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  • 2007 Volume 27 Issue 3
    Published: 20 May 2007
      

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  • QIAN Qing-Lan, CHEN Ying-Biao
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    Industrial competitiveness in regional manufacturing is compositive capability of regional manufacture industry between different regions which include effective product and service ability and predictive development capability.Based on the evaluated model of industrial competitiveness in regional manufacturing,the paper analyzes spatio-temporal distribution of China′s regional manufacturing industrial competitiveness in recent 20 years and explains the reason of regional differences.The research result demonstrated that China′s industrial competitiveness in regional manufacturing has distinct space and time law in recent 20 years.① industrial competitiveness in regional manufacturing has greatly raised with the reform and open-up increasingly and region economic growth,but the general level is still low;② It has distinct region difference,and the development level is reduced from the eastern coastal region to the western interior region and has the enlarged trend with the past time.③ It has intimate relation with the drive force.The temporal change of drive force determines the change of regional manufacturing industrial competitiveness.The spatial difference of drive force determines spatial distribution pattern of industrial competitiveness in regional manufacturing.
  • YU Bin, ZENG Ju-Xin, LUO Jing
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    The urban-rural development of non-dense-town region involves both spatial equity and general efficiency.The spatial effects of economic globalization maybe accelerate "marginalization" of non-dense-town region.Therefore,this region should choose the mode of urban-rural interaction development which its essence is the spatial connection of regional economy,including the spatial connection of the economic subjects,organizations,resources,information,etc.The spatial welfare economy studies the relationship between the spatial consumption form and the spatial utility distribution.The spatial consumption form refers to the spatial utilization way depending on the regional collocation of the economic resources,and the spatial utility distribution refers to the spatial segmentation of the economic resources efficiency.The essence of regional spatial structure is the consumption form of some certain regional space and the spatial welfare economy mode based on the regional spatial structure can provide the urban-rural development in the non-dense-town region with theoretical foundation.Both the urban-rural interaction development and the spatial structural innovation in the non-dense-town region are compatible to the regional development principles embodying both the spatial equity and general efficiency.The spatial structural innovation can effectively facilitate the development of the urban-rural interaction,in which the selection of enterprises location is the basic impulse in forming the regional spatial structure.The spatial intervention and administration of local government constitutes the leading force of the spatial structure.
  • LI Zhi-Gang, WU Fu-Long, GAO Xiang-Dong
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    Sociospatial polarization of Post-Fordist cities,especially the ‘global cities’,has undergone a decade of intensive debates.It is debatable that whether the sociospatial polarization in global cities will be paradigmatic to other globalizing cities on lower level of the global city hierarchy.It is argued that social stratification under market-oriented reform in urban China is producing a new urban space.Therefore,this paper examines the emerging sociospatial restructuring in Shanghai,one of the most ‘globalizing’ cities of transitional urban China.Using data of the 5th national census,this study finds out important evidence of sociospatial differentiation on the subdistrict level in terms of attributes of employment sectors such as primary sector,secondary sector,and service sector,as well as migrant status and educational attainments.However,no social polarization is found.Although the social structure is largely stratified along the lines of global cities,Shanghai at this stage did not present evident tendency of polarization.No severe sociospatial differentiation is identified.The reason is attributed to the specific developmental status of Shanghai,it is at the preliminary stage of post-industrialization.In addition,it is found that social legacy has largely kept in effect in Shanghai,as workers still live near to their working places,especially intellectuals.It indicates that historical legacy in the socialist era is still shaping socio-spatial structure.The impact of the state is also highlighted.As a state project,Shanghai is restructured by policies of the central government.Just as Tokyo and Soul,Shanghai also shows the ambitious of the developmental state to mould a domestic city to the global status.It is argued that the global city debates should pay more attention to different social and political contexts.
  • CHEN Wen, SUN Wei, DUAN Xue-Jun, CHEN Jiang-Long
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    Along with the highly speedy urbanization and the industrialization in China,the contradiction between economic growth and ecological protection is more evident than ever before.The disordered land utilization has led to land overuse and natural ecological destruction.However,the regionalization of potential land use is a useful path to provide the scientific groundwork and guide of land exploitation and protection,i.e.,some areas shine in exploitation of industrialization and urbanization while others may need agricultural and ecological conservation.According to the technical route from factor layer,to relationship layer,to logic layer and finally to application layer,the method of regionalization,such as how to choose and analyse the ecological and economic factors and how to integrate the ecological and economic significant value by the method of classification matrix,has been discussed.After that,Jiangsu Province has been taken as a case for the regionalizaion of potential land use.Taking the counties and cities as the basic evaluating unites to apply the evaluation of ecological and economic significant value,Jiangsu Province is divided into feasible development area,limitary development area,moderate conservation area,prohibited exploiting area and elasticity gray area by the methods mentioned above,and then the spatial development direction and the management demand for each area has been advanced.That is a very important base for leading the order of spatial development and controlling the regional space.
  • XU Xin-Liang, LIU Ji-Yuan, CAO Ming-Kui, ZHANG Shu-Wen
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    This paper estimated the impact of recent climate fluctuation and LUCC process on potential productivity in Northeast China.The results show that from 1991 to 2000 the potential productivity generally decreased 6.45% because of climate warming and precipitation decreasing.The land-use change made potential productivity take great changes in the region that land-use change took place.The changes were mostly driven by LUCC conversion process,in the 1990s the total potential productivity increased 24.03?106 t.Comparing the influence of climate fluctuation and LUCC process,the impact of climate fluctuation was less than that of LUCC process,the increased trend of potential productivity that leaded by LUCC process counteracted the decreased trend leaded by climate fluctuation.Under the integrated influence of climate fluctuation and LUCC process,total potential productivity increased by 9.92?106 t in the 1990s.
  • WANG Ai-Ling, ZHU Wen-Quan, LI Jing, CHEN Yun-Hao
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    The biosphere of the Earth is essential to human survival and development.The services of ecosystems are critical to the functioning of the Earth’s life-support system.They contribute to human welfare both directly and indirectly.An estimation model for ecological service value based on remote sensing is presented in this paper.The parameters in the model are quantitatively measured using MODIS and other ancillary data,including the land cover types,the vegetation coverage,and the net primary productivity(NPP) of terrestrial ecosystem.A case study is conducted in Inner Mongolia.We encountered most of problems and uncertainties,but it could reflect the special distribution of ecological service value in a way,and could offer the basis of scientific layout for region ecological construction in Inner Mongolia.
  • LU Bi-Shun, TONG Shou-Zheng, ZHU Wei-Hong, LI Chun-Jing
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    The asset estimate for forest resources is one of the important parts to the estimate trades for social assets.The asset estimate is conducted for special purpose under the guidance of objective economic law and the principle of fairness.Also the estimate follows the national standards and the legal procedure of China,and it is carried out for valuing a subject of forest resources with the same nature and the anticipated profits with scientific methods and unified monetary unit.The estimators assess the market value for the forest resources according to the reality of forest,market situation and analysis on some more elements predicable and unpredictable.In this case the estimate method and measure for indirect economic values of forest are presented.Data are from authors’ field work and some achievements of foreign studies.The forest in Baihe is the sample in this case study.The indicators of indirect economic values include conserve water in forest,carbon dioxide fixation,soil conservation,pollutant degradation,pest control in forest and nutrition circulation and so forth,and the authors give the measuring for those indicators a trial.
  • ZHANG Guo-Sheng, LI Lin, WANG Qing-Chun, WANG Zhen-Yu, ZHU Xi-De
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    By using GIS technique and principal component analysis as well as association limitation,the spatial characteristics of frozen ground degeneration in 1981-2000 was analyzed,and different function of human activity and natural factor upon frozen ground degeneration was identified,and the main causes of frozen ground degeneration were finally confirmed.The results show that the multi-year frozen ground in Qinghai Plateau has been decreasing but seasonal frozen ground increasing since 1981,among which the seasonal frozen ground increased to 41.7% in 1996-2000 from 37.5% in 1981-1985;comparing the driving function of human activity with climate change upon frozen ground degeneration,the former one is much more significant,and the association sequence of climate factor and frozen ground degeneration is mean temperature,annual total cloudiness,annual low-level cloudiness,annual sunshine duration,annual precipitation and annual snow-cover hours,which shows that the climate warming is the main cause of frozen ground degeneration.
  • ZENG Yan, QIU Xin-Fa, LIU Chang-Ming, PAN Ao-Da
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    Under thoroughly analyzing on the theoretic formulation of effective radiation as well as referring similar studies carried before,a series of effective radiation models of different temporal and spatial scales were developed,with the technique of data integration.The accuracy of different models was analyzed thoroughly.Monthly effective radiation simulation models for China were selected.By virtue of the selected models together with routine meteorological data of 164 stations,in and around the Yellow River basin,monthly effective radiation of the Yellow River basin from 1960 to 2000 were estimated.Using the interpolation function of ArcGIS,spatial distribution of effective radiation of the Yellow River basin was generated.
  • YANG Jing-Song, YAO Rong-Jiang
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    The spatial variability of soil salinity,pH and moisture in the surface layer of the Yellow River Delta was analyzed by using traditional statistics and geo-statistics.The results indicate that soil salinity was generally high and showed the trend of alkalization to some extent,the variation in salinity and moisture was moderate while the variation in pH was rather weak.Soil salinity,pH and moisture all exhibited moderate spatial autocorrelation resulting from compound effect of structural and stochastic factors.Fractal dimension and Moran′s I coefficient both proved that soil salinity,pH and moisture showed weak spatial dependency,and stochastic factors were the crucial reason of resulting in the spatial heterogeneity of salinity,pH and moisture.The Kriging interpolation and correlation analysis showed that the distribution of soil salinity was inversely correlated with that of pH,and soil salinity showed negatively significant correlation with both pH and moisture,which signified that excessive salinity contributed to pH decrease and moisture could provide a reference for the diagnosis of salinity in the surface layer during the drought season.
  • LIU San-Chao, ZHANG Wan-Chang, GAO Mao-Fang, LIU Qin-Huo
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    Evapotranspiration(ET) is the key factor to the research on water circulation and heat balance in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere system.In this article,a pixel based adapted DHSVM distributed hydrological model that integrates remote sensing and geographic information system was applied in the Ziwuhe River watershed in the upper Hanjiang River basin.The modeled pixel is 60 m large.Our study focused on the atmospheric and topographic correction on optical remote sensing data and utilizing 30 m resolution Landsat TM data to obtain leaf area index and the land use and land cover data.Some useful terrain factors as slope and aspect and topographic index could also be derived from digital elevation model.The results showed that the spatial pattern of ET was similarity in different temporal scales,moreover,it was found that daily ET spatial differences were more evident.The result also showed that the distributed model could be used in small basin of humid climate.
  • WU Zhi-Yong, LU Gui-Hua, ZHANG Jian-Yun, YANG Yang
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    On the basis of Variable Infiltration Capacity(VIC) land surface macroscale hydrology model and observed maximum and minimum air temperature and precipitation this paper simulated daily soil moisture values over China for the period January 1,1971 to October 31,2005.The model was applied over a grid of 10,458 points with a resolution of 30 km?30 km.The model was first calibrated and validated by using observed hydrographs over 43 catchments.In situ soil moisture measurements from 28 sites over the country were also used for model validation.VIC performs well over both calibration and validation catchments especially in humid and semi-humid regions.The 35-yr soil moisture climatology for the 0-100m from VIC is consistent with known soil moisture conditions in China.
  • YAN Man-Cun, WANG Guang-Qian
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    Landslide hazards are an inherent but dangerous and costly element of mountainous environment in the lower Lancang River watershed.Conventional hazard map provide useful inventories of hazardous sites but provide little insight into the potential area of the hazards.In the paper,based on the spatial analysis of driving and triggering factors promoting the occurrence and development of landslides in the Lancang River watershed a correlation of the occurrence of landslides with slope gradient,vegetation cover and precipitation presented for providing multivariate statistical data available for assessing risk of the landslide in the area.Using ArcGIS grid module the data including contour,vegetation cover and precipitation were transformed into TIN data and DEM and further into raster gradient,vegetation and precipitation were with a raster of 100 m ?100 m.The classification of gradient,vegetation and precipitation were with five ranks,in agreement with five risk ranks of landslides of highest,high,moderate,less and none are implemented on ArcGIS platform.A risk map with the potential zones of the landslide with different risk ranks in the lower Lancang River watershed was shown.It can be sure that the highest and high risk zones are compatible to the high occurrence of landslide hazards,indicating that the index selected and methods are rational and credible.The result will be base for controlling the landslide disasters and promoting sustainable eco-environment development in the area.
  • LI Jing-Yi
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    By statistical computation and RS/GIS method,the environmental risk factors,including hydrological characteristics of wetland,water pollution,land-use/cover and their evolution in lower reaches of the Weihe River,were analyzed.The results are as follows.(1) The quantities of the water and sand are changing dramatically in recent years,and their distribution with the decreasing tendency are not even.In flood season water from the Yellow River flows backward to the Weihe River,which relieves the threat resulted from the decreasing of water and sand supply,and reduces the risk for wetland brought by the changing mentioned above.(2) The degeneration of the hydrological environment of wetland lowers its purification capability,and increases its hydrological environment risk.(3) From 1989 to 2000,in the lower reaches of the Weihe River,the area of the wetland increasesd 12.96 km2 with an annual increase rate of 2.7%,and there were 2.002km2 and 0.94km2 of wetland become bare and saline land,respectively.In addition,0.03 km2 wetland was occupied by urban construction.(4) By some measures,such as strengthening lawmaking,fathering water pollution,reconstructing vegetation and enhancing management,environment safety and resources sustainable use will be come tuer.
  • ZHANG Yu-Lan
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    According to the study on sporo-pollen and alga form 05SGIT1240 in Guangfulin relics and 05MMT4 in Maqiao relics,some Typha,Cyperaceae,Phragmites,and Salvinia of hydrophytes were found in the upper samples of Liangzhu culture.In addition,there were also plenty of Concentricystes and Zegnema,which lived in fresh water.Combined with the former information and foraminifera,the causes of the disappearance of Liangzhu culture in Taihu Lake area came from the flood water.
  • ZHU Jiang-Ling, LIU Hong-Yan, WANG Hong-Ya
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    Based on the analyses of chemical elements(K,Na,Ca,Mg,etc.),total organic content(TOC) and oxygen isotope(δ18O) of two lacustrine sediment sequences from Bashang area of Hebei Province and its surrounding,(K+Ca+Na+Mg)/(Fe+Mn) was demonstrated to well indicate aridity change.δ18O and TOC were adopted as proxies of intensity of summer monsoon and vegetation cover respectively.Climatic changes of this area during 9.8-5.3 ka B.P.were reconstructed.It is shown that climate changes of both sequences were quite similar and an arid stage from 7.0-5.7 ka B.P.was detected.However,the intensity of summer monsoon did not necessary correspond with the changes of aridity,implying that precipitation brought by summer monsoon in the study area was not the major factor of aridity change.On the other hand,evapotranspiration in the marginal area of Pacific monsoon,also called summer monsoon,was deterministic to the climatic aridity.
  • HUANG Run, ZHU Cheng, WANG Sheng-Tang
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    A typical peat profile of Tiantangzhai in the Dabie Mountains was chosen for this study.The vertical distribution of magnetic susceptibility and Rb/Sr elements in the sediments of the profile was determined.Its implication for the palaeoclimatic change of the north subtropics in the Holocene were discussed.By means of magnetic susceptibility and Rb and Sr concentration analyses, combined with 14C dating,regional palaeoclimatic changes were divided into five periods since the middle and late Holocene:(1) warm-wet period of 5700-5050 cal.a B.P.;(2) warm-dry period of 5050-4300 cal.a B.P.,and during which climate fluctuated acutely,druing which abrupt climatic change occurred in 4600-4500 cal.a B.P.;(3) relatively cool-wet period of 4300-1400 cal.a B.P.,climate fluctuated gently;(4) relatively warm-dry period of 1400-800 cal.a B.P.;(5) cool-dry period from 1400 cal.a B.P.to nowadays,but temperature ascends again in modern times.Magnetic susceptibility and Rb/Sr ratio can be used as palaeclimatic proxy to identify peat records.Low magnetic susceptibility and Rb/Sr ratio indicate cool-dry climate condition,by contraries,high magnetic susceptibility and Rb/Sr ratio indicate warm-wet climate condition.
  • DU Jing-Long, YANG Shi-Lun
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    Based on the topographic maps drawn before and after the deep-water channel project of north pdzcassage and supported by the GIS software and correlative Stat.Software,this paper has described the influence of the regulation project on Jiuduansha Shoal and Hengsha East Shoal.The results show that the area of the shoals around the dykes has increased about 97 km2 since 1998.Hengsha East Shoal has increased about 46 km2 and become 1.68 times larger than before.The area of Jiuduanshangsha Shoal and Jiangyanansha Shoal has also increased greatly.They are 1.83 times and 2.34 times larger than those in 1998 respectively.The sudden accumulation of Jiuduanshangsha Shoal and Jiangyanansha Shoal attributes to the south bank of the project;at the same time,that of Hengsha East Shoal to the north bank of the project and the siltation-promoting project.
  • ZHONG Xiao-Lan, ZHOU Sheng-Lu, ZHAO Qi-Guo
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    In this paper,soil contamination characteristics of 8 heavy metals(Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Hg,Pb,Zn and As) in the topsoil(0-20cm) from Taicang City,a typical region of the Yangtze River Delta,were analyzed,and ecological risk of soil heavy metals was evaluated by means of the potential ecological hazards index.Zn and Cu were distributed lognomally,strong in variability,while Cd,Ni,Hg,As,Cr and Pb were distributed nomally,medium in variability. The concentrations of Cu,Hg,Zn,As exceeded their background levels significantly,and As ranked first in contamination index and over limit rate.Except that As increased from the top down,all other soil heavy metals dropped off accordingly in the soil profile.Compound heavy metals contamination of the soil in Taicang was quite severe.The soil ecological hazard of Taicang was moderate,and the risk of well drained soil was higher than that of the sand with ridge.The soil heavy metals contamination was the most serious in the dyeing factories,followed by electric plating factories and breed factories.Hg and Cd brought the dominating potential ecological hazard,while As,Cu,Zn,Cr,Ni and Pb did slight hazard.
  • YUAN Wen, YANG Kai, WU Jian-Ping
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    Stream structure development in river network regions was both affected by physical conditions and rapid urbanization.Based on remote-sensing data,four measuring dimensions including the degree of urbanization,river patterns,stream structure and river functions were brought forward to be used as tools for stream structure classification.Twelve indicators such as the percentage of urbanized area,river length and width distribution,river fractal dimension,river flood storage and control capacities were designed for explaining the four measuring dimensions and describing the characteristics of stream structure type.The characteristics of three kinds of stream structure that were defined as the mainstream type,and the "#" type and the natural type were discussed based on the classification system developed in the paper.The results showed that the mainstream type was formed mainly because of high level of urbanization and branches were engineered out for the sake of urban construction and expanded.The natural type was maintained mostly in the area with lower lever of urbanization,which always reflects the local physical features.The "#" type stream structure was a sort of result caused by intermediate level of urbanization under spatial distribution of mainstreams in a catchment.Generally,following the urbanization process,stream structure might be changed from the natural type to the "#" type and at last,to become the mainstream type.The paper further discussed the qualitative and quantitative criteria that could used to guide differentiating structure status in river network regions.The authors thought it was valuable and important to maintain natural stream structure and plan and restore multi-functions of rivers in the process of urbanization.
  • YANG Hong-Xia, WANG Dong-Qi, CHEN Zhen-Lou, CHEN Hua, WANG Jun, XU Shi-Yuan, YANG Long-Yuan
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    CH4 emission flux was measured in Chongming east intertidal flat(CM) of the Yangtze River estuary by static closed chamber technique from May 2004 to April 2005.The results show that CM is the source of atmosphere CH4;and its emission had significant seasonal variation.Emission flux was highest in July from middle flat(CM-2),its flux was 9.27 mg/(m2穐),while the lowest CH4 flux was 0.03 mg/(m2穐) in April In low flat(CM-3) CH4 emission was maximum in May and its flux was 0.09 mg/(m2穐),while the minimum flux was 0.002 mg/(m2穐) in February.The annual average CH4 emission flux of was 2.06mg/(m2穐) from CM-2 and 0.04 mg/(m2穐) from CM-3 respectively.CH4 emission flux from CM-2 was higher than that from CM-3 obviously,and vegetation,temperature and contents of sediment organic carbon(OC) are major factors which control the CH4 emission.There were significant positive relationships between CH4 flux and temperature and illumination.The photosynthesis of the tidal flat plant,Scirpus mariqueter,increased the CH4 emission in CM-2,but the photosynthesis of bethonic alga and respiration of Scirpus mariqueter restrained the CH4 emission.
  • SHI Chao-Yi
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    The lakes once distributed all over the plain in the southern part of the Haihe River valley have now disappeared completely.As for the evolution and dry-up of these lakes,there are only general findings and conclusions, in need of further researches of higher resolution.Based on almost exhaustive historical archives and with the help of toponomy methods,this paper carries out an in-depth analysis to the evolution of the major lakes and clearly maps out the important evolving process from prosperity to extinction of these lakes.The principal findings are: During the Ming Dynasty to the late 16th century,there was the Daluze Lake,which extended from Renxian County at the southernmost to Ningjin County at the northernmost(both present location).In the early 17th century,the Daluze Lake disaggregated into two parts,with the Daluze Lake at the south and the Ningjinpo Lake at the north.On disaggregation,Daluze was deeper and wider than Ningjinpo.However,Ningjinpo thereafter continued to expand and,in the early 19th century,it became three times as large as Daluze,which was continuously shrinking.The two lakes simultaneously presented significant and rapid shrinkage since the 1820s or the 1830s.By the end of the 19th century,Daluze dried up entirely,while Ningjinpo could be hardly called a lake and at last became dry land by the end of 20th century.
  • WU Dong-Hui, ZHANG Bai, CHEN Peng
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    The soil coleopteras in Changchun City were investigated with the emphasis laid on the species richness and abundance in relation to the types of land-use,i.e.,farmland,mangrove forest,Three-North Forest Shelterbelt and natural secondary forest in July and September in 2003.The soil coleopteras were hand-sorted and were identified to the families level with the aid of microscope.A total of 598 soil colepoterous individuals was captured and fell into 32 families.These results suggest that the litter removal of land use habitats affect negatively the communitiy structures of soil coleopteras.More and more simple crop type and seasonal agricultural activity reduced group number,individual density and biodiversity of soil coleopteras communities of crop field.Forest shelterbelt was the main corridor that soil coleopteras contact each other in different farmlands.These findings also suggest that keeping complex vegetation can improve group number,individual density and biodiversity of soil coleopteras communities in a habitat.
  • DAI Guang-Quan, BAO Ji-Gang
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    In the field of event impacts assessment(EIA),there are many quantitative methods given in western event and event tourism existing literatures.Like the general EIA method,the classical method assessing the economic effects of World Fairs(Expo) is "cost-benefit analysis",and the basic technique is "input-output method" or called "inter-industrial relations analysis". These methods are usually not easy to calculate because the financial statistic data are always imperfect and most indices of effects are difficult to quantitatively define.Furthermore,it is more difficult to extract the event′s effects from multi-factors that affect the destination′s development just as to extract the tourism′s impacts alone from multi-factors affecting the changes of economies,environments and societies.Taking the 14th International Horticulture Exposition in Kunming 1999(i.e.Expo′99 Kunming) as an one-time mega-event case,the paper deals with the problem of imperfect financial data and the difficult extraction of event′s impacts from multi-factors of socio-economic development using the method of Background Trend Line Model(BTLM) presented by SUN Gen-Nian.With SPSS and Excel packages,the paper calculates the affected values, the contribution values and corresponding ratios of the Expo to Kunming′s tourism industry and GDP.Resulted from the quantitative analyses,the conclusions are that the Expo′99 Kunming made the position of its tourism industry in the national economy development,the ratios of the tourism added values to GDP and the tierary industry’s added value improved in 1999,the hosted year of the Expo. But after the Expo ended,these increasing trends stopped,all indices reduced from 2000 and fluctuated from 2001,and dropped down acutely due to SARS in the year 2003.Thus the Expo is just an irregular event and it has not influenced the long-time total pulsating trend of Kunming′s tourism industry and its position in the national economy.
  • LIN Lan, XU Zhi-Hui, DING Deng-Shan
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    To the spacial behavior of tourists,scholars think it is a sight-seeing course drived by special behavior.Based of dynamic analyzing,the authors newly define the meaning of the spacial behavior of tourists,and think the spatial behavior of tourists has broad and narrow sense.The paper tries to summary the work of researchers on the spatial behavior of tourists,hoping to offer some references for researches on the behavior of tourism.
  • CHEN Zheng-Hong, YANG Hong-Qing, ZHANG Qiang
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    After the comparing of the weather factors,predicting method and ratings standard for urban fire research and operation all over the country,five weather factors are selected for the research: daily minimum relative humidity(index 0-40),number of consecutive days without precipitation(index 0-30),daily maximum air temperature(index 0-20),daily maximum wind strength or velocity(index 0-20) and daily rainfall(index 0-20),and the complex index generally range from 0 to 100 and can be divided to five ratings from low to high.Two experiments are designed to optimize the effect of ratings division: 1) daily fire-danger ratings in four typical months of 2001 for 5 cities from north to south in China are calculated by using above method and local method and compared,and the index with factors are adjusted to make coincidence ratio of two daily rating sequence higher and the correct ratio of ratings ≥85%(supposed that the predicting value has only one or no rating error with actual rating;2) the total number of every rating for thirteen central cities in China from 2000 to 2003 are calculated and made to fit with the normal distribution.Then,the dividing range of weather factors,corresponding urban fire-danger index and ratings are determined,and the ratings are named.
  • LIU Xiao-Qing, ZHAO Jing-Bo, YU Xue-Feng
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    We have done the reanalysis on the data of flood hazards in the mid-reaches of Jinghe River from 1646 to 1949,using the historical document.As a result,it is found that the flood hazards in this area are mostly local ones in a small scale.It is worth to point out that the flood hazards in the study area happened more frequently in the middle of the 20th.Spectral analysis on the flood sequence indicates that there exist periodicities of 101 years,11 years and 3.4-2.2 years in the mid-reaches of the Jinghe Rive.The centennial and quasi-decennial periodicities can be well correlated respectively to those of solar activity;the periodicity of 3.4-2.2 years is probably associated with the activity of tropical air mass,which indicates that both the solar activity and the atmospheric activity in the area of low latitude ocean can influence the frequency of flood hazards in the study region.