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  • 2007 Volume 27 Issue 6
    Published: 20 November 2007
      

    论文

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  • ZHANG Wen-Chang, WANG Cheng-Jin, MA Qing-Yu
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    Urban resident trips is becoming a focus in the research fields to urban geographers and transportation geographers,and its survey and analysis are the basis to improve urban transportation.In this paper,the authors induced the conception and studying contents of urban resident trips,then based on 1400 questionnaires from 16 residential districts in 3 cities including Beijing,Dalian and Chengdu,the authors analyzed characteristics,changes and region differences of urban resident trips,especially discussed its trips scale,trips reasons and traffic mode.Besides the author analyzed the developing mechanism of urban resident from the influence factors,including the urban scale and urban conditions,residence location and income of resident.
  • CAO Xiao-Shu, MA Lin-Bing, YAN Ting-Zhen
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    The paper analyses the spatial relationship between transportation and land-use,through the remote sensing figures and data statistics in the year of 1990 and 2000.It showed that the town constructed land and cultivated land show a corridor effect obviously along the transportation trunk line.The spatial differentiation is visible and the further the distance from the transportation line,the more the cultivated land,meanwhile the less the town constructed land.Town constructed land and residential area development rely on transportation development which will strike much on cultivated land.Through the pertinent analysis on dynamic degree of comprehensive land utilization and diversification degree of transportation trunk line,it reveals that the transportation trunk line is one of the key factors influencing the regional land utilization diversification.The exorbitant and inconsequential development of the transportation trunk line certainly will make negative effects on the regional land utilization,especially on the protection of cultivated land.Therefore,for the purpose of stabilizing the rate of land diversification,and the sustainable development of Pearl River Delta,the location and scale of transportation trunk line should be controlled properly.
  • XU Yong, MA Guoxia, GUO Tengyun
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    Regional economic growth is a complicated dynamic process reflected by two variables of space and time,and quantitative analysis of that process has been always attracting wide attention.On the grounds of the basic concepts and academic thoughts of agricultural location theory,growth pole theory and gradient shift theory,this paper first quantifies the concept of regional economic growth space,then provides one method based on GIS to simulate the spatial and temporal differentiation of regional economic growth,and finally carries out a professional analysis across cities of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH) Metropolitan Region.Results of the case study are shown as follows: 1) The economic development across different cities in BTH Metropolitan Region decays remarkably with the distance growing from the center of city(which can be seen as the growth pole) to its periphery,and there exist less-developed areas in different growth poles of city.The economic valley zone between the city of Beijing and Baoding is 80-100km to the center of Beijing,and that between Baoding and Shijiazhuang is 80-120km to the city center of Shijiazhuang.2) The characteristics of the spatial and temporal differentiation of economic growth in BTH Metropolitan Region over the 1993-2003 period embodies in the polarized development of the two largest city of Beijing and Tianjin.The pull effect of Beijing and Tianjin as the growth pole of BTH Metropolitan Region to its peripheral cities is comparatively weak except to Tangshan,and the pattern of gradient shift and the structure of gradient evolution in BTH Metropolitan Region have not come into being.3) As predicted,BTH Metropolitan Region would still be in the stage of polarizing growth in the coming 5-10 years,and the characteristics of regional economic differentiation will still embody polarized growth of city.
  • MA Yan-Ji
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    The paper puts forward the skeleton of regional industrial agglomeration,including factors,structure,function,mechanism and laws.The factors include main body,producing,bases,time and space,social culture and institution.The structure has three aspects including producing structure,spatial structure and organizational structure.With the development of industrial agglomeration,city or region will improve the competitiveness and sustainable development.Mechanism of industrial agglomeration has many aspects including factors flowing and location selecting,cost decreasing and benefit driving,knowledge sharing and technique progressing,trade pulling and globe responding,planning force and market force.Under the new backgrounds mechanism of industrial agglomeration in old industrial base should be changed.Function of market in collocating resources should be enforced,enterprises’ management and pattern should be changed and knowledge forces should be enlarged.Regional industrial agglomeration should be in harmony with globalization and nation′s development.Regional industrial agglomeration should harmony with population,resources and environment.Territorial production complex should be improved,and many kinds of models of industrial agglomeration should be fostered.The general law of regional industrial agglomeration embodies on periodicity and the systematics of agglomeration and dispersion.The development of regional industrial agglomeration has the characteristic of dynamics and openness.Study on regional industrial agglomeration is an important aspect of human geography.In China,as a response to globalization and foundation of socialist market economy,it is helpful for reconstruction of an agglomeration,and it is a key problem in studying regional industrialization and urbanization.
  • HAN Zeng-Lin, LIU Gui-Chun
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    The core content of the geography study is man-land relation.The ocean is a very important component of the earth system as a whole.It has been closely connected with the development of human society.Having reviewed a considerable amount of literature concerning man-land relation and marine studies,this paper attempts to study the interaction between human society and the sea on a geographic perspective,namely man-sea relation.Man-sea relation is part and extension of the man-land relation in a broad sense.Studies carried out in this field are of significance to not only the enrichment of the theories of man-land relation,but also marine sustainable development.In the beginning this paper expounds the meaning and characteristics of man-sea relation and regional system of man-sea relation.Then the spatial structure and areal types of the regional system of man-sea relation is discussed.In the end the evolution of the man-sea relation and its mechanism are briefly analyzed in the terms of man’s exploitation of marine resources.
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    ZHANG YAO-Guang, ZHANG Yan, WANG Ning
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    Marine agricultural-pastoralization is a production mode used in marine region,which exploits resources from reproduction,instead of natural biology,through artificial cultivation of biological resources such as shell,algae,fish,shrimp and so on.At first,this paper appraises the factors such as maritime spatial environment and physic chemistry to develop marine agricultural-pastoralization in marine region of Changshan Islands.Then the authors gave an analysis oh marine reproduction,the developing situation and types of the marine farming,as well as the trend of changes of constitution.In the end,the maritime spatial environment of Changshan Islands is divided to three regions by the method of principal component-cluster analysis,which provides a scientific basis to marine farming for reasonable layout.

  • ZHENG Rong-Bao, LIU Yi-Hua, DONG Yu-Xiang
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    The land safe pre-warning is the key point of regional resources precaution research.Through constructing an actually operative pre-warning system of land safly,we can analyze and judge the changing tendency of land safety.The hazard degree in Guangzhou was evaluated by the model of Radical Basis Function(RBF).The results indicate that the degree of land safety has changed from light warning degree to middle warning degree.The practice proves that the RBF is an accurate and objective model in evaluating hazard degree of land safety.
  • WU Dian-Ting, ZHAO Jiang, LIU Ge
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    On the foundation of a database of Olympic champions,the characteristics of spatial and temporal distribution were summarized,geographical factors,which affect the growth of Olympic champion,were investigated,and many valuable phenomena were found out. There are more champions in the eastern China than that in the western China.Generally,athletes in events require more physical strength are usually from the northeastern China and North China and those in items needed more skill come from the southwestern China,Zhejiang,and Jiangsu provinces.There is not a close relationship between parents who were good at sports and the probability of their kids to be champions,while the rate of being champions is high in ordinary family,especially child who was brought up in poor family was more likely to be a champion.For Olympic champions themselves,coach is a key person in his development. Different natural environment nurtures athletes who were professional in different kinds of sports.The public voice is both stress on and motivity to athletes.Support from national policy and communication with aboard were also indispensable factors for a champion’s development.
  • LI Yang-Bing, SHAO Jing-An, ZHOU Guo-Fu, LONG Jian
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    Based on land rocky desertification and land use data in 2004(scale: 1:50000),the land use types distribution in different rock types and occurrence ratio of rocky desertification in different land use types at Zhudong,Hongguo and Baoji rocky desertification landscapes which are located in Panxian County,Guizhou Province,were studied quantitatively.Results indicate that slight rocky desertification land is distributed in shrub land mainly,and the rocky desertification in sloping cropland accounts for 11.67% of it;moderate rocky desertification is distributed in moderate coverage grass slopes mainly,intense rocky desertification is distributed in rocky dry-land which is difficult to use,showing that the slight and moderate rocky desertification were resulted from artificial causes,intense and very intense rocky desertification were induced by both of artificial causes and bad natural factors probably in Zhudong area.The slight and moderate rocky desertification lands were resulted from anthropogenic factors and the intense and very intense rocky desertification by natural factors at Baoji area.The natural conditions in Hongguo are superior than other two districts,so the occurrence of rocky desertification,particularly the intense rocky desertification were induced by intense land use,for example,there were moderate and very intense rocky desertification in sloping cropland.Rehabilitation measures correlated highly with different formation causes of karst rocky desertified lands,it was necessary to take the land use genesis types and its spatial difference into consider when design the control emphasis and rehabilitation models.
  • LIU Xian-Zhao, LI Jia-Zhu, SU Qing, WANG Chun-Zhi, LI Xi-Guo
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    Runoff-concentration degree(RCD)and runoff-concentration period(RCP)were defined by means of vector composition computing annual distribution of yearly precipitation.At the same time,the quantification method was proposed to describe and compute the non-uniformity in annual distribution of stream flows.Case study showed that the concentration degree calculated by monthly runoff volume had higher resolving power and sensitivity than that of non-uniform coefficient denoting annual runoff distribution.The month corresponding to runoff concentration period computed by monthly runoff was closely consistent with actual month in which maximum of monthly runoff appeared.It was proved that runoff concentration degree and concentration period could well display the non-uniformity in the annual distribution of runoff.The results above suggested that the method was feasible and the estimated result was believable.
  • YUAN Shu-Jie, MIAO Qi-Long, GU Xiao-Ping, QIU Xin-Fa, ZHOU Tao, KANG Wei-Min
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    Using the daily precipitation data from March to May of 88 stations from 1951 to 2004 in the karst region of Yunnan and Guizhou Plateau(KRYGP),the indexes of the spring drought intensity(ISDI)are calculated.The temporal series of the ISDI are analyzed by Morlet wavelet function.The complex multi-time scale structure of the ISDI variation is studied.The results show that the ISDI sequence variations have the discontinuity points and apparent 22-yearly periods in all regions.They have obvious 13-15(9-11)-year periods,with 2-3(3-4)-year as the most pronounced period in extra-severe and severe drought regions(medium and light drought ones).The drought degree will get heavier(lighter) in extra-severe and severe drought regions(medium and light drought ones) by period forecast.We also study the spring drought’s spatial and temporal feature,circulation forms and physical factors.
  • LI Hong-Jun, JIANG Zhi-Hong, WEI Wen-Shou
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    Based on the monthly precipitation of 13 stations in the Tarim River Basin between Apri1 and September from 1961 to 2001,the mann-Kendall method was used to test the abrupt change of precipitation,the Z index,the Maximum entropy transformation and climatic tendency coefficient were used to calculate the grads,cycle and tendency of drought-flood.The results show:(1)the precipitation of source area,upper,middle and lower reaches increased in different periods,and the abrupt changes occurred in the every increase process,the abrupt change time is more and more earlier from source area to the lower reaches,the time was in 1990,1975,1973 and 1969.(2)The drought was frequent and serious in the 1960s,the times of drought decreased and times of flood increased from the 1970s to the middle of the 1980s,while these droughts and floods were serious.The times of drought decreased obviously while the times of flood was dominant from the later period of the 1980s to earlier period of the 1990s,the flood was dominant and most serious,while drought was less and light.Since the middle of the 1990s,the increase of flood was main in source area,upper reaches and middle reaches,but the flood was becoming light in these areas,while the variation of lower reaches was different from the others,its times of flood decreased,while its times of drought increased and drought was becoming serious.(3)The cycles of drought-flood are 2.5 years and 13.3 years in source area,40 years,6.7 years and 2.5 years in the upper reaches,10 and 2.7 years in the middle reaches,2.4 years,6.7 years and 3.3 years in the lower reaches.The tendency of drought-flood was becoming wet,the test show that the tendency was prominent in the upper reaches,faint in the lower reaches and not obvious in the middle reaches.(4)The NAO′s impact on drought-flood is remarkable in the upper reaches and the middle reaches.
  • HU Xiao-Fei, PAN Bao-Tian, SU Huai, AN Chun-Lei, ZHOU Tian
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    The Wanchuan River,which is a small tributary of the Huanghe(Yellow) River,has developed four staircases of river terrace at least within Yuzhong Basin.Based on "Paleosol-dating",combining OSL dating and 14C dating,we demonstrate that the beginning ages of incision of T4,T3,T2 and T1 were 330 ka,130 ka,50 ka and 10 ka,respectively.Analysis of regional geological structure and terrace feature indicates that tectonic uplift has not played significant role in river incision,and the Huanghe River,the base level of Wanchuan River,has influenced only a short segment of downstream of the river.The paleosal developed on the surface of each river terrace indicates that river incision began in the period during climate transformation from dry cold phase to humid warm phase,when the paleosal development began in the Loess Plateau,so the main cause of river incision is climate change.
  • YIN Xiu-Qin, LIU Ji-Liang, GAO Ming
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    This paper studied the relationships of nutrient elements of litter,soil fauna and soil from six major forest types of Xiao Hinggan Mountains.It was revealed that both the average content of elements and the variance from litter,soil fauna and soil in different forest types were not the same.The variance analyses(ANOVA) of nutrient elements from earthworm,enchytraeidae,centipede and other soil fauna showed that K,Ca,Mg and Fe had an influence on the growth of soil faunas.The significant linear relationship of K,Na and Fe with litter,soil fauna and soil indicated that these elements were closely related with litter,soil fauna and soil.Furthermore,the nutrient elements in leaf litter and soil were closely related to the biomass,density,and group of soil fauna.The order of the average relevant coefficient was: group>biomass>density.
  • PAN Yue-Peng, YAN Bai-Xing, LU Yong-Zheng, YOH Muneoki, ZHANG Feng-Ying
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    River and groundwater samples were collected from Sanjiang Plain in Northeast China in middle Heilong River watershed from 2005 to 2007 to study the temporal and spatial distribution of water-soluble ionic iron(WSIFe,including Fe2+ and Fe3+).It can be concluded that the concentration of Fe2+ is generally higher than Fe3+ in the groundwater.The concentration of WSIFe ranged from 0.03 to 21.00 mg/L,with an average of 5.48 mg/L,and fluctuated with the groundwater level.In the river water samples,WSIFe presented in form of Fe3+,and the concentration of WSIFe ranged from 0.04 to 2.05 mg/L,with an average of 0.42 mg/L.The content reached a peak in the flood season.The concentration of WSIFe in the rivers derived from marsh is much higher compared to the river derived from forest areas.The WSIFe flux of upper-middle Heilong River,lower Songhua River and lower Wussuri River was 200?105 kg/yr,240?105 kg/yr and 70?105 kg/yr,respectively.
  • XUE Ji-Bin, ZHONG Wei, ZHAO Yin-Juan
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    The oxygen isotope in precipitation collected at Guangzhou Wushan meteorological station from May 2004 to June 2005 together with the observation by IAEA/WMO are analyzed under different time scales and its relationship with ENSO event is also analyzed in this paper.Under climatic and seasonal scale,the magnitude of δ18O has reverse correlations with the temperature and the precipitation respectively.The magnitude of δ18O in this region has notable precipitation effect but without temperature effect.The seasonal variations of δ18O in precipitation are evident,resulting from the influences of the monsoon climate and different vapor sources on the isotope composition of precipitation.Under annual scale,there are complicated correlations between the δ18O in precipitation and the temperature and the precipitation,i.e.,in different time stages the positive and negative correlations appears alternately,which seems to have some periodicity at a certain extent.Furthermore,there are distinct positive correlations between the SOI,SST in Nino-3 and the δ18O in precipitation in Hongkong station respectively,showing that the strong signal form ENSO has important impact on the variations of stable isotopes in precipitation at the Zhujiang River Delta.
  • ZHANG Xin-Rong, HU Ke, WANG Dong-Po
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    The study of phytolith in the surface deposits of different sediments is a basic work of Quaternary researches such as paleobotanic recovery,paleoenvironment reconstruction,stratum contrastion,etc.Through the phytolith study of surface deposits from 41 peat areas in Northeast China,plenty of phytolith are found.They can be divided into 11 types: dumbbell-shaped,saddled,fan-shaped,square-shaped,rectangular-shaped,trapezium-shaped,crenate-shaped,cap-shaped,point-shaped,elongate,and other shapes.The surfaces of each kind of phytolith are different,most of the decorations are concave or protuberant.The Sculpture on the dumbbell-shaped phytolith can be divided into 2 kinds,fan-shaped,crenate-shaped and elongate-shaped phytolith can be divided into 5 kinds,and cap-shaped and point-shaped phytolith can be divided into 3 kinds.
  • SUN Zhi-Ying, ZHAO Yan-Feng, CHEN Jie, LI Gui-Lin, TAN Man-Zhi
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    In this paper,based on the multi-resolution image segmentation and object-oriented image classification,the information of the impervious degree of urban surface in Nanjing was extracted by using the objects relationship at the different scales.The results indicated that the imperious degree in Nanjing City was mainly concentrated between 50% and 99%,and the area of higher degree was extensively distributed in Jianye District,Xiaguan District and Gulou District,while the lower was mainly in Xuanwu District.The method of object-oriented image classification could realize the quick extraction of the impervious degree of urban surface,and the output was stability and reliability.
  • WANG Jing-Jing, TIAN Qing-Jiu
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    The theoretical basis on the water depth retrieval by optical remote sensing was analyzed based on the research on radiative transfer process of light wave in water.After a summary of water depth retrieval methods of the predecessors,derivative spectra method for water depth retrieval was introduced.Water reflective spectra were collected by using ASD field spectroradiometer,and water depths were measured by a digital echo sounding system simultaneously at yancheng coastal zone,in Jiangsu Province of China.The turbidity was inhomogeneous in the test area and scattered signal from material in the water was also different in spatial distribution.The reflectance of near infrared band(760-900 nm) was most sensitive to water depth(R=-0.73).As simulated in TM band settings,the correlation between water depth and reflectance ratio between TM4 and TM1 is better than others(R=-0.81).The correlation between water depth and the first derivative of reflectance at 711nm is significant(R=-0.87).Single band method,ratio method and derivative spectra method were respectively applied to calculating water depths.The accuracy evaluation of three models showed that the accuracy of single band model and ratio model were low for the points near the shore,which average relative error was more than 30%.The accuracy of derivative spectra model was improved as to the same points,which average relative error was 17%.The results indicated that derivative spectra method was an effective tool for reducing the error bring by variety of water quality.
  • LIN Shan-Shan, JIN Yu-Hua, FU Li-li
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    The phylogenetic diversities of bacteria in a gravel contact oxidation reactor,a novel equipment for excess sludge decrement,were studied by constructed 16S rDNA library,PCR-based molecular surveys of environmental 16S rDNA genes.Total 80 16S rDNA gene clones were retrieved and evaluated their phylogenetic diversity.46 clones(17 OTUs) were isolated from the biofilm,and 34 clones(12 OTUs) were from the inner sludge.The measured bacteria diversities were evaluated by diversity indices,richness indices,evenness indices and dominance indices.The evaluation results indicated that both diversity and dominance of the bacteria isolated from biofilm were higher than inner sludge.
  • ZHANG Bo, WANG Xing-zhong
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    Western developed countries have come into postindustrial stage since 1970s.With the development of society and economy,the advancement of cultural quality,income and prolonged leisure time of urban residents,a large number of commercial entertainment places have sprung up in urban areas,which drew the attention of the academic field.However,neither domestic nor foreign geographers have paid much attention to the research in this regard.From the perspective of urban social geography and humanism,this paper is based on a brief summary of the studies of the commercial entertainment places in urban areas in Western countries.This paper,through analyzing the location factors,tries to reveal the existing models and spatial structure relationships of the commercial entertainment places in urban areas,to explain its structure rings and farther to discover the special essence of the urban social life thoroughly,enriching the basic concepts of the urban planning.
  • TANG Mao-Lin
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    The paper gives us a detail evaluation of the selected Chinese textbooks of introduction to human geography from contents,structure,representation form,map use,the shortcomings and so on.Based on the analysis and the previous related studies,taking into account the good qualities of the American counterparts,the paper brings about the author’s general thinking about the writing of related textbooks and several detailed constructive compiling suggestions.