent problems in the define of urban region system in China. On the base of analysis of necessity of reconstruction of Chinese urban regional system, this paper puts forward the idea of reconstruction based on daily life circle and defines the concept of daily life circle. From the point of view of inhabitant's individual life, daily life circle is the spatial area that the daily activities of urban inhabitant involves such as inhabitation, work, education, shopping, medical treatment, entertainment and commuting. The daily life circle is a material urbanization region of a city, and it is the spatial shape and structure system that is formed through urban inhabitant fulfills all kinds of activities in the material urban regional system. It is a functional urban regional system including three circles-essential life circle, basic life circle and opportunity life circle. The essential life circle corresponds to the built-up area of city. The basic life circle corresponds to the linking part of town and country. The opportunity life circle corresponds to outskirts of city. The reconstruction uses the method of raster technique. This method realizes that basic spatial unit of urban regional system based on daily life circle can't be confined by the urban district borderline, and can describe the urban developing level objectively. In the last part, the paper discusses the feasibility of construction of Chinese urban regional system based on daily life circle elementarily. The idea of daily life circle can be used to study Chinese urban developing rules from the point of microcosmic view. And it can also provide a new thinking method to frame and accomplish urban planning and management. The idea of daily life circle has important theoretical and practical meaning for the theoretical study and the practice of urban planning for Chinese urban problems.
  • WANG Zhong-Zhi, LIN Bing-Yao
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    In its early 30 years after naissance in 1950s, the theory of Leading Industry diffusion was very effective in practices in some countries and regions. However, half a century later, the conditions and situation that the theory depend on have greatly changed. Since the 1980s, the performance based on the theory was not gratifying. The Tenth Five-Year Plan which around the notion on the Leading Industry and the Pillar Industry enhanced the homogeneity of regional economic structure. In the early 1990s, the theory of Industry Clusters as a new pattern about region development has been put forward, which absorbed widely positive factors in the traditional theories of region development and added new viewpoint to them, maybe adapted to the current situation of China. Based on the all-sided comparison between the two theories, we think that the theory of clusters should be followed to consummate the old industrial synthesis.
  • ZHANG Zheng-Dong
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    Sustainable development that the system of human being and nature system(including resource and environment) evolve together, is a compound system, comprised by three subsystem: nature system(including resource and environment),economic and society(including population). Starting off the broad sense concept of resource, the three subsystems of nature, economic and social resources had been quantified as nature resource population loading capacity, economic resource population loading capacity and social resource population loading capacity. Based on which, the paper constructed sustainable development evaluation index system based on the resources loading, and analyzed the development level, the sustainable level, the sustainable development ability and its changes in the Pearl River Delta. In order to provide the reference to the similarity of the Pearl River, the thesis drew up the conclusion: ①In 2002, the contribution of the Pearl River Delta economic subsystem to the whole area had reached 55.6%, the index of development level had reached 2.71, that had advanced 0.01than the index of development level in 1998, which had entered the stage of the economic resources driving.②In 2002, the Pearl River Delta sustainable development index had reached 2.16, had heightened 0.09 than the sustainable development index in 1998. Social sub-system of the system was lagged behind its nature sub-system, economic sub-system of the system. ③ In 2002, the Pearl River Delta sustainable development capacity was placed in middling level of sustainable development, which has advanced 0.04 than the index of sustainable development capacity. ④In 2002, economic resource loading capacity was great. From the loading capacity of each subsystem, the economic resource loading capacity was largest among the whole Pearl River Delta, which is 31000 thousand people. Nature resource loading capacity is the second large, which got to 21000 thousand people. Social resource loading capacity was the third, which got to 9000 thousand, less 10000 thousand people than the sati in 1998. The whole Pearl River resource loading capacity was 56000 thousand people.⑤The trend of the Pearl River Delta sustainable development changing was obvious. In the light of level of sustainable development, the level of sustainable development of the nine cities in the Pearl River fluctuated very small extent, which means that sustainable development level is a comparative stable index. In the light of the level of sustainable, the whole Pearl River Delta sustainable level fluctuated in very small extent during 6 years, but sustainable of each city fluctuated in a big extent, which means that the level of sustainable is a index that related with development fettle in different parts. The level of sustainable development determined the change of sustainable development capacity in different area. In the light of sustainable development capacity, the sustainable development capacity of the nine cities had been changing obviously during past 6 years. Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Foshan, Huizhou, Dongguan, and Zhongshan's sustainable development capacity was rising; Zhuhai and Zhaoqing's sustainable development capacity was descending.
  • Ding Sheng-Yan
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    The central concept of holistic landscape ecology is the "Total Human Ecosystem". It is in the highest level of co-evolutionary complexity in the global ecological hierarchy with solar energy powered biosphere and fossil energy powered techno-sphere landscapes. By utilizing new insights in self-organization,Holistic landscape ecology could contribute to their structural and functional integration into a coherent sustainable ecosphere and there by to the establishment of a sustainable balance between attractive and productive biosphere landscapes and healthy and livable techno-sphere landscapes for this and future generation. On basis of the historical background of holistic landscape ecology formation and its development trend, the paper discussed the basic theories of holistic landscape ecology, such as general systemitic theory, cybernetics and sustainable theory, self-organization theory, co-evolution theory, general systems and hierarchy theory, interaction systems theory and implicate order theory ect. General systematics theory consider that,a system is always more than sum of its elements due to some relations, and it include some new emergent properties that each elements do not have. Cybernetics and sustainable theory consider that, feedback control can adjust culture in the whole nature and human, and can control and establish a stable mechanism, and through structure and function of biosphere and techno-sphere holistic, forming a sustainable biosphere. Self-organization theory consider that systems on a relatively high organization level that can renew, repair and replicate themselves as networks of interrelated component-producing processes in which the network is created and recreated in a flow of matter and energy are called autopioetic systems. The synergetic systems include landscape wholeness and hierarchy principle, landscape antagonism principle, landscape instability or multistability principle, landscape selection principle. Landscapes should be treated as a special case of mixed natural and cultural medium-number interaction systems, in this system, through the interaction of natural elements and human constructions, adaptation of humans and their natural environment in cultural Total Human Ecosystem landscapes created closely co-evolutionary process. Holistic landscape (economy and natural landscape) ecology together with other environmental sciences could promote the urgently needed symbiosis between nature and human society.
  • LIU Hui-Yu, LIN Zhen-Shan, ZHANG Ming-Yang
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    The major superiorities of wavelet analysis lie in good part characteristics in time (or spatial) domain and frequency domain, as well as focusing attention on any signal details. Therefore, it is suitable for wavelet analysis to extract the implicit periodical characteristics from the time series and to predict qualitatively the trends. Based on the wavelet analysis, time series of area affected by flood disaster after 1949 have been studied at multiple time scales. The results show: (1) the area affected by flood disaster in China has 3-year, 9-year and 17-year characteristic time scales. The characteristic time scales tend to diminish in recent years, which represents that the inundated cropland area varied more frequently than ever. There is a trend that the area affected by flood disaster in China will decrease in whole in the recent years on the base of the analysis of changes of the wavelet coefficients at 3-year, 9-year and 17-year time scales. (2) The area affected by flood disaster in China has the 3-year, 9-year and 17-year main periods from the wavelet variance analysis, which is consistent with the results of the wavelet coefficients analysis on the whole. The 19-year period and 17-year period are especially outstanding. The wavelet energy of the area is mainly focused on 9-year, 17-year and 3-year characteristic time scales, which means the change of the inundated cropland area is rested on these three time scales. (3) Based on the power spectra analysis, we also find that the area affected by flood disaster in China has the 3-year, 9-year and 17-year main periods. In contrast with wavelet analysis, the distribution characteristic of different periods can not be reflected at local time-domain by power spectra analysis, that is to say, there is no resolution in time-domain and power spectra analysis can not be used to analyze locality. In a word, the application of wavelet analysis in the area affected by flood disaster and its development will deepen the knowledge of characteristic of flood disaster, and provide some reference to the prediction of the inundated cropland area. It also provides a new tool to explore spatial-temporal complexity of flood disaster, and it will draw more and more attention.
  • XIN Zhong-Bao, XIE Zhi-Ren, WANG Wen
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    According to the monthly precipitation data during 1959-2001, we find the drought trend was obvious from the 1960s to the 1980s, and more precipitation was observed in the 1990s than in the 1980s. Power spectrum analysis shows that there exist three obviously simultaneous periods between precipitation in Ningxia and ENSO: 14 years, 3.75 years, approximately 2 years and 1.5 years. Precipitation in Ningxia responds quicker to La Nina than to El Nino, the lag time of the former is 1-2 months while the latter is 2-4 months. The impact that ENSO imposes on the seasonal precipitation varies tremendously. Four months later after the El Nino event, the precipitation decreases in spring, summer and autumn except a winter's increase. One month later after the La Nina event, the precipitation experienced a large increase in summer, autumn and winter except a spring's decrease. During the period of El Nino event the precipitation in Ningxia shows a 28mm decrement, whose proportion to the perennial year is 10?. However, during the period of El Nino event the precipitation in Ningxia has a 24-mm increment, which accounts for 9%.
  • HUANG Zhen-Guo, ZHANG Wei-Qiang
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    The five deltas of South China and Indochina Peninsula are all deposited in downfaulted basins. The downfault structure is mainly shown by the red weathering crust on the basement of the Quaternary,island hills on plain,islands off estuary,seismic activity and others.The thickness of Quaternary of Chao Phraya Delta is over 650m but that of Zhujiang Delta is only 63m, showing the different amplitude of downfaulting. The deposits of Early and Middle Pleistocene can be found in the three deltas of Indochina Peninsula but the kown oldest datings are only 52 138 a B P and 45 120 a B P in Hanjiang and Zhujiang Delta,respectively. Since middle stage of the Latest Glacial Period the five deltas have undergone three times of deltaic deposition and two times of discontinuity occurred.The maximum of Holocene transgression is mostly dated at 6 500-5 000 a B P.The advance rate of plain during the past hundred years is 63-120m/a in Zhujiang Delta but that of Chao Phraya Delta is only 4.0m/a. The similarity of the deltas can be enumerated as follows:abundant water and less silt content,composite deposits of several rivers,braided stream,several river mouths,smaller channel curvature,extensive flood plain and wetland,south-westward extending of delta plain,and sedimentary of mangrove. The deltas have following differentiation.The areas of the deltas are quite different.The altitude of plain is larger in the delta inside of estuary.The submerged delta developed in the delta with smaller shelf gradient.The hydrodynamics of the deltas can be recognized as follows:runoff-tidal type of Zhujiang Delta and Chao Phraya Delta,runoff-wave type of Hanjiang Delta and Red River Delta,and runoff-tidal-wave type of Mekong Delta.
  • WANG Xiao-Dan, ZHONG Xiang-Hao, FAN Jian-Rong, LI Hui-Xia
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    Due to the unique climate characteristics such as arid and concentrated rainfall, gully erosion is very serious in the arid river valley of the Jinsha River. Based on morphological characteristics of gully heads, this paper applied fractal geometrical theory to analyze fractal curvature and fractal dimension of soil particle-size distribution of the gullies investigated, and discovered the correlation between gullies' morphology and development under different land-use patterns. As a result, it could indicate that the difference of natural environmental characteristics reflected by changes of gully morphology and provide a new way for studying spatial structure and monitoring dynamic growth of gullies. In additional, the paper has an important theoretical guiding meaning for controlling gully erosion and preventing land degradation.
  • ZHU Xiao-Bin, WU Ji-Chun, YE Shu-Jun, ZHAO Jian-Kang, WU Meng-Jie
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    The Changjiang (Yangtze) Delta is an important center area for Chinese economic development in the future, so the evaluation of the groundwater resources of this area is of great significance. In the previous studies, this area was divided into some subareas, according to the boundaries of the administrative districts, to evaluate their groundwater resources respectively, but the separation resulted in some human error. For the first time, the Changjiang Delta was considered as a whole in this paper, so such human error can be avoided. The three-dimensional model which describes the characteristics of the storage and the movement of the groundwater was built according to the multilayer aquifer system with large area and complex condition, the parameters of the model are identified on the basis of the fine division by GMS, which is the international common-used standard software for the numerical simulation of groundwater. Furthermore, some different exploitation alternatives of the area are evaluated. The results provide evidence to the building of management model of water resources in the future, and give some reasonable advices of exploitation to the project of economic development and sustainable development.
  • AN Ru, ZHAO Ping, WANG Hui-Lin, FENG Xue-Zhi, HE Kai
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    How to automatically obtain visualized vector information of settlement is a key problem in the fields of remote sensing and GIS. A number of researchers have been conducted in this field for many years. They all believe that the key problems about automatic obtaining visualized vector information of settlement from remote sensing image are two ones, the first one is information extraction of settlement from remote sensing image, the other is the generalization of the extracted information. At present, the main method of settlement information extraction is man-machine interaction. This approach is based on the knowledge of the man about residential area in the image. Although the accuracy of the method is higher, the efficiency is lower. The research on the generalization of the extracted settlement is seldom reported. In this paper, taking Jiangning County of Nanjing as a case study area, extraction of residential information from SPOT images based on a simple model of decision tree through analysis of characteristics of residents and other land-use types on the image are discussed firstly. Then, the paper's attention is paid to how to generalize the residential features in classified imagery. Mathematical morphology is a science about morphology and structure based on set theory. The key problem to use it generalizing residential patches is to design a lot of fair structure elements. Through the analysis of the extracted settlement information, a series of structure elements are designed. They are used to fill the irregular holes inside patches, smooth the edges of the patches and keep a right angle turn. The map scale determines the size of structure element. Then according to given steps, the generalized result will obtained. The generalized residential vector patches information would meet the needs of GIS and remote sensing mapping and severed for the loss estimation of natural disaster and the study of urban extension and environmental change, etc. At last, the test results are obtained and some conclusions are derived.
  • TANG Li-Na, CHEN Chun, WANG Qing-Li, HAO Zhan-Qing, DAI Li-Min
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    The transitional region between cropland in semi-humid region and grassland (pasture) in semiarid region, is an important ecological barrier, which prevents the desert from extending into the plains of the eastern China. It is also a region with severe environmental problems such as desertification, vegetation degradation and salinization due to its natural fragility enhanced by human activities. The study on landscape spatial pattern provides valuable information for rational management of the environmental resources. And it has been one of the key study areas in landscape ecology as a whole. In this article we choose Changling County of Jilin Province as a case study area to present the changing feature of landscape patterns. Changling County is a typical region of farming-pastoral zone in Northeast China, located in the region of 43?59'-44?42'N, 123?06'-124?45E', covers a total area of 5737.9 km2. By applying satellite imageries of different years, Landsat-MSS in 1980, Landsat-TM in 2000 respectively, we analyze the changing feature of landscape patterns in the study area according to the patch-size, spatial pattern, and other index. The study shows that the farmland covering over 50% of the study area is the matrix both in 1980 and 2000. The most remarkable changes in landscape pattern are the obvious decreasing by 55.46% of high-covered grasslands and the increasing by 26.61% of farmlands and salina. The different landscape types had different scales in their patch-size, and the landscape pattern had a trend of decreasing diversity and increasing dominance. The impact of human activity and study area's natural conditions combining together are the leading factors that induce the degradation and salinization of grassland.
  • LIU Xiao-Ping, DENG Ru-Ru, PENG Xiao-Juan
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    The satellite measurements are the contribution of surface reflectance and atmospheric back scattering, and it must distinguish one from the other for the quantitative remote sensing require the actual surface reflectance information. For the sake of solving this problem, a fast atmospheric correction algorithm based on Landsat-TM imagery is proposed in this paper. An outstanding feacture of this method is simple, practicable and easy to be used. Based on the traditional dark-object subtraction (DOS) technique, according to the reasonable analyse on dark-object and associated with the atmospheric radiative transfer models, the paper improves the determinate measure of atmospheric path radiance. In the paper, the author regards the vegetation in the shadow in a mountainous area as dark-object because the vegetation reflectance is very weak in the visible light and the direct daylight illumination in shadow area is also weak. Therefore, we can suppose that the vegetation reflectance in shadow area is zero approximatively so that the pixel value that is not zero all the same ought to arise from the atmospheric back scattering. Depending on the hypothesis we can calculate atmospheric path radiance and deduce the molecule optical thickness and aerosol optical thickness from the atmospheric correction algorithm. And then the parameters of atmospheric correction could be identified so that it can retrieve the surface reflectance. But this result does not answer to our precision request since the vegetation reflectance in the shadow is not zero in fact, especially in the near infrared. And for removing the error and increasing the precision the author emendates the atmospheric path radiance by the overlap way. The material approach is that we choose the exuberance and direct-daylight illumination vegetation area around the aforementioned vegetation area in the mountain shadow and regard its value as the new actual vegetation reflectance and process the second operation. By means of the overlap way we can discover the second result is more close to the actual surface reflectance. Of course, it can operate time after time until the result answer to the precision request by this method. At the same time the operate isn’t complexity by dint of the programme.At the end of this paper, as one of its exemplifications, we applied the fast atmospheric correction algorithm to Landsat-5 TM imagery obtained on December 8, 1998 to retrieve the surface reflectance, and compared the computational result with the original reflectance and field-measured reflectance. As a result, it shows that the computational reflectance by the method almost tallies with the field-measured reflectance. In addition, due to eliminating the atmospheric scatter influence the edges of the surface objects are distinct and easy to identify. So the imagery quality have been reformed too. In conclusion, based on this fast atmospheric correction algorithm, it can retrieve the actual surface reflectance from the imagery itself because all needful parameters, such as atmospheric optical thickness, single scattering albedo, are derived from the information contained in the imagery. This method adapt well to the area where the landform is plainness relatively and when it is sunshiny.
  • YAN Chuan-Hai, XU Ke-Feng
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    Xu(Xuzhou)-Lian(Lianyungang) Ecotone, located in the north of Jiangsu Province, is militarily a very important region in the eastern China. Its ecological environment has been damaged severely, and the burden of ecological restoration and reconstruction is heavy. Based upon the field survey material of 10 plots(4 650 m2), the classification system of the forest vegetation on the low mountains and hills in Xu-Lian Ecotone is established, including 2 vegetation type groups, 3 vegetation types, 3 vegetation subtypes, 6 formation groups and 12 formations(i.e., Pinus densiflora forest, Pinus thunbergii forest, Platycladus orientalis forest, Robinia pseudoacacia forest, Pistacia chinensis+Dalbergia hupeana forest, Pteroceltis tatarinowii forest, Celtis bungeana forest, Carpinis turczaninowii forest, Quercus acutissima forest, Quercus variabilis forest, Quercus fabri forest and Quercus variabilis+Machilus thunbergii forest). According to the effects of light intensity on forest edificators , the successional relationships among the 12 formations are analyzed, and the secondary succession model of the forest vegetation of the low mountains and hills in Xu-Lian Ecotone is built. Guided by the model, its strategies of ecological restoration and rehabilitation are discussed.
  • LIU En-Feng, SHEN Ji, ZHU Yu-Xin
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    Sedimentation rates,element concentrations and grain size distribution of cores MS and DLS sediments from western Taihu Lake are investigated,which represent the sediment characters of north and south western Taihu Lake.According to 137Cs dating,the average modern sedimentation rates of cores MS and DLS are 1.7 mm/a and 0.9 mm/a respectively.The geochemistry evolutional history of western Taihu Lake since 1920s' is studied on the basis of analyzing geochemical characteristics of sediments from core MS and DLS. The chemical elements in the sediments were from natural sources before 1940s' and some heavy metals and nutrients have been polluted due to human activities ever since.Pb,Zn,Mn,Ni,As and Hg are the main pollution heavy metals,which have different pollution history and pollution degree. Hg pollution began in the early 1940s' in north western Taihu Lake sediments,while in the south western Taihu Lake,it didn't begin to accumulate until the late 1980s' along with Mn,Ni and As.Pb,Zn,Ni,Mn and As pollution began in late 1970s' in north western Taihu Lake sediments and in the south western Taihu Lake Pb,Zn pollution also began.The concentration of TP in the north western Taihu Lake increased since early 1940s' because of the domestic wastewater,while that high concentration during 1940s' to 1970s' in the south western Taihu Lake might have a correlation with the chemical properties of phosphorous.The concentration of TN and TOC increased since late 1970s' both in north and south of the western Taihu Lake indicated the input of outsource organic matters,and the increased TN also related to the increased use of agricultural chemical fertilizer since late 1970s'. The higher concentration of TN and TP have close correlations with eutrophication of Taihu Lake.The pollution history recorded by sediments' geochemical proxies is correspondent with the economy development of Taihu Lake drainage basin.
  • GUO Ping, XIE Zhong-Lei, LI Jun, ZHOU Lin-Feng
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    Specificity of heavy metals pollution in index urban soil of Changchun city was studied for the potential ecological hazards. The potential ecological hazard suggested by Hakanson was used to assess the ecological hazards of heavy metals in urban soils. The results showed that urban soils were seriously polluted with heavy metals, and Pb and Ni was dominated in urban soils. The different domains were polluted by the different metal elements because of source space variance. The urban soil of Changchun was of the slightly ecological hazard, and Pb, Cu and Zn were feeble ecological hazard factors. The ecological hazard for the different domains was the order of urban park>farmland>industrial area> residential area>development area.
  • ZHAO Qing, DING Deng-Shan, YAN Chuan-Hai
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    Landscape ecological evaluation of scenic spot may serve as a basis for the planning, construction and management of scenic areas, which is also an effective way for sustainable development of scenic areas. Taking Muyan Scenic Spot an example, this paper discusses the landscape ecological evaluation and planning of Muyan Scenic Spot. Based on the field survey, the vegetation classification system and landscape ecological classification system are established, the map of current landscape ecology made. The landscape ecology is evaluated according to diversity, representatives and other five indexes. On the basis of landscape ecological evaluation, each landscape component is divided into four grades, and important planning measures and landscape ecological planning map of the scenic spot are made. Suggestions on the sustainable development of the scenic area spot put forward.
  • ZHAO Yan-Wei, YANG Zhi-Feng
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    Disturbance from irrational anthropogenic socio-economic activity has influenced river ecosystem seriously and intensive attention has been paid on issues concerning river health. Various understanding on river health concept is generalized and the difference between them is distinguished in detail, the development process, advantage and disadvantage of river health assessment methods, including biological monitoring and integrated indicator are introduced. Furthermore, Some suggestion on research direction of river health assessment, including assessment standard establishment, river's sensitivity on disturbance, ecological process indicator and health assessment on watershed scale is put forward in the paper.