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  • 2007 Volume 27 Issue 2
    Published: 20 March 2007
      
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  • SOC of Complex Urban Geographical Systems as CAS
    LIU Ji-Sheng, CHEN Yan-Guang
    2007, 27(2): 129-135. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.129
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    As complex spatial systems,cities are discussed using the theories of complex adaptive systems(CAS) and self-organized criticality(SOC).First,cities are considered as CASs by analogy with four properties including aggregation,nonlinearity,flows,and diversity,and three mechanisms including tagging,internal models,and building blocks.However,cities seem to be divided into a series of building blocks,but we cannot use the interaction of blocks to interpret the behaviors of cities at the macro level.Second,three indications of SOC including fractals,Zipf’s law,and 1 over f noise are researched by means of mathematical transformation and empirical observations.A discovery is that fractals are the principal marks of SOC.Both the concepts of CAS and SOC can be unified on "the edge of chaos",another important concept in complex sciences.
  • The theories and Methods of Major Function Regionalization
    ZHU Chuan-Geng, QIU Fang-Dao, MA Xiao-Dong, WANG Zhen-Bo, LI Zhi-Jiang, MENG Zhao-Yi, YAN Qing-Wu
    2007, 27(2): 136-141. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.136
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    The major function regionalization is one of the territorial division methods with specific function,which is based on the factors of natural environment,the level of social development,the features of ecological system,and the spation diversity of human activities.For the ends of constructing rational and spatial arrangement according with the major function of units,the major function regionalization would guide the factors circulating rationally,and formulate the distribution,in which population,resources,environment and economy develop coordinately,with clear major function and aims,and canonical exploitation order.Based on studying progress of geographic regionalization,the dominant ideas,rationale and principles of the major function regionalization preliminarily,this paper give the major function regionalization methods,which is based on the grade subregion of eco-environmental sensitivity and the potentialities of development of economy and society,by spatial overlap analysis within GIS.By a case of Xinyi City of Jiangsu Province,this paper has made the empirical analysis with this method,and verified the feasibility of it.
  • Spatial Evolvement and Its Affecting Factors of Urbanization in China after Reforming and Open-up
    CHEN Yang, LI Xun, XU Xue-Qiang
    2007, 27(2): 142-148. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.142
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    After China carried out economic reforming and open-up policy,urbanization process has passed the threshold of stable quick developing period. National macro-adjust economic policies and regional development strategies have made great affects on urbanization process both in spatial and temporal aspects.Owing to the affects,regional spatial distribution of urbanization in China has transformed from North-South differentiated to East-Mid-West differentiated.Meanwhile,province ranking urbanization is gradually decreasing the gap each other.As far as factors which affect urbanization differentiation in different provinces are concerned,traditional agricultural development is gradually diminishing its influence over urbanization.However,township and village enterprise and foreign direct investment turn significant indicators regarding urbanization development in the late 1990s in China.
  • Circular Economy Beforehand Evaluation of Provinces and Regional Diversity
    BAI Lu, BAI Yong-Xiu, XUE Yao-Wen, CHEN Fang
    2007, 27(2): 149-155. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.149
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    Based on unit a province as a unit,the paper constrcucted the system indexes of circular economy,and made the mathematical model of beforehand evaluation of circular economy.And by making a beforehand evaluation to 31 provinces in mainland of China,this article made a foundation for provinces to make dynamic evaluation.At the same time,it made a basical search for different provinceson the regional diversity of developed model of circular economy.The result of evaluation revealed that there is an obvious diversity in circular economy among the situantions and characters of different provinces.So,different provinces should take different strategys in the development of circular economy.
  • Theoretical Analysis and Econometric Testing on Relationship of Environmental Pollution and Economic Growth
    SONG Tao, ZHENG Ting-Guo, TONG Lian-Jun
    2007, 27(2): 156-162. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.156
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    In this paper,we devote our attention to the relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth in theory and econometrics.To throw some light on them,we first build an infinite time horizon inter-temporal consumption choice problem on a simple environment-teconomy model to deduce the long-run and short-trun relationships between them.Next,the general analysis with the methods of cointegration test and granger causality test is used to test the long-trun and short-run relationships in econometrics.Hence,these conclusions can provide some bases of theory and technology for empirical studies. Based on the EKC hypothesis,we use annual data ranged from 1960 to 2000 in China to investigate the long-run and short-run relationships between environmental pollution and economic growth.The results show that there is a long-run cointegrating relationship between per capita CO2 emission and per capita GDP which appears an inverse U-shaped EKC relation.In short-run dynamics,per capita GDP in-directionally Granger causes per capita CO2 emission,but no evidence supporting the response of per capita GDP to per capita CO2 emission.
  • Fundamental Issues for the Green-National-Economic Accounting
    LI Xin, DONG De-Ming, SHEN Wan-Bin, QIU Hui-Zhe
    2007, 27(2): 163-166. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.163
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    Green-national-economic accounting is regarded as the value accountings for deposition and exhauson of the natural resources,and for the environmental pollution loss as well as environmental quality restoration and improvement in this paper.The theory of the green-national-economic accounting should be based on the theories of Marxist economy,value compensation,available value and sustainable development.The willingness to pay approach and supply-require price model can be introduced to account the values for deposition and exhaustion of the natural resources.The market method can be adopted to account the loss of production and fixed assets,and human capital approach employed to account the loss of health,caused by the environmental pollution.The indicator system for green-national-economic accounting includes two indicator sub-systems of natural resources and environmental protection accountings.The connotation,fundamental principles,methodologies and indicator system for the green-national-economic accounting are discussed systematically in order to promote the profound research on the greening national-economic accounting.
  • Sustainability Assessment of Maize Industry Development in Jilin Province
    LONG Zhen-Yong, TANG Jie, CAO Meng
    2007, 27(2): 167-172. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.167
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    The maize industry of Jilin Province has a wide prospects relying on maize resources and the preferable location factor.Based on spatial analysis theory,as a means of Geographic Information System,the indexes for sustainability assessment of the maize industries development are constructed from maize producing and maize processing.The sustainability of the maize industry is analyzed in Jilin Province.The sustainable development status in quo and planning of the maize industries are assessed scientifically.In conclusion,Changchun City is the super-region for developing the maize industry.Jilin City,Siping City,Gongzhuling county,Lishu City,Nong′an County,Fuyu County is the favorable region for developing the maize industry.Songyuan City,Qianguo County,Dehui County,Yushu County,Liaoyuan County,Dongfeng County is the common region for developing the maize industry.Da’an town,Qi’an county,Changling county,Shulan town,Yongji county,Shuangliao town is the poor region for developing the maize industry.
  • Conceptual Model of Sustainable Development in Sand-Desertification Region,China
    BAO Hui-Juan, LI Zhen-Shan, WANG Tao
    2007, 27(2): 173-176. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.173
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    A conceptual model and implication of sustainable development in the desertification region have been studied is China,and the relationship between sustainable development and way of control desertification in the sand-desertification region is compared.The results indicated that it was the same in both the context and methodology,although with very different targets,of sustainable development and controling sand-desertification.In the sand-desertification region,the process of sustainable development also is the process of controling sand-desertification,the process of eliminating hidden trouble of the sand-desertification,and the process of resisting to intervening by the sand-desertification.The authors proposed a conceptual model of the sustainable development in the sand-desertification region of China.
  • Pursuit Projection Evaluation Model Based on Principle of Maximum Entropy for River Basin Sustainability Evaluation
    ZHANG Ming, JIN Ju-Liang, ZHANG Li-Bing
    2007, 27(2): 177-181. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.177
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    Along with the gradual implementation of river basins sustainability development strategy,establishing a sustainability evaluation method based on the entire basin evaluation indexes system especially important.Correct appraisement of the sustainability status of river basins is the foundation of basins sustainability development policy’s formulation,implementation,and management.However,basin sustainability evaluation is still at exploration stage,and some existing methods have various shortcomings,such as subjectivity,less differentiation,low computation precision and so on.Therefore an effective evaluation method should be urgently discovered. Aiming to these disadvantages and on the basis of traditional pursuit projection method,we proposed a multi-criterion evaluation model based on maximum entropy principal(ME-PP).The basic idea of traditional projection pursuit method is to project high dimension data to projective values in low dimension space, to describe some structure using a projective index function,to search optimal projective directions according to the projective index function,and to analyze the structure character of the high dimension data using the projective values.However,sometimes we can not obtain enough information for evaluation,and the evaluation system itself has randomness,fuzziness in original evaluation data.So,the results of projection vector gained by pursuit projection method have more uncertain factors called uncertainty,which can be resolved by information theory.According to Jaynes’s maximum entropy principle,it thinks that we should take maximum entropy distribution when we just know partly information about the evaluation problem,which is the only choice that we can make,and any other choices mean that we have added other restraint or assumption,which can’t be acquired according to the information that we have grasped.So in this paper,we present ME-PP model,which considered the uncertainty in projection vector quantity optimization,and used accelerate genetic algorithm(AGA) to optimize the multi-criterion object function. The modeling of ME-PP includes five steps as following: the first step is to standardize each index of the basin sustainability evaluation system to eliminate the dimension of each index and to unify the change range of each index.The second step is to construct a multi-criterion object function,which includes projective index function and maximum entropy function.The third step is the optimization of above multi-criterion object function by AGA.The projection direction vector and each sample’s projective values can be acquired by AGA optimization.In the forth step,according to the tendency relationship of each sample’s projection values and standard grades in scatter dots figure,a cubic tendency curve evaluation model is established,and in the same way we use AGA to optimize the curve model parameters.In the last step,we can evaluate the basin sustainability sample after data standardization,and then we could conclude the basin sustainable status and make suggestions for the basin sustainability.In case study,we appraised Huaihe River basin sustainability and the evaluation results show the efficiency of ME-PP.As an evaluation method,it is also suitable for other comprehensive evaluation problems.
  • Evaluation of Landscape Ecological Quality——A Case Study in Wujing County
    ZHU Yong-Heng, PU Li-Jie, ZHAO Chun-Yu
    2007, 27(2): 182-187. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.182
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    This paper discussed the evaluation theory and method of landscape ecological quality(LsEQ) from angle of land ecology.LsEQ is the ability of landscape eco-system to maintain self-stability of structure and function.So,assessment standard of LsEQ is defined to be the stability of landscape eco-system which lies on the contrast of interior stabilization degree and exterior ecological disturbance degree of landscape eco-system.In this paper,demonstration study has been made in Wujiang County.Evaluation result showed that, grades of LsEQ of Wujiang County show the sequence for different space locations in the following order: southwest>northeast.Evaluations result accorded with the fact and showed that this evaluation method has some feasibility.Research on evaluation of LsEQ has important meaning to land ecological management and sustainable land use.
  • Simulation of Farmland Spatial Pattern in Maotiao River Basin,Guizhou Province
    WANG Xiu-Chun, HUANG Qiu-Hao, CAI Yun-Long, PENG Jian
    2007, 27(2): 188-192. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.188
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    Land use change is an important research subject of global environmental change and sustainable development.Much attention is paid to land use change simulations because they can betterly display the mechanism of land use change and make out the relevant policies.The Maotiao River valley is located in the middle of Guizhou Province,with the developed agriculture in karst mountain area.This paper selects the elevation,slope,population density,per capita GDP as the independent variables,construct multiple logistic regression(MLR) of farmland spatial distribution probability by random sampling.Then using the GIS technology and integrating the 2000’s relevant data,this paper simulated the farmland distribution map.When compared the simulation map with the actual 2000’s farmland distribution map,about 71% of the simulation is in accordance with the 2000’s farmland map.The result is quite satisfactory.
  • Classification of Erosion Gullies by Remote Sensing and Spatial Pattern Analysis in Black Soil Region of Eastern Kebai
    YAN Ye-Chao, ZHANG Shu-Wen, YUE Shu-Ping,
    2007, 27(2): 193-199. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.193
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    Gully erosion is an important part of the soil erosion process and their occurrence and development may cause serious problems to a region’s agricultural sustainable development.Nowadays,wide and deep gullies can be commonly observed in Black Soil Region of Northeast China,owing to unreasonable land use option and human activities in the past 100 years.Some new technology such as Global Position System(GPS),phtogrammetry,and so on,is often used to study the process of gully development at local scale.But the research of gully distributing patterns at larger spatial scale is rarely reported.In this paper,taking black soil region of the eastern Kebai as a case study area,the SPOT-5 high resolution image was used to study the gully types,image character and their distribution on a regional scale.Since more active gullies have sparser vegetation cover,this study classified the gullies into three types(active gully,semi-active gully and stable gully) by their stage of development which can be estimated by fractional vegetation cover at gully bottom.The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) was used to calculate the average fractional vegetation cover of gullies.The image character of the erosion gullies is also described in detail.The gully density maps were made to show the spatial distribution character for each type of gullies.This study revealed that gully distribution is influenced by many factors.Gully density first increases sharply when slope degree increases,then decreases when the slope angle goes beyond 8 degree.Gully distribution is not uniform on each slope aspect,and highest gully density occurs at west and southwest side of the slope.Gully density also varies as altitude increases. It reaches the peak when altitude ranged from 210m to 280m.There is a great difference in gully density on two sides of the ridge between Runjin,Shuangyang and Tongken river systems.Most of the erosion gully occurs on the east side of the ridge,owing to the ridge migration in the natural process of landform evolvement.This result revealed that at local scale,gully occurrence is often influenced by such factors as slope steepness,vegetation cover,farm management,etc.,but at regional scale,the natural process of landform evolvement can not be negligible and may become a significant factor on gully distribution.This result indicates that constructing more reservoirs and dams across valleys is an effective way to control soil loss in Black Soil Region of Northeast China,as it can raise the base level and control the velocity of running water.
  • Rainfall-intercepting Capability of Forest Canopy
    FAN Shi-Xiang, GAO Yan, CHENG Yin-Cai, BAI Qing-Jun
    2007, 27(2): 200-204. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.200
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    In order to judge functions of forest canopy intercepting rainfall objectively and compare interception of forest canopy among different forests,the idea of rainfall-intercepting capability of forest canopy was posed.The interception capability is the maximum of forest canopy intercepting any rainfall under ideal conditions.The interception capability increases along with rainfall.When rainfall is enough,the interception capability is equal to the interception capacity of forest canopy.Therefore,interception capacity is also the maximum of the interception capability.Based on some assumptions,the model of interception capability was developed in terms of theory on saturated runoff-generating of hydrology and hydrologic forecast,namely If P<H,then I=αW[1-(1-P/H)β+1] IfP≥H,then I=αW where,I is interception capability;P is rainfall;α is forest canopy density;H,W,and β are model parameters,H=W(β+1).Furthermore,by combining with observated data of a stand,approximately determination method of interception capability was introduced.Moreover,effectiveness of the model was also examined.The results show that calculation values with the model are almost same as approximate observed values and that interception capability model is effective.The model may be applied to different stands of any areas to compare and evaluate effects of forest canopy intercepting rainfall.
  • Relationship Between Surface Pollen and Vegetation in Some Shrub Communities of Northern China
    LI Yue-Cong, XU Qing-Hai, XIAO Ju-Le, YANG Xiao-Lan, ZHENG Zhen-Hua
    2007, 27(2): 205-210. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.205
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    As one of important vegetation types,shrubs appear widely in different ecological regions.Parts of them have good indication to vegetation or ecological environment,parts of them can indicate the impact of human to vegetation.Now,in China,the area of shrubs has exceeded the forests.There are lots of researches about relationship between modern pollen and vegetation in forests,steppes and deserts,while very few researches about shrubs,so it is very necessary to study more about the relationship between modern pollen and vegetation in shrubs.In this paper,the study on the pollen assemblages for 53 samples in 20 shrub communities in the northern China showed that the pollen percentages for most dominant shrub plants were less than 20%,apart from Artemisia and Hippophae rhamnoides.The pollen assemblages of shrub communities in different ecological areas had obvious differences.The study on the relationship between the pollen percentages and shrub coverage showed that the pollen percentages of Nitraria,Vitex had significant relationship with their parent vegetation coverage,Tamarix,Artemisia have some relationship with their parent plants in certain extent,while the pollen percentages of Spiraea,Caragana,Leguminosae,Chenopodiaceae have no significant relationship with their parent vegetation coverage.The study on pollen indication to vegetation showed that Gleditsia pollen indicated their parent plants very well and is moderate represented type.Some pollen types,such as Sophora,Zygophyllum,Vitex,Tetraena could also indicate their parent plants well,while they are severely under-represented with the R-values less than 0.3;some other pollen types,such as Caragana,Rhamnaceae,Spiraea,Ostryopsis,Corylus,Nitrinia,Tamarix and Salix are also under-represented for the low R-values,however the strong scattering ability of pollen(O-values are higher than 0.5) making them only indicate their parent plants in certain extent.Pollen types such as Hippophae,Artemisia,Chenopodiaceae are over-represented for the high R-values,the strong dispersing ability or high pollen production(R values higher than 1 or O-values are higher than 0.5) also making them only indicate their original plants in certain degree.Pollen types such as Leguminosae and Saxifragaceae have no obvious indication to their parent plants(Ma values are close to Mp values).
  • Sediment Yield in Major Sediment Source Areas of the Upper Changjiang River Basin in Response to Human Activities
    XU Jiong-Xin, SUN Ji
    2007, 27(2): 211-218. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.211
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    The drainage areas between Shigu and Pingshan(except the Yalongjiang River basin) of the Jinshajiang River and the Jianglingjiang River basin are major sediment source areas of the upper Changjiang River.From 1954 to 1975, suspended sediment load and concentration at Pingshan station on the Jingshajiang River showed no trending variation,but afterwards they tended to increase.From 1954 to the early 1980s,suspended sediment load and concentration at Beibei station on the Jialingjiang River showed no trending variation,but after 1983 they tended to decrease.From 1954 to the mid-1980s,suspended sediment load and concentration at Yichang station on the Changjiang River showed no trending variation,but after 1985 they tended to decrease.A analysis of relationship between sediment load and river flow indicates that,on condition that annual river flows are equal,the annual suspended load at Pingshan station during the period 1976-1996 was larger than that during the period 1954-1975,due to large-scale mining and construction of iron-steel industry and communication lines,which increased soil loss.On contrast,due to reservoir construction,land terracing,tree planting and natural restoration of vegetation,sediment yield was reduced,and then the annual suspended sediment load at Beibei station on the Jialingjiang River during the period 1983-1996 became much smaller than that during the period 1954-1982.The annual suspended sediment load at Yichang station on the Changjiang River during the period 1985-1996 was also smaller than that during the period 1954-1996.It has been found that there is a threshold in annual river flow,at which the sediment reduction by soil-water conservation measures equals 0.For Beibei station and Yichang station,this threshold is 114 billion m3 and 480 billion m3,respectively.Due to differences in natural conditions and human activities in the two major sediment source areas,the lower Jinshajiang River basin and the Jialingjiang River basin,the response of sediment yield in the two areas are different,just in reverse directions.From viewpoint of drainage basin system,this reflects some complicated spatial behavior,resulting from different responses in different parts of a huge fluvial system.Study of these complicated spatial behaviors may help to get a better understanding of the mechanism of response of sediment yield to changing environmental factors,which is useful to more effective control of soil loss and sediment-related hazards.
  • Relationship Between Climate Changes and Annual Runoff of Headstreams of Tarim River
    XU Hai-Liang, YE Mao, SONG Yu-Dong
    2007, 27(2): 219-224. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.219
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    Based on the data from 8 meteorological stations and 7 hydrologic stations of the Tarim River in 1957-2003,the article analyzes the variation tendency of annual runoff and characteristics of temperature and precipitation of the main headstreams of the Tarim river,and then discusses the relationship between climate changes and annual runoff in the headstreams.Afterward,the nonparametric method is applied to test the correlation and consistency between temperature,precipitation and runoff.It is shown that when significant level satisfies with 0.05,the temperature of the headstreams has a liner-increasing trend while the precipitation increases weakly.But the runoff is always an obviously increasing trend since 1994.By the two-variable Wilcoxon testing,the temperature and runoff,precipitation and runoff respectively have a certain correlation.By the Kendall’s W testing,the runoff,temperature and precipitation of the Akesu River and the Kaidu River all have obvious correlation.The results show that the runoff of the two rivers increases with the increasing of the temperature and precipitation.However,since significant level does not satisfy with the testing standard,the three variables show different change trend in the Hotan River and the Yerqiang River.So we discuss the main climate factors affecting the runoff change by the nonparametric and parametric method.The results show that the increase of temperature may be the more obvious factor to result in increasing the runoff in the headstreams of the Tarim River.
  • Flood Evolution of Weihe River in Rencent 120 Years in Gaoling of Xi′an
    ZHAO Jing-Bo, CAI Xiao-Wei, WANG Chang-Yan
    2007, 27(2): 225-230. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.225
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    According to the grain size analysis to 210 samples of floodplain deposition of the Weihe River in Gaoling and the age material recorded in history books,we had studied the flood change of the Weihe River in recent about 120 years in Gaoling,Xi′an.The materials indicate that the flood-plain deposit develops well and the change of the grain size is obvious,which can indicate the flood change of the Weihe River clearly and with high-resolution.The flood-plain sediment is mainly composed of the coarse silt,fine silt,very fine silt and clay,and the grain size is comparatively small in general.The layer that the contents of fine sand and the very fine sand are high is the one that the grain size is big,and the layer that the contents of silt and clay are high is the one that the grain size is small.The layer that the grain size is big indicates the strong hydrodynamic condition and the transient moist climate or the rainstorm increase in certain area,the layer that the grain size is small indicates the weak hydrodynamic condition and the transient less moist climate,and the climate of the periods when no flood occurred were the normal or dryer.The flood-plain deposit of the Weihe River in recent 120 years in Gaoling can be divided into 16 layers,which represent 16 big flood stages.In the 1st,3rd,5th,7th,9th,11th,13th and 15th layers the grain size is comparatively small and in the 2nd,4th,6th,8th,10th,12th,14th and 16th layer the grain size is comparatively big,which is clearly shown not only in the accumulative content of the grain size but in the distribution range of such grani size parameters as Md,Mz,σ,Sk and Kg and the characteristic values,and reflects the flood scale in the 2nd,4th,6th,8th,10th,12th,14th and 16th stages is bigger than that in the 1st,3rd,5th,7th,9th,11th,13th and 15th stages.After eliminating the influence of the landform heightened by deposition on the grain size,we can make sure that the order of the depth and scale of 16 flood stages from big to small is the 16th,14th,4th,2nd,6th,1st,5th,8th,3rd,10th,12th,7th,9th,11th,13th and 15th.When the 1st,2nd,4th,6th,14th and 16th layers formed the height that the flood level passed over the flood plain was bigger than 2 m.When the 3rd,5th,7th,8th,9th,10th,11th,12th,13th and 15th layers formed the height that the flood level passed over the was smaller than 2 m.The grain size of the flood plain deposit of the Weihe River in recent about 120 years in Gaoling is smaller than that in early stages,which inflects the depth and scale of the flood of the Wei River in recent 120 years are changing small.This is caused mainly by the drying climate.
  • Integrated Assessment of Non-point Source Pollution in Songhuajiang River Basin
    YUE Yong, CHENG Hong-Guang, YANG Sheng-Tian, HAO Fang-Hua
    2007, 27(2): 231-236. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.231
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    On the basis of the opportunity of National Water Resource Planning in China,the loads of non-point source pollution were calculated in Songhuajiang River Basin in Northeast China in 2000.The work was finished by a model called binary structure model based on the data collection and investigation in the study area,additionally with the assistance of 3S technology.This model was set up by simplifying the process of pollutants transported of non-point source pollution.We divided the factors which affected the fate of pollutants into 2 categories;one is natural factors,the other social parameters.The most particular characteristic is that the dynamic factor,precipitation runoff factor was included in the equation.The model was applied in basin after calibration and validation.Then an assessment of non-point source pollution condition was presented.The results indicate: the load of TN,TP,and NH4+-N almost came from agricultural fields(>70% for these 3 pollutants),but livestock and rural residential contributed the most COD load(>95%) among the 4 type′s pollution sources,i.e.,agricultural farm,livestock farm,rural residential areas and urban areas.The load of TN,TP resulted from non-point source pollution(about 61% of the sum) is larger than that from point pollution,in which the load of TP is about 10 times more than that from point pollution.The relationship between the loads of COD and NH4+-N from non-point source and point pollution sources is opposite.The load of COD,TN,TP,and NH4+-N from 4 type pollution sources presents a temporal and spatial characteristic in distribution.In general,the load transported during flood season(from June to September) is larger than that during drought period(December to next April).And the pollutants from non-point source pollution dispersed in the Songnen Plain in the Songhuajiang River basin and the Nenjiang River basin.
  • Impact of Urbanization on Phosphorus Emission in Taihu Lake Watershed——A Case Study in Yixing,Jiangsu Province
    DAI Ke-Wei, GAO Chao, ZHU Ji-YE, QIAN Yi
    2007, 27(2): 237-242. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.237
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    Phosphorus is the limiting factor of Taihu Lake eutrophication and domestic sewage is its leading P source.In this regard,reducing phosphorus emission from urban section is an urgent priority.However,rapid urbanization in the watershed has a negative impact on the water quality improvement of the lake because most of the municipal effluent in the area is now discharged into river systems without or with only minor treatment.In this study,a system dynamic model was developed and applied in Yixing City,a case area in Taihu Lake watershed,to relate phosphorus emission and urbanization rate.Phosphorus generated in the case area will continue to rise with the urban expansion.Planned waste water treatment capacity can only slightly reduce P emission from its present level in the near future.The improvement of water quality of the lake lies largely on enlarged capacity of municipal domestic sewage treatment.The results of this study can be used as a theoretical base for realizing sustainable coordinative development between society,economy and environment in the area.
  • Thermal Environment Effect of Urban Land Use Type and Pattern——A Case Study of Central Area of Shanghai City
    YUE Wen-Ze, XU Li-Hua
    2007, 27(2): 243-248. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.243
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    The character of Land Surface Temperatures(LST) associated with urban land use type and land use pattern are discussed in Shanghai,China by using the data collected by the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus(ETM+) remote sensing system.Mean LST values associated with different land use types are significantly different.Multiple comparisons of mean LST values associated with pairings of each land use type are also shown to be significantly different.Then an analysis was performed about the relationship between LST and Shannon Diversity Index(SHDI) of urban land use types,which shows a positive correlation between LST and SHDI.According to the above results,LST,SHDI can be considered to be basic indices to study urban ecological environment and to contribute to further validation of the applicability of relatively low cost,moderate spatial resolution satellite imagery in evaluating environmental impacts of urban land function zoning,then to examine the impact of urban land use on the urban environment in Shanghai City.And this provides an effective tool in evaluating environmental influences of zoning in urban ecosystems with remote sensing and spatial analysis of geographic information system.
  • Quality Evaluation of Coastal Wetland Environment Based on Resident Investigation——A Case Study at Dongzhaigang Mangrove Natural Reserve,Hainan Province
    WANG Ji-Ping, ZOU Xin-Qing, ZUO Ping
    2007, 27(2): 249-255. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.249
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    After analyzing the sense differences among residents and the complexity of the interaction among different environmental evaluation indicators, the mathematical model of fuzzy synthetical evaluation method is set up by using the fuzzy theory and approaches.Taking Dongzhaigang Mangrove Natural Reserve as an example,this article quantitatively evaluates the wetland environment of Dongzhaigang.The evaluation indicates that Dongzhaigang wetland environment is generally good,but still with some environmental problems.In this sense,some suggestions on the wetland environmental management are proposed in the paper,which will hopefully provide guidelines to the sustainable wetland development in Dongzhaigang.
  • Summer Temperature in Northeast of Qaidam Basin Retrieved from Tree-Ring Chronology
    ZHU Xi-De, WANG Zheng-Yu, LI lin, QIN Ning-Sheng, WANG Qing-Chun
    2007, 27(2): 256-260. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.256
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    Based on the relationship between the tree-ring data series and summer(June to August) temperature from 1962 to 2001,about thousand year’s summer temperature in northeast of Qaidam Basin was retrieved by using the tree-ring chronology which developed from samples collected in Delingha and Wulan in western Qinghai.Using those methods just as the Mean Value of Product and the Reduction of Error,the retrieved series was proved through testing retrieved equation.The analyses show that seven major colder periods and six warmer periods existed in retrieved series in 1098 years.Fifteen major interrupt regions existed in retrieved temperature series.The cycle analyses show that the summer temperature series in northeast of Basin has longer periods of 46 years,52 years,61 years,73 years,91 years,183 years and 366 years,and shorter periods of 6.8 years and 2-3years.
  • Heavy Metals Loads in Sediment of Dianchi Lake Based on 137Cs Dating
    ZHANG Yan, DENG Xi-Hai, CHEN Jie
    2007, 27(2): 261-267. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.261
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    According to the shape of Dianchi Lake,the land forms of the lake basin and the sources of sediment and heavy metals,Dianchi Lake was divided into seven zones by using Geographic Information System(GIS).The sediments in the upper part of each zone,which were identified by 137Cs dating at different depths,correlate to special periods,such as 1954-1963,1963-1986,1986-2003.The mean sedimentation flux and annual total amounts of sediment accumulations of seven zones were evaluated.The results agree with the events occurred in Dianchi basin in lately 50 years obtained by different methods.Based on the sedimentation fluxes and the concentrations of heavy metals in the sediments measured in laboratory,the mean sedimentation fluxes and mean annual accumulation amounts of heavy metals,such as Cu,Cr,Cd,Pb,Hg,Zn,of each zone in three periods were calculated.The heavy metals loads from 1963 to 2003 in the sediments of Lake Dianchi were 1 040.8,1 054.0,11.2,824.7,2.5,2 465.6 t,individually.In order to control the increases of heavy metal loads,it is necessary to reduce the amounts of both heavy metals and materials entering Dianchi Lake.
  • Finite Element Analysis on Stability of High Reinforced Embankment in Loess Valley
    WANG Jia-Ding, XIE Wan-Li, LUO Feng-Tao
    2007, 27(2): 268-272. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.268
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    Numerical simulation analyses of the highest reinforced embankment in Beizhang loess valley,Huozhou Town,Shaanxi Province,China,were carried out with finite element method.It is analyzed for the maximum and imum strains and stresses,shear stress,plastic zone of the highest embankment.The characteristics of strain and stress of high reinforced embankment and foundation are gotten,based on the comparison between reinforcement and non-reinforcement.The results show that the geo-grid not only enhance the stability of high embankment and foundation but also reduce its deformation.The FEM analysis results agree with the field tests.
  • Spatial-temporal Evolution of Urban Morphology and Land Use Sorts in Changsha
    CHEN Qun-Yuan, YIN Chang-Lin, CHEN Guang-Hui
    2007, 27(2): 273-280. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.273
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    The history and the present situation of study on urban morphology and land use structure based on the fractal theory are briefly introduced and reviewed.The model and its meanings of the fractal theory on urban morphology research is also introduced and explained.Taking Changsha as an example,the authors draw 1979,1996,2003’s fractal data message of its urban morphology by writing compute program and using ArcGIS soft,and calculate the fractal dimensions of its urban morphology and land use structure of different periods.The end shows that the tendency of fractal evolution gradually changing from the chaos to the order has been existing in urban morphology and land use structure in Changsha,and its causes of this phenomenon are mainly made for the development of urban economy,the innovation of regionalism and the modification of city planning.At the same time a few of questions in land structure also have been discovered,including that the area of the green land and the traffic land is smaller and their distributions are also more centralized.In this study,the dimension inclusion theory is confirmed,which means all the dimensions of different land use sorts are smaller than that of the whole urban morphology.Some significance about the study to Changsha urban planning also has been put forward.
  • EOF Model Analysis of Place Names Landscape in Guangdong Province on GIS
    WANG Bin, YUE Hui
    2007, 27(2): 281-288. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2007.02.281
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    This article makes operation by using EOF model through dividing the whole province into 86 administrative units and choosing 64 typical common words of place names.And it chooses and analyzes the first 3 main compositions whose variance accumulate close to 70,and outputs each spatial distribution map through using GIS technology.Finally,we can find that the common 64 words of place names can not be obviously shown as harmoniously in spatial distribution, but distributing both generally and relatively centralizedly at the same time, that is to say,they coexist.The common words of place names which reflect landforms characteristics,such as Tang,Dong,Shan,Shui,etc.,are comparatively general to distribute;while the common words which show dialect words of nationality or ethnicity place names,including Li,Cuo,Wu,Ban,Liu,Du,etc.are comparatively focusedly distributed.Those common geographical names including Chong,Lang,Sha,Pai,Liao,Tang,Tan,Li are distributed mainly over the river network of the Zhujiang Pear River Delta.Those including Ping,Bei,Keng,Ling,Wu,She,Qi,Xi are distributed mainly over the north and northeast of other Hakka places of Guangdong. Those including Cuo,Yang,Long,Tian,Hua,Mei are distributed mainly over Fulao place of the east and Leizhou peninsula of Guangdong.Those including Dong,Luo,Liu,Ban,Na,Gu,Du,Yun,Lan are distributed mainly over the places which the southwest of Guangdong is bounded on the west by Guangxi.According to the types,all the place names of the whole province are divided into 4 relatively independent groups of place names in the area distributed,it is landform characteristics and social culture that are the basic elements which cause to such distribution phenomenon in the area.