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  • 2006 Volume 26 Issue 4
    Published: 20 July 2006
      
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  • A Spatial Econometric Analysis of Industrial Total Factor Productivity in China's Provincial Regions
    WU Yu-Ming, LI Jian-Xia
    2006, 26(4): 385-391. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2006.04.385
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    Total Factor Productivity(TFP) is an important symbol of national economic growth,regional economic growth and technological progress. It is very much important to calculate TFP properly and scientifically for regional economic and technological progress and policy-making. Spatial Moran index of autocorrelation, Spatial Lag Model(SLM)and Spatial Error Model(SEM)are used to analyze the industrial TFP of China's 31 provincial regions based on the industrial enterprises statistical data of year 2003. The econometric estimation results show: (1) The estimation results of spatial econometric models are better than that of OLS model,and the spatial statistic and spatial econometric models have good effects on testing and calculating 31 provincial regions' industrial TFP in China. (2) The investment of industrial capital is one of the main factors which causing the great gap among coastal, central, western areas and provinces in the influencing factors of China's provincial industrial factor productivity. (3) Lower labor productivity is the bottleneck and conditional factor promoting China's 31 provincial regions' industrial TFP. (4) The capital together with technology is the pushing factors in China's provincial industrial TFP growth in 2003.
  • Organization Networks of Chinese Marine Container Transportation
    WANG Cheng-Jin, JIN Feng-Jun
    2006, 26(4): 392-401. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2006.04.392
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    Marine container transportation is an important transportation organization model and impacted the evolution of world ports system. Now it is developing quickly in China and became a key factor to develop national economy. Research on the organization networks of marine container transportation became the importan field of transportation geography. Based on history research of container transportation in foreign countries and China, the author discussed the theory in detailed about liner ship transportation and spatial organization model of container transportation—Hub and Spoke System. Then the author chose 70 container shipping liner companies,360 ports(including 45 Chinese ports and 315 international ports)and the container shipping data at 1-7 on October in 2004 as the studying objects, and designed the spatial analysis model. Then the author took container transportation line, schedule, spatial relation and region system as studying aspect, and analyzed China container transportation organization networks, and summarized these conclusions: (1)Hong Kong port and Shanghai port have the most strong ability to organize marine container transportation; Shenzhen port, Ningbo port, Qingdao port, Xiamen port, Tianjin port and Dalian port have stronger organization ability;the ability of other ports to organize container transportation is very weak. (2)Different port has different main organization region. The northern ports and eastern ports in China have strong transportation relation with Japan and Korea, southern ports have stronger transportation relation with North America, Europe and Southeast Asia, which show China have stronger international economic relation with those regions. (3)There have six region organization systems of Hub and Spoke in China, including Dalian system, Tianjin system, Qingdao system, the eastern China system, the southern China system, Southeast of Fujian system, whose hub ports are Dalian port, Tianjin port, Qingdao port, Shanghai port, Shenzhen-Xianggang port which promote Chinese economy. These six organization systems formatted the basic networks of marine container transportation in China which is alike with its regional economic framework. (4)Chinese ports were belong to three international organization systems of container transportation, including Busan, Osaka-Kobe and Singapore system which constructed East Asia and Southeast Asia international organization systems of marine container,and whose hub ports including Busan port,Osaka port, Kobe port and Singapore port which control the international container flow in China.
  • Transition Tendency of Distribution of Industry and Population in Pan-Pearl River Delta
    LI Tie-Li, XU Jian-Hua
    2006, 26(4): 402-408. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2006.04.402
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    Regional integration and cost-saving developments in transports and communication sectors are reducing the cost of flux of trade and production factors. With the development of regional integration, the economic geography in "Pan-Pearl River Delta" will have a trend to readjustment. The result is that production of particular products should move to regions with "comparative advantages" in terms of the local supply of appropriate raw materials and labour. Companies located in these areas can provide goods and services to other regions. Increased labour and capital mobility should accelerate this process. From the year of 1997, the regional trade increase in Pan-Pearl River Delta has been associated with a shift in manufacuring production towards to regional concentration. Gini coefficient has revealed significant increase in regional concentration in 13 out of 15 manufacturing industries in Pan-Pearl River Delta, while there are significant reduction in concentration in only 2 industries. On the basis of being appraised on the industry and population, the developing degree of economic integration in the region is on the metaphase, and industry and population have trend to concentration. Economic geography’ model identifies competing forces that determine whether industries will concentrate and specialize or disperse and diversity. The most important two of these factors are "centrifugal force" and "centripetal forces". Location decisions are driven by considerations of access to markets on the one hand and by production cost considerations on the other. MPI estimates for Pan-Pearl River Delta has showed that the MPI tends to be high around Pearl River Delta, and the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan, Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou urban agglomerations are at the second position. Production cost is centrifugal force, particularly in relation to inputs such as labour and property. The author compares these forces, and the property price is the most important factor to disperse the manufacturing production in Pan-Pearl River Delta. In the future, when the region's integration further develop, the industry and population' distribution will represent the characteristics of concentrating and dispersing.
  • Planning for Circular Economic Development and A Case Study
    LI Xin, DONG De-Ming, SHEN Wan-Bin, QIU Hui-Zhe, GAO Ming-Hui
    2006, 26(4): 409-413. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2006.04.409
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    Connotation of circular economy was discussed. It is considered that circular economy is a new mode of economic development according with sustainable development principle, which is a kernel to utilize and recycle resources efficiently, a principle to reduce, reuse, and recycle them, and with the characteristics of lower investing, lower consuming, lower wastes, and higher efficiency. Also it is a ultimate reform of traditional increasing mode which is characteristic of large production, large consumption and large waste, being an economic configuration of thrift resources and friendly environment. As an advanced economic model circular economy pursues high economic benefit, less resources consumption, minimizing environmental pollution, and increasing employment. Furthermore, the plan for circular economic development and indicator system was presented. Then, through a case study, an overall planning for circular economic development was made in next five years in Jilin Province.
  • On Spatial Structure of Industry of Fujian Province—Takeing top 300 enterprises with the most annual sales of Fujian Province as samples
    CHEN Yue-Ying, XU Xiao-Po, FAN Shi-Chen, LIU Yun-Gang
    2006, 26(4): 414-419. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2006.04.414
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    According to the theory of areal economy system, the state of an areal economy unit can be expressed with the features of time series of the economic development and spatial structure. The existing state of an areal economy unit is enslaved to the space-time relationship. The determinative area in a given stage of economic development is bound to have its periodical feature of economic development which is relative to the feature of its spatial structure. Conversely, the feature of spatial structure of the area is bound to reflect the feature of stage of the areal economy development. On the basis of the above, this paper makes a preliminary diagnosis of the features of time series of industrial system in Fujian and spatial structure from the space-time relationship. In the period of economic development, Fujian is in a period of transition from the exploitation of resources to processing industries. In the spatial respect, the economic development of Fujian takes on the feature of pole-axis spatial system that is growing. The coupling of space and time indicates that the economic development of Fujian has been in the mid-term of industrialization. At last, the paper puts forward countermeasures and proposals to push the course of industrialization forward and realize the stage leap forword of industrial economic system of Fujian.
  • Quantitive Evaluation of Sustainable Development of Resources-rich Cites Based on Ecological Track Model—A Case Study of Daqing the petroleum city in Heilongjiang Province
    ZANG Shu-Ying, ZHI Rui-Zhi, SUN Xue-Meng
    2006, 26(4): 420-425. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2006.04.420
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    As an important industrial base of petroleum chemical industry in China, for several decades, Daqing City has made a tremendous contribution to China's economy development. But in the meantime as a resources-rich city, inevitably it also has some innate weakness such as industrial structure being single, structure unbalance, infrastructure facilities insufficient, radiation of economy weak and serious destroy of ecological environment, etc. In view of economy development, at present the petroleum mining in Daqing City has come into the middle and later stage. It is the urgent affaires for Daqing City to make the most of the favorable situation brought about by Vigorously Developing the Old Northeast Industrial Base to cultivate substitute industry and realize sustainable and stable development of economy. From the point of view of ecological environment, its supply and demand of ecological track from 1983 to 2001 has been severely unbalanced and the ecology deficit enlarging continuously. It is quite evident that the sustainable development of Daqing City has become an unavoidable serious real problem no matter from economy sense or ecological one. However the sustainable development of Daqing City is extremely complicated, involving very important theoretical issues in respect of regional economics and ecological economics, etc. From the point of view of ecological economics only and on the basis of ecological track model, this paper researches theoretically into the sustainable development of Daqing City.
  • Analysis on Trend of Sustainable Development of Suihua City
    ZHOU Jia, SHANG Jin-Cheng, XIE Yuan-Yun
    2006, 26(4): 426-431. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2006.04.426
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    The main content of estimation of sustainable development is to ensure human load stay within global carrying capacity.Index system of sustainable development assessment is one of part of judge and decision system. In the paper, we select 42 indexes of sustainable system complying to comprehensive, compendious and systemic principle.Then,we assessed sustainable trend and sustainable ability of the region in 1990-2002. The trend evaluation is to adopt the method of complicated comprehensive evaluation in order to analyse the state,trend, degree and level of comprehensive development of region sustainable development system, and to assay and compare with corresponding standard.According to result of judging,development of economy and society is stead,and environment pollution and resources occupation is fluctuant, especially resources occupation exponential presented a accending trend in 2000. The reason is traditional economic development model has high flow rate. Environment development synthesion index and resources development synthesion index that can reflect relation of environment pollution and resources occupation present the same trend.In the beginning of 1990's in 20 centuries, because the condition of pollution of the environment and resources consume is more serious, and social economic develop levels in the meantime is lower, two indexes are higher.After 1998, the period of environment quality exalted gradually and the resources depletion descendence came, so the index r was more and more low.That show sustainable development ability to be raising continuously. Sustainble development ability evaluation is to analyse condition and obstacle of sustainable development with analysing relation and effect of the system state in order to evaluate sustainable development ability and the potential.With evaluation, it is expressed: 1)Resources depletion and pollution of the environment for 1993~1996, 2000 and 2002 make very small pressure to sustainable development, and the system of sustainble development ability grade was high. 2) Sustainable development of resources environment ability in 1992 and 1993 was common, and the pressure was medium.3)In 1998 and 1999, sustainable development ability of resources environmental was weaker.4)In 2000 ~2002 sustainable development ability can be raised continuously.In 2002,the comprehensive ability attain the best state.
  • Effect of Human Activities and Precipitation on Sediment Yield of the Jialingjiang River
    XU Jiong-Xin
    2006, 26(4): 432-437. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2006.04.432
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    Based on hydrometric and meteorological dada, effect of human activities and precipitation on sediment yield of the Jialingjiang River basin has been evaluated by using empirical statistical approach. The results show that soil-water conservation measures and hydraulic engineering works have resulted in significant reduction of sediment yield in the Jialingjiang River basin since the 1980s. A "base-line" (1956-1982) and a "monitoring" (1983-2000) periods have been identified, and regression equations between annual sediment yield in the Jialingjinag River basin and area-averaged annual precipitation is established, separately. Based on the two equations, the sediment reduction induced by the decrease in precipitation and by soil-water conservation measures and hydraulic engineering works was differentiated. As a result, the sediment reduction by the decrease in annual precipitation in the "monitoring" period, the sediment reduction by soil-water conservation measures and hydraulic engineering works, and their percentages of the total sediment reduction have been estimated. This study indicates that the sediment reduction by soil-water conservation measures and hydraulic engineering works (ΔQs) depends on annual precipitation (P), the former decreasing with the latter. When annual precipitation exceeded some threshold, negative ΔQs would occur. The ΔQsincreased with P, and when P=970 mm, ΔQsbecame the maximum,and then ΔQsdecreased to 0 when P=1180 mm.
  • Ephemeral Gully Development Process at Loess Steep Hillslope
    ZHENG Fen-Li, WU Min, ZHANG Yu-Bin, DING Jin-Li
    2006, 26(4): 438-442. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2006.04.438
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    According to the topographic characteristic parameters of ephemeral gully at loess steep hillslopes, the mold of ephemeral gully shape at initial stage was made to quantify the change processes of ephemeral gully headcut advance, gully-wall collapse and channel deep-cutting in three stages (the beginning, middle and late stages) of ephemeral gully development. The results showed that different stages of ephemeral gully development corresponded to different ephemeral gully erosion process. In the beginning stage of ephemeral gully development, ephemeral gully headcut, gully-wall collapse and channel deep-cutting were very active, the speed of ephemeral headcut advance was much higher than the speeds of gully-wall expansion and channel deep-cutting. In the middle stage, gully-wall collapse and channel deep-cutting were dominant. In the late stage, gully-wall collapse was dominant, but the speed of gully-wall expansion was lower than that in middle stage. In the beginning and middle stages of ephemeral gully development, ephemeral gully erosion accounted for 58.4% of the total sediment yield in ephemeral gully catchment; in the late stage, ephemeral gully erosion took up 26%-594% of the total sediment yield.
  • Soil Wind Erosion Environment in Black Soil Region in Northeastern China
    YANG Xin, GUO Jiang-Feng, LIU Hong-Hu, LIU Bao-Yuan
    2006, 26(4): 443-448. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2006.04.443
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    Based on the average daily wind speed data, average daily air temperature data, daily precipitation data of 1951-2000, and the daily dust data of 1980-2000, the wind erosion environment of black soil region in the northeastern China was analyzed. In the study area, the average air temperature from January to May has been increased markedly since 1951. And the total precipitation from January to May has no obvious change. In Nenjiang annual gale days in 1980-2000 was much more than that in 1950-1960, annual dust days have increased too, so the soil wind reosion environment in Nenjiang is serious than before. In Harbin and other stations in the study area soil wind erosion environment is weakening. In the whole northeastern China, the soil wind erosion environment is moderate.
  • Geomorphic Threshold Model for Ephemeral Gully Incision in Rolling Hills with Black Soil in Northeast China
    HU Gang, WU Yong-Qiu, LIU Bao-Yuan, ZHANG Yong-Guang, WEI Xin
    2006, 26(4): 449-454. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2006.04.449
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    The theory of geomorphic threshold has been widely applied in study of predicting the area of ephemeral gully incision. Based on the measurement in field and relief map, this paper got the coefficient (a) and (b) in threshold model S=aA-b (where S is local slope, A is upslope drainage area), and verified whether the gully incision formula used by Moore is suitable in study area. The analysis showed that the threshold value (a) and exponent coefficient (b) are 0.1161 and -0.4457 respectively for gully, 0.0631 and -0.4643 respectively for ephemeral gully; and that gully incision formula used by Moore is not suitable in study area. Compared with the distribution of ephemeral gully in field, it is found that the prone area predicted by threshold model is fairly well consistent with the actual ephemeral gully distribution. Meanwhile, it was found that the bigger the bvalue in threshold model, the more unsusceptible the prone area to the change of threshold value, vice versa, which is approved by the prone area of gully incision. These provide primary design guidance for local soil and water conservation.
  • Salt-water Balance and Dry Drainage Desalting in Hetao Irrigating Area, Inner Mongolia
    WANG Xue-Quan, GAO Qian-Zhao, LU Qi, LI Bin
    2006, 26(4): 455-460. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2006.04.455
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    Hetao irrigating area of Inner Mongolia is a major irrigated area in the upper reaches of the Huanghe(Yellow) River. Affected by arid climate and special hydrogeology, with unfavorable drainage networks, underground water table rises to and above critical depth, which leads to salinity and waterlogging. It is necessary for Hetao irrigating area to undergone the water-saving and modification project for salinity and waterlogging controlling. In the Hetao irrigating area by quantitatively assessing the input and output of water and salinity, it has been calculated that saline accumulation reaches 1.6826?106t annually. The desert or fallow areas in the Hetao irrigating area have the function of salts accumulation with the aid of evaporation to prevent the cultivated land from salinity, and these salts accumulation accounts for 65% of the salts that are introduced to irrigated land with the irrigation water from the Huanghe River, which are also much more than the amount of salts drainage to the Wuliangshu Lake. The dry drainage technique should be developed for the controlling of salinity and waterlogging in Hetao irrigating area. It has also been shown that adjusting planting structure to growing salt-tolerant native and introducing species for grazing and forage use could improve profitability of more saline soils, promote fertile procession, restrain the effect of salt in the arable land.
  • Comparative Study on Fractal Dimensions of River Basins in China at Different Map Scales
    HE Gang, CAI Yun-Long
    2006, 26(4): 461-465. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2006.04.461
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    Fractal theory, which has already been widely used in various fields, provided new tools in geographical studies especially the scale issues. Fractal theory is used in this paper to study the fractal character of China's river basins at 1:4500000 and 1:12000000 scales respectively, and the relation between the fractal character of the two scales is analyzed accordingly. Some significant conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) The objective existence of fractal character of the river basins in China is approved again within larger scale. (2) The calculation and comparison of fractal dimensions of China's river basins show that the fractal rule in one scale also exists in other scales. (3) The larger the scale is, the bigger the calculated fractal dimension is, and the same trend is also seen in different hierarchy of river basins at different scales.
  • Features of Geographical Environment of Kaschin-Beck Disease (KBD) Affected Region in Tibet
    YANG Lin-Sheng, LU Yao, LI Hai-Rong, LI Yong-Hua, LI Shun-Jiang, WANG Wu-Yi, TAN Jian-An
    2006, 26(4): 466-471. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2006.04.466
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    Kaschin-Beck Disease is regarded as an endemic, deformed osteoarthropathic disease with high deformity rate. China is the country with widest Kaschin-Beck Disease incidence and prevalence in the world. The areas of endemic Kaschin-Beck Disease are relatively stable and correlated with specific geographical environments. It is mainly distributed in a broad belt extending from northeast to southwest, approximately covering the transitional belt between tropical and subtropical humid zone in the southeastern China and arid and semiarid northwest China. It only hurts the poor rural farmer. Since the 1980s, though the effective countermeasures for preventing, with the inhabitant living level increasing, the disease has been effectively controlled. But it is still active in some western areas, especially in the Tibetan Plateau. The affected counties in Tibet have been increased from 13 to 34 since the 1970s. As the Tibetan Plateau is a most special geographical landscape, where the horizontal and altitudinal regional differentiation are everywhere and complicated, it is important to systematically study the relationship between the distribution of Kaschin-Beck Disease and the differentiation of geographical environment to macroscopically guide the disease prevention and control in the areas. In this paper, with the help of ARCGIS 8.0 and SPSS 10.0 software, using the geographic data of Tibet (climate, soil and land use, etc.) surveyed in last two decades, the geographic characteristics of Kaschin-Beck Disease in Tibet are analyzed. The results show that more than 90% of Kaschin-Beck Disease affected counties are located in plateau-temperate zone. The average temperature of the warmest month is 10℃-18℃ and the days above 0℃ is between 180 and 350. Most disease affected counties are concentrated in the valleys between the Himalayas and the Nyainentanglha mountains, and in the north part of the Hengduan Mountains. Of the areas of the disease affected counties 78.4% are mountains or hills, 11.7% higher than those of the non-disease counties. The plain areas in disease affected counties are only 19.3%, 11.3% less than those in non-disease counties. Most heights of the disease sites are between 3600m and 4000m. The cultivated soils in disease affected counties are mountain soils. In east part of Tibet, the acidified mountain brown soil, mountain dark brown soil, mountain cinnamon soil, mountain calcareous cinnamon soil and gray cinnamon soil are typical soils in Kaschin-Beck Disease affected countries. In middle Tibet, Kaschin-Beck Disease is more distributed in subalpine meadow soil areas and less in subalpine steppe soil areas. The spatial characters of Kaschin-Beck Disease in Tibet are related both to the horizontal and the vertical distribution of the geographic factors. It is concluded that distribution and prevalence of the disease is correlated with the special regional differentiation of the Tibetan Plateau, cultivated soil in Kaschin-Beck Disease affected areas is mostly developed in semiarid and sub-humid stream valleys and scrubs steppe soil. This is very similar to the geographic characters of the disease distribution in inland China, as the geographic zonality of the Tibetan Plateau is almost replay the zonality in inland of China. Experiences and measures of Kaschin-Beck Disease prevention and control in inland of China, especially the measure of environmental improvement, can provide well examples for Kaschin-Beck Disease control in Tibet.
  • Quantitative Retrieval of Chlorophyll-a by Remote Sensing in Taihu Lake based on TM data
    LU Heng, JIANG Nan, LUO Lian-Cong
    2006, 26(4): 472-476. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2006.04.472
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    Based on TM (ETM) data and in-situ measurements of chlorophyll-a concentration (Chla) in Taihu Lake, analysis was conducted to decide the correlation between Chla and the ratios of different reflectance corrected by the 6S model. The results show that Chla is closely related to TM3/(TM1+TM4) and the inverse model to infer Chla in Taihu Lake can be written as ln(ChlA)=-9.247*(TM1+TM4)/(TM2+TM3)-27.903*TM3/(TM1+TM4)+24.518. However, the accuracy of this model can not be enssured due to the complexity of spectral reflectance strongly depending on water quality in Taihu Lake. Thus a further 2-layer BP neural net model based on 4 input nodes, 7 hide nodes and 1 output node was made to decide Chla in the lake. The derived results reveal that the BP model has much higher accuracy than the linear model. A test was made based on the chosen 16 samples and the results suggest that the maximum relative error (RE) of BP model was only 35.43%. Of all the samples, 15 ones had a RE of less than 30%, accounting for 93.7% of the total samples. However, there were only 3 with RE less than 30% from the results derived from the linear model. The comparison shows that the BP model has high availability for inferring Chla of surface water having complex spectral reflectance.
  • A New Method in Retrieving Urban Residential Areas in Arid Region Based on Image Fusion of SAR and TM
    WU Hong-An, JIANG Jian-Jun, ZHOU Jie, ZHANG Hai-Long, ZHANG Li, XIE Xiu-Ping
    2006, 26(4): 477-482. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2006.04.477
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    With the impletion of the policy of great development of Western China, the process of urbanization in the western China has increased rapidly, especially for some big cities. At the same time, urbanization also affected urban periphery ecological environment deeply. So how to get information about urban residential areas in time and accurately is important to urban monitoring. The study area is in the Weihe Plain, where the precipitation is low and barrens are distributed widely. In this research, to retrieve urban residential areas in the west of China, Radarsat SAR image and Landsat TM image were emerged using HIS transformation and then 2-class supervised classification was used to obtain urban land use information, that were urban areas and non-urban areas. This method takes advantage of both multi-spectral image and radar image. As we know, in the TM image the spectral features of urban residential areas and barrens are so similar that we could not distinguish them. However, the radar images can differentiate urban residential areas from barrens, for SAR data are sensitive to residential areas. To reveal the advantage of this method, the TM image was also classified into 5 land covers, namely urban residential areas, farmland, woodland, water body, and uncultivated land (including barrens) using traditional supervised classification. By comparing the two different methods, we find that the urban residential areas derived from the merged image of TM and SAR is more accurate than that using TM image only, the overall accuracy of them are 84.21% and 71.79%, respectively. So we considered that the image fusion method is an effective way to retrieve urban residential areas for the arid region where barrens are distributed, which could not only obtain all the residential information, but also eliminate barrens, thus the retrieving accuracy is very high.
  • State and Exploitation Potentiality of Wind Energy Resources in Liaoning Littoral
    GONG Qiang, YUAN Guo-En, WANG Hong-Yu, LIN Na, YU Hua-Shen
    2006, 26(4): 483-489. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2006.04.483
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    Liaoning Province lies on the main wind belts of China, which abuts on the Bohai sea and the Yellow Sea and has more than 2000 km of coastline. There is the better prospects of exploitation and application of wind energy resources (WER) in Liaoning littoral. But the existing wind observation data (from meteorological observation stations mainly) and the former investigation did not meet the needs of WER survey enough due to stronger local character of wind. Lacking observation data and unknowing the resources distribution exactly have been an important problem among all the factors limiting large-scale exploition of WER. Aiming at the existing status of unknowing WER exactly, the features and exploitation potentiality of WER in the Liaoning coastal area are studied elementarily based on observation data of 14 meteorological stations and 6 wind power stations located in Liaoning littoral. The main results are as follows: (1) The areas along the coast of Liaoning are the abundant or relative abundant region of WER. The mean yearly wind speed is mostly more than 5.0 m/s in the coast of the Liaodong Gulf and mostly lower than 5.0 m/s on the north shore of the Yellow Sea. So WER is more in the area along the Liaodong Gulf than in the area along the north Yellow Sea. (2) Wind speed decrease remarkably from the coast to inland. Wind speed over the top of Liaodong Peninsula is bigger among the littoral, where the average yearly wind speed is 4.4-4.6 m/s. The rest regions are lower than 4.0 m/s. (3) Orientation of wind energy is concentrative, which is of great benefit to arranging wind turbines. Wind direction on the north side and on the south side are the two main orientation of wind energy on the coastal area along the Liaodong Gulf. However, only wind direction on the north side is main on the coastal area along the Yellow Sea.(4) WER presents seasonal and daily change. Spring is the best season of utilizing WER on the coastal area in Liaoning Province. Autumn or Winter is the second and Summer is the last. The best period of utilizing WER in a day is usually in the daytime, especially in the afternoon. (5) The WER at 50 m height along the coast is 2 times of that at 10 m height, and the usable wind hours in one year are more than 70%. Yearly available wind energy is 2763.2 and 1481.6 (kW·h)/m2 at 50 m height in Liaobin and Mingyang, which are located in north shore of Liaodong Gulf and the Yellow Sea respectively. Taking Nordex N54 (1.0 MW) wind turbine as an example, power generation capacity of a wind turbine is 2.16?106 and 1.44?104 (kW·h)/a in the two areas respectively.(6) There is greater resources potentiality in a large-scale exploitation and application of WER in Liaoning littoral. It is suitable for developing big wind power plant in those regions, and the position of wind power station more near the coast is more better.
  • Research on the Impact of the Alteration of Administrative Regionalization on the Historic Development of Culture in Hainan Island
    ZHU Hong, SITU Shang-Ji
    2006, 26(4): 490-496. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2006.04.490
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    Besides the historic technological level, migrant, strategy of national development and so on, administrative regionalization also has some impact on the development of regional culture. Many areas obviously tend to sameness in the cultural aspects because they belong to one district. In historic period, there were high relations between the development of culture in Hainan Island and the rank of administrative regionalization as well as the acreage of real management. In a certain extent, the alteration of administrative regionalization has become an important indicator in the process of cultural in Hainan Island. The paper discussed the impact of the alteration of administrative regionalization on the cultural in Hainan Island, in order to seek the polititcal explanation for the shape and development of culture in Hainan Island.
  • The Study on Conservation Evaluation System and Method on the Historic Cultural Towns & Villages——A Case Study of The First Group Famous Historic and Cultural towns & Villages in China
    ZHAO Yong, ZHANG Jie, LI Na, LIANG Li
    2006, 26(4): 497-505. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2006.04.497
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    Historic cultural towns & villages are the important parts in the conservation system of the heritage in China. The conservation entered into a new phase with the proclamation of the first group famous historic cultural towns & villages in China in 2003. However, the actual studies are very short of and the most studies focused on the physical material cultural heritage with qualitative research, and the research cases often from restricted region. The precious historic heritages and their surroundings of famous historic cultural towns & villages are faced to a serious crisis and destroyed to some extent due to rapid development of economy and rural urbanization. In order to salvage the heritage resources and make up the shortage of the study on historic and cultural heritage, the article reviews the relative research on heritage conservation and evaluation of the international and domestic historic towns & villages. The author explored qualitatively and quantitatively conservation evaluation systems, and examined with cases of the first group famous historic cultural towns & villages in order to provide the theoretical background. The conservation evaluation of historic cultural towns & villages means integration assessment of valuable traits and conservation status. The paper firstly builds up the evaluation system of historic cultural towns & villages with 15 variables. The 15 influential evaluation factors were selected concerning both physical cultural heritage and immaterial culture heritage. Secondly, based on social investigation and questionnaires, the author constructs a standard comparative matrix with the case town of Zhouzhuang Town using data-base techniques, and constructs correlation coefficient among the first group famous historiccultural towns & villages. With Factor Analysis of SPSS software, a 22*15 matrix was statistically analyzed with result that the 5 main factors of historic and cultural towns & villages evaluation were revealed as environmental view, architectural relic, folk-custom, street space and value impact. In the end, by Cluster Analysis the paper classifies the first famous towns & villages into 4 types and evaluates them respectively.
  • Assessment on Landscape Value and Protection
    XIAO Du-Ning, XIE Fu-Ju, WEI Jian-Bing
    2006, 26(4): 506-512. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2006.04.506
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    Landscape has multi-functions such as economy, ecology and culture, and it faces threats from landscape fragmentation and loss of connectivity among landscape components induced by more intensive anthropogenic disturbances, therefore, landscape attracted more and more attention all over the world. Firstly, this article reviewed the connotation of landscape value, including rarity that is an important landscape character, diversity expressing the structure and function diversity of landscape cell, efficacy that means the transformation function of substance, energy, information and value in a given ecosystem, livability implying a landscape being suitable for existence of human beings and aesthetic value defined from human behavior model and information process theory. Secondly, it introduced the quantitative methods of evaluating landscape value, including direct use value, indirect use value, optional value, hereditable value, and subsistent value. Corresponding assessment methods for above landscape value were summed up, they are cost analysis method, income analysis method, shadow price method, substitute cost method, estate value analysis method, respectively. In addition, the assessment methods and cases on various landscapes according to human visual sensing were also listed. In the view of authors, national natural heritage with rarity, unique and aesthetic characteristics, anthropogenic management landscape with important culture value, destructed landscape which need ecological restoration or rehabilitation due to engineering destruction or landscape contamination by irrational use, should be protected first and foremost. The scenic beauty of landscape obtained by testing the public taste, landscape vulnerability and landscape threshold value that is a token of resistance, assimilation and restoration ability to disturbance, and landscape susceptibility expressing the attention extent by public, were then summarized combining the physical circumstance in China, which might be helpful for natural conservation in China.