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• 2009 Volume 29 Issue 3
  Published: 20 May 2009

    

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  Fourteen Principles in Geography

  Liang Jin-she

  2009, 29(3): 307-315. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.307

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  In the paper, fourteen principles in geography are refined. The first two principles show how peoples do location decision-making: (1) peoples would face the location choices; (2) in selecting location, one person, he or she, is interested in not only a place but also the benefit from others connected with the place. The other seven principles are about spatial difference analysis: (3) size and scale principles; (4) spatial thermodynamic difference principles; (5) environmental effects of the earth rotation force, the Earth crust movement and the gravitation between the Earth, Sun and Moon, which come from outside of the Earth’ surface; (6) the effects of weathering, erosion, transport and deposition on the Earth’s surface; (7) Distance decay principles; (8) the perspective from space, location and region for the establishment and development of places; (9) causality between the spatial differences and migration, interregional trade. The above seven principles embrace the aspects from natural and social forces, as well as spatial effects. There are two principles related to the relationships between men and their environment: (10) human competition in space; (11) mosaics, dependence, interaction and interdependence relationships existing in the Earth’s surface. The twelfth principle lays a foundation of geographical analysis methods: (12) spatial critical point principle. The last two principles sum up the bases of policy-making for the use and conservation of the Earth: (13) externality principles of human activity on the Earth’s surface; (14) peoples face how to balance their interregional benefit in resources developing and environmental conservation on the Earth. Although the intention of writing the paper is for teaching, the author considers that the principles may have some meanings for geographic research, including setting up more common academic language and integration between human and physical geography.
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  Exploring General Research Method of Theoretical Geography with Three Steps

  Chen Yan-Guang

  2009, 29(3): 316-322. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.316

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  There used to be two obstacles for progress of geography. One is that it is hard to be mathematically modeled in an efficient way because of nonlinearity of geographical processes and regularity of geographical phenomena, the other is that it is impossible to perform controlled experiments on geographical systems because of irreversibility and uncontrollability of geographical evolvements. Fortunately, as the development of the postmodern mathematics of fractals and chaos and others, certain geographical systems can be modeled with the aid of mathematical equations today. As the development of cellular automata (CA) model, geographical information system (GIS) based computer simulation can be employed to make geographical analysis as an experiment approach to revealing causalities (cause and effect). In this case, a new study procedure termed "three-step method" for theoretical geographical research is propounded as follows. Step 1: building mathematical models empirically based on observational data and estimating the values of parameters. Step 2: constructing theoretical equation based on certain postulates. The solution to the theoretical equation should be found in some way, and the solution must be identical in form and structure to the empirical model made in the first step. Or else repeat step 2 by giving new postulates and new theoretical model until the solution is satisfying. Step 3: carrying out experiments of computer simulation upon the studied object based on the postulates raised in the second steps. The result of simulation should be identical in pattern or structure to the observed phenomena in the first step.The first step relates to the quantification of geographical research, the second step to the theorization of geographic discipline, and the third step to the demonstration and experimentation of geography. The method used in the first step is mature at the present time. Building of empirical models with mathematical theory has been developing since the well-known "quantitative revolution" of geography from the 1950s to the 1970s. Of course, "the purpose of models is not to fit the data, but to sharpen the questions." The means employed in the third step is rapidly developed in recent years and in its full flourish now. Simulation of a geographical system may be very helpful practically, but geo-simulation doesn’t help us conceptually, in understanding the rules of behavior at the higher level. Comparatively speaking, the process utilized in the second step is still a difficult problem to be solved despite the fact that the theorization of geography began long ago. The three-step method is proposed for the purpose of theoretical exploration of geography, but it can be extended to the domain of applied geography. In application research, the second step can be simplified dramatically by giving up mathematical derivation. However, the third step will be more difficult when it is designed for use in practice, as the simulation device should be drastically altered before it becomes even vaguely realistic representations of geographical systems.
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  Spatial Differences of Urban-Rural Development Coordination in Shandong Province

  Wang Fu-Xi, Sun Hai-Yan, Sun Feng-Hua

  2009, 29(3): 323-328. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.323

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  "Coordination" is a conception of describing fine correlation between things, which meaning is "unanimous harmonious and tie in". From systemic point of view, coordination is unanimous harmonious of system or factor in process of development and evolvement. city and country belong to two different systems, reviewing from historical angle. The relation of them are commonly considered to successively go through four development phase, that is urban-rural intergrowth, urban-rural abruption, urban-rural opposition, and urban-rural amalgamation(urban and rural coordinated development or urban-rural integration).Urban and rural development coordination is an idea or think of urban and rural development aiming at urban and rural opposite to each other. Urban and rural development coordination can be measured by calculating urban-rural coordination degree. Coordination degree is a temporal conception and postural representation which pursues systemic whole furthest excellent. The bigger coordination degree, the upper consistency among system or factor development; otherwise, system or factor development is out of line and needs controlling systemic operation. Urban-rural coordination degree which is ration index of measuring urban and rural coordination status reflects coupling degree of aspect of nature, society and economy of specified time and area in urban-rural terrain system. To measure urban-rural coordination degree needs to figure out comprehensive development status of urban and rural subsystems first of all. Following the principle of comprehensive, dominant, comparable and securable, the paper sets up urban and rural development coordination evaluation index system, figures urban-rural subsystem comprehensive development index of 17 cities in Shandong Province using principal component analysis, analyzes and appraises urban and rural development coordination of those cities through urban-rural coordination degree coefficient. Basing on coordination degree coefficient and urban and rural subsystems development status, the paper classifies seventeen cities in Shandong Province to six types, that is, coordination, basic coordination, border on maladjustment, elementary maladjustment, intermediate maladjustment, and severe maladjustment.As a result, the paper considers: ①Coordination is a relative and dynamic conception, urban and rural development coordination has not absolute standard, and the same coordination degree reflects diverse information. ②Urban-rural coordination degree coefficient is a nondimensional numerical value base on the urban and rural comprehensive development index, which has not any actual meaning with sole region except many regions' contrast analysis. ③There is evident spatial differences of urban and rural development coordination in Shandong Province, and the Eastern Shandong excelled the Midwestern Shandong as a whole. ④There is positive correlation between urban-rural coordination degree and economy development level, and the higher economy development level, the better urban and rural development coordination.
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  Strategic Analysis of Guangzhou and National Center City Based on Match of External economic links and Geo-economic Relations

  DENG Chun-yu

  2009, 29(3): 329-335. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.329

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  Using data of main export-oriented industries, non-agricultural population, GDP, the total investment in fixed assets, total wages, the year-end financial deposits, distance of inter-city highways of national 30 capital cities,in 2007, the matching state analysis of the industrial concentration external economic links, Geo-economic relations in Guangzhou based on the location quatient,city gravity,Euclidean distance calculation method. The results showed that, Guangzhou has disproportionation and gap with the National Center City, as an integrated gateway cities and regional cultural and educational center.It is the primary task to improve the status of central cities,adjust the geo-economic development strategy,give priority to the development of modern service industries, and speed up the construction of the provincial route.This method can provide an effective reference for city government to map out Regional Center Development strategies.
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  Emerging Model of Local Globalization:——case study of Shining Leather Industry

  Lu La-Chang, Yu Gou-Yang, Gao Jing-Hua, Niu Yi-Hua, Lin Zhang-Ping

  2009, 29(3): 336-341. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.336

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  The globalization and localization are two reverse processes,which created by two important processes: the glocalization and the local globalization.Scholars have conducted a number of researches on the glocalization from top to bottom,however,few studies on the local globalization.Based on the case studies of leather cluster in Shiling Town of Guangzhou City,the paper suggests ‘regional structure’,consisted of specialized cluster,specialized market and exhibition and conventions,is the emerging model of local globalization from bottom to up in less developed countries,on the basis of trade oriented industrial cluster one of advantages.The significance of these findings has shown that globalization is not just in production areas and also in circulation and market areas in less developed countries.In order to link in globalization,less developed countries need a structural system,that is an important approach for local globalization.
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  Spatiotemporal Dynamic Characteristics & Driving Force of Built-up Land in Bay City —Case Study in Xiamen

  CHEN Song-Lin, LIU Shi-Yuan

  2009, 29(3): 342-346. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.342

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  After interpreted 6 periods of RS images from 1986 to 2007, this article extracted built-up land patches from them, got the area-weighed center for buffer analysis and generated curves of built-up land in Xiamen by the ArcGIS9.0 spatial analysis and spatial statistic model. Then, it analyzed the curves, which the peaks and troughs were changed by the spatiotemporal change. According to what had been done above, the driving forces of built-up land dynamics change were discussed, combined by the changes of physical and human factors in the same period. The results suggested that: firstly, physical and human backgrounds affected the basic spatial pattern of built-up land growth; secondly, the accumulation of socio-economy development impeled the evolution of built-up land growth distribution; thirdly, the interaction between urbanization and industrialization promoted the extension of built-up land rapidly. At last, administrative policies influenced built-up land spatio-temporal change on different spatial levels.
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  Economic Contacts of Urban Groups in Bohai Sea Rim in the Tenth Five-Year Periond

  Jiang Bo, Xiu Chun-liang, Zhao Ying-hui

  2009, 29(3): 347-352. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.347

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  The urban groups in Bohai Sea Rim are important growing regions in North China and their dvelopment are very bright in the future. To promote the urban economic contacts in the future, it is necessary that their varying rules of the economic contacts in these days should be analyzed. Based on urban population, employees, GDP, per capital GDP, etc. of 28 cities in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolis, South-Central of Liaoning metropolis and Shandong peninsula metropolis in Bohai Sea Rim, the extrovert energy, the intensity of urban flow and the degree of tendency of three urban groups in Bohai Sea Rim are measured in the Tenth Five-Year Plan period. The 28 cities of three urban groups in Bohai Sea Rim are contrasted to 25 cities in two urban groups of Yangtze delta and Pearl River Delta in Southeast China. And the three urban groups in Bohai Sea Rim are contrasted to the two urban groups in Southeast China in the same. It is concluded from our studies that the economic contacts of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolis is the strongest in Bohai Sea Rim and South and Central Liaoning metropolis is the second and Shandong peninsula metropolis is the weakest. In the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the economic contacts of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolis and South and Central Liaoning metropolis became stronger but Shandong peninsula metropolis became weaker in the end. The economic contact of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolis is weaker than Yangtze Delta metropolis but stronger than Pearl River Delta metropolis. South and Central Liaoning metropolis and Shandong peninsula metropolis are much weaker than Yangtze Delta metropolis and Pearl River Delta metropolis.
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  Characteristic and Transformation of Consumer Space in a Context of Residential Suburbanization—A Case Study for Guangzhou

  LIN Geng

  2009, 29(3): 353-359. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.353

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  Focused on the phenomenon of consumption mismatch during the process of residential suburbanization in Guangzhou, this paper re-explains the reason from the perspective of symbolic analysis in consumption sociology. The theatricalization, fashionalization, and functionality for constructing the consumer’s social identity of consumer space symbolizes the Beijing Road as an advanced business center. Apparently, Tianhe Business Center also has become a consumer space to help consumer’s affective reaction for self-realization due to the symbolic representation function of modern shopping center. Both of them reconstructed the relationship of urban core-periphery area, and formed a symbolic consumption rule which is separated and paralleled from original economic rule. During the process of residential suburbanization in Guangzhou, on one hand, a suburbanized lifestyle emerged as a symbolic commercial product and catered for the taste for exquisiteness in housing market; on the other hand, the different demands of residents can not be met well except routine shopping in suburbs and people still go to urban central area to satisfy themselves for entertainment, image appeal and quality culture, because advanced business center is absent for a long time although there has a large population. Influenced by core-periphery model, the residential function was developed but commercial function was restricted in suburbs, so advanced modern retailing center can hardly exist. In recent years, the system of rail rapid transit is being constructed and it will further intensify the interaction between urban core-periphery area. Around the Tianhe Road, a more large-scale commercial conglomerate is being formed and it supposed to reduce the possibility of same functional business center in suburbs. With the development of rail rapid transit, urban business center will have more attractions for shops and consumers and the symbolization will be strengthened by the sequent new-developed type of operation—underground commercial culture. Urban consumer space will have a tendency of evolution to a stronger polarization.
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  Tourism Development and Return Migration of Rural Labor Force—Case Study on Xidi Village

  ZHANG Xiao-Ming, BAO Ji-Gang

  2009, 29(3): 360-367. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.360

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  This paper offers a critical review of the popular economic models on labor force migration, and return migration and points out the main theoretical and technical problems when practicing these models in the real world. Conversely, this paper chooses a social capital perspective to outline a socio-economic explanation for the behavior of rural returnees and their participation in non-agricultural industry, based on a case study in Xidi Village of southern Anhui Province, China. It concludes with two elemental findings: 1) returnees in this village returned because they could get paid annually and steadily as a local hukouholder; 2) community elites and their intimate relations returned or stayed because their social capital or social network could only take effect inside the community boundaries.
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  Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Land Use and Cover Change in Guangzhou City in the Past 30 years

  CHEN Ying-biao, ZHOU Qian-yi, CHEN Jian-fei

  2009, 29(3): 368-374. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.368

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  Four TM remote sensing images of Guangzhou in 1979, 1990, 2002 and 2006 are taken as data for the study. The images fully cover the area of Guangzhou. The data sources of land-cover landscape are translated under supervised and un-supervised interpretations with Envi4.4. By using ArcGIS 9.2 software to extract urban land use speckle and contrast land use map of Guangzhou City. Through investigation to create land use database, the analysis demonstrated spatio-temporal characteristics of land use so as to improve urban eco-environment and land use efficiency. The research demonstrates that forest and water area increase during the past 30 years and environment protect policy has the obvious effect. The ratio of land use to cover change has the characteristics of fast in beginning and slow in recent years. In the 1979-2002 the change of land use was rapid and the average change rate was 36.55%. In the 2002-2006, with the improvement of protect environment and other policy induces the ratio of land use turned into be stable.
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  Soil Quality Characteristics and Protection Countermeasures of Cultivated Land in Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Zone

  HE Yu-rong, XU Xiang-ming, WU Xiao-jun

  2009, 29(3): 375-380. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.375

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  Cheng-Yu (Chengdu-Chongqing) economic area is officially recognized as one of the four national key developmental economic zones. Based on the analysis of the main types of soil quality status in Cheng-Yu economic area, the non agricultural occupation of cultivated soil, soil fertility and soil environmental quality degradation showed severe situation in different degrees and the soil protection was imperative. The results showed that the degradation of cultivated soil quality had become the obstacle to agricultural development and been mainly manifested as "erosion, drought, soil hardening, soil acidification, thin, low ripening degree and contamination". Based on the soil quality characteristics and degradation, the following soil protection countermeasures were brought forward: the retortion of the reverse change of land use structure; the implementations of cultivated soil protective tillage integrated technologies and the restoration of fallow system to prevent soil fertility degradation; the implementations of "three decrease and three increase" (to decrease chemical fertilizer, pesticide, plastic sheeting and to increase organic fertilizer, straw returning, green manure) to improve the soil environmental quality to guarantee the agricultural sustainable development in Cheng-Yu economic area.
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  Spatial Distribution of Nitrogen in Marsh Soils with Different Plant Communities in Xianghai Wetland

  BAI Jun-hong, DING Qiu-yi, GAO Hai-feng, WANG Qing-gai, XIAO Rong

  2009, 29(3): 381-384. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.381

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  Contents of total nitrogen and nitrogen forms in surface and subsurface soils with eight different plant communities in Xianghai Wetland were measured and analyzed in order to study the spatial distribution characteristics of all nitrogen forms in marsh soils with different plant communities. Results showed that total nitrogen in marsh soils was dominantly composed with organic nitrogen. There were highest contents of total nitrogen in surface soils with Salix rosmarinifolia community, while lowest in the surface soils with Sparganium stotoniferum community. However, as for subsurface soils, the highest or lowest contents of total nitrogen appeared in Typha orietalia community and Suaeda acuca community, respectively. Nitrogen contents in surface and subsurface soils were higher in plant communities with deeper root system than those with shallower root system. Inorganic nitrogen in those soils mainly consisted of nitrate nitrogen for Polygonum hydropiper community, while ammonium nitrogen for other plant communities. Correlation analysis showed total nitrogen and organic nitrogen were significantly positively correlated with soil organic matter, but they showed significantly negative correlations with soil pH values.
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  Influential Factors and Distribution Characteristics of Topsoil Organic Carbon in Alpine Grassland Ecosystem at Southeast Slope of Nyainq阯tanglha Mountain

  WANG Jian-lin, OUYANG Hua, WANG Zhong-hong, CHANG Tian-jun, Li Peng, SHEN Zhen-xi, ZHONG Zhi-ming

  2009, 29(3): 385-390. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.385

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  The distribution characteristics and the infulential factors of the topsoil (0-20cm) organic carbon in alpine grassland eocsystem at the southeast slope of Nyainqêntanglha Mountain were studied. It was shown that the average density of the topsoil (0-20cm) organic carbon was 5.0028±1.1037 kg/m² and variability coefficient was 21.96%.With inreasing altitude, the distribution characteristics of the topsoil (0-20 cm) organic carbon density was increase→decrease →increase within the altitude range of 4421-4598 m.There was significant positive correlation between the topsoil organic carbon density and overground biomass, 10-20-cm underground biomass, 20-30-cm underground soil moisture,soil organic matter,soil active N, soil total N and soil total P content, but there was significant negative correlation between it and soil bulk density. The first factors were vegetation coverage, overground biomass, 20-30-cm underground biomass and 20-30-cm soil moisture, the second factors were 0-20-cm and 20-40-cm underground soil bulk density as well as soil total P content, the third factor were soil organic matter and soil active N content, the last factor was 0-10-cm underground biomass, and they contribution rate was 92.83 %.
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  Spatial and Temporal Variability Characteristics of Ultraviolet Radiation in Eco-regions of China from 1961 to 2000

  HUANG Mei-ling, JIANG Hong, ZHU Qiu-an, YU Shu-quan, ZHOU Guo-mo

  2009, 29(3): 391-396. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.391

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  The UV of some eco-regions of China present reduction trend; the inter-annual change of winter is the biggest among four seasons, followed by summer, autumn, and spring. The annual change UV is small. It can be divided into three stages i. e. 1961-1972, 1973-1990 and 1991-2000. The second stage of the annual and seasonal average UV in a large part of eco-regions is lower than the first stage and the third stage, and the first stage takes on the biggest stage.
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  Simulation of Water Submerged Area in Coal Mining Subsidence District

  Wu Quan-Yuan, Liu Ting-Xiang, Huang Li-Mei, Wang Xiao-Yi, Zhang Xiao-Li, Wang Yan-Ze, Xu Gang

  2009, 29(3): 397-401. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.397

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  In China, being a big coal mining country, subsidence caused by coal mining has become a serious artificial geological disaster. Coal mining subsidence not only changes physiognomy morphological character around the mining areas but also makes abundant cultivated land, garden plot, holt, traffic land and construction land change to water area. Coal mining subsidence has become a major obstacle to the sustainable development of society, economy and environment in mining area. Imaginal, intuitive and accurate simulation of the submerged area of confirmed water level in the different periods and with different subsidence scale is the foundation of governance and reclamation of subsidence area. With Longkou coal mining subsidence area in Shandong Province as case study, on the base of 1: 10000 contour lines and dispersed elevation point data of the research area of five periods gathered by ArcGIS software, which were 1978, 1984, 1996, 2000 and 2004, this paper has completed contour line’s density interpolation, then the digital elevation model (DEM) of uniform grid with 1* 1 m² can be gained from triangulation by linear interpolation. This paper considers the DEM data of 1978 before subsidence as standard elevation, and calculates the coal mining subsidence region and area through the difference operation between DEM data of the other later periods and the standard elevation. Obviously, when z value of a certain place is less than zero, which represents elevation, the place has become subsidence area. According to the data observed by water department during 48 years, the author figures out the hydrographic feature values of different frequency year flood season in coal mining subsidence area. Then the water submerged area of confirmed water level in coal mining subsidence district were calculated by "non-fountainhead flood" analysis method and verified by contemporaneous result of remote sensing image interpretation. The main conclusions are as follows: firstly, the analysis method used in the paper is very dependable, whose maximum relative error and minimum relative error are 5.76% and 2.83%, respectively. Secondly, the general trend of the change of the water submerged area is that it will be enlarge with the enlargement of subsidence area. In addition, the increasing amount of the water submerged area is less than that of subsidence area. In the future, subsidence area in the continent will be joined with that in ocean bottom. If people can’t prevent and what treat the trend effectively, seawater intrusion will occur widely in subsidence area, and along with it is the irreversible ecological change in the land. Lastly, the primary factor influencing on calculation precision is DEM data.
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  Spatial-temporal Distribution of Crop-livestock Product Virtual Water Per Cultivated Land in China Based on Fractal Theory

  Sun Cai-Zhi, Zhang Lei

  2009, 29(3): 402-408. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.402

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  Virtual water has become the central issue of water sciences, and has been regarded as a main countermeasure to solve risks of food security and water security. On the base of calculating the total quantity of main crop-livestock product virtual water, this paper calculated the Gini coefficient of crop-livestock product virtual water verse cultivated land and the result showed that the Gini coefficient of crop-livestock product virtual water verse cultivated land were less than 0.4 (warning limit) from 1996 to 2006, which indicated that the spatial-temporal differences of crop-livestock product virtual water verse cultivated land was slowly decreasing. This paper analyzed changes of the virtual water per cultivated land in the provinces of China from 1996 to 2006.Then, according to the theory of primate city distribution and rank and size law which have been frequently used in urban geography since the 1920s, based on the data of thirty provinces of China this paper used the rank and size curves to explain virtual water per cultivated land size distribution, which can probed into the internal difference mechanic of fractal feature. The result showed that virtual water per cultivated land size distribution didn’t follow primate city distribution, and the coefficient of determination (R²) about the model of the bi-fractals were more than 0.975. The rank and size double logarithm regression of the virtual water per cultivated land accords with the Pareto distribution well, and the size and its rank turn out to follow the rank-size distribution. Meanwhile, the fractal dimension D was more than 1 and slowly decreased by year, which showed the spatial differences of the virtual water per cultivated land in provinces of China reduced and the equilibrium tended to strengthen. The rank and size distribution took on bi-fractals structure. The conclusion showed that large-scale provinces developed more slowly than medium-or small-scale provinces, and leading function of these large-scale provinces was limited. Furthermore, according to the rank and size double logarithm regression curve shapes of bi-fractals, we claimed that Chinese virtual water per cultivated land could be divided into three categories. Large-size of the virtual water per cultivated land was 14000~26000m³/ha, the medium-size was 7000~14000m³/ha, and the small-size was less than 7000 m³/ha. At last, this paper also discusses the impacts of the facts, aiming at offering a new method for researches of the virtual water per cultivated land size and assisting the formulation of agricultural policies at national and regional levels.
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  Deposits on High Floodplain and Flood Evolution of Huanghe River in Lanzhou

  ZHAO Jing-bo, WANG Chang-yan

  2009, 29(3): 409-414. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.409

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  According to the investigation of the section on high floodplain of the Huanghe (Yellow) River and grain size analyses of 81 samples in Lanzhou, the paper researched the sediment characteristic of the section and the flood variation at that time. Results indicate that the flood sediment layers of the Huanghe River are clear in Lanzhou area, which reflects clearly the variation of the floods and the high resolution short-term precipitation, and is a good target indicating the changes of the flood and precipitation. The coarse grain of the sediment indicates the bigger scale flood and the more precipitation at that time, and the fine grain indicates the smaller scale flood and the less precipitation. The Matan section is divided into 15 phases, which indicates 15 bigger-scale flood stages, and the sediment are mainly composed of the coarse silt, the very fine sand and the fine sand. The content of the coarse silt is the most, the very fine sand and the fine sand are the second and the colloidal particle, the cosmid, the fine silt, the medium sand and the coarse sand are all little. The grain composition of the whole section has obvious change rule from above to bottom. Sufficiently considering the effect of landform heightened by sediment on grain composition, the order of the depths and scales of floods on the high floodplain of Matan section from big to small is the 10th>12th>11th>13th>15th>14th>3rd>5th>7th>8th>6th>1st>4th>9th>2nd. Reckoned by the historical documents, these 15 floods that sediment layers of Matan section reflect occurred since 170 a B.P. The flood sediment is not continuous, each of 15 floods generally indicates transitory rainy season of one year, the interval of two floods is generally about 10 years, and in the interval of 10 years there are no floods or small scales floods, indicating there are normal or less precipitation. According to the causes of modern floods of Lanzhou, it is concluded that the causes of 15 floods of Matan section is the annual precipitation’s obvious increase and the dates of the most precipitation are same or near in Huanghe River drainage basin above Lanzhou and branch drainage such as the Yao River, the Datong River, the Daxia River and so on.
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  Study on Model of Surface Sediment Humidity on Tidal Flat Based on Remote Sensing Image of TM—A Case Study of Radial Sands Banks in Jiangsu Province, China

  SHEN Yong-ming, YANG Jing-song, ZHANG Ren-shun, LIU Yong-mei

  2009, 29(3): 415-420. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.415

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  Surface sediment humidity of the tidal flat reflects the periodicity action of the tide, and it is connected closely with the elevation of the tidal flat. The remote sensing image of TM can show the surface sediment humidity fairly, so the elevation of the tidal flat can be deduced by the remote sensing image of TM, and it is very important to know the elevation of the tidal flat in studying the sands movement and using the tidal flat resources which can not be measured easily by traditional method because of the poor topographical environment. In this study, the main purpose is to find the relationship between the surface sediment humidity of the tidal flat and the data of the remote sensing image of TM with the case of the Radial Sands Banks in Jiangsu Province, China. The two sections were selected, which can represent the Radial Sands Banks nearly, one is near Xiaoyangkou, the other is on Tiaozini sands, and the surface sediment samplings of the two sections were collected when the tidal period were equivalent to the moment of the TM remote sensing image taken, and the sediment humidity were measured. Then the data in the remote sensing image of TM corresponding to the surface sediment sampling point were collected, and the transforming method to the remote sensing image were carried out, and the relativity coefficients were calculated between the humidity of the surface sediment samplings and the the light value of the remote sensing image of TM after the transforming. The results of correlation coefficients were compared with each other, and the highest correlation coefficient was selected, which was the first component after the principal component analysis of the 2, 3 and 4 wave band. After that, Fourier transform, filter the waves and the contrary Fourier transform was taken to the first component after the principal component analysis, the result show that the correlation coefficients between the surface sediment humidity and the image data is high. At last, surface sediment humidity by the remote sensing image of TM was calculated, which has high coefficient of determination, and the result can be used easily for calculating surface sediment humidity of the radial sands banks.
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  Shape Change Remote Sensing Information Extraction of Lakes in Qian'an Group Lakes Based on Radon Descriptor

  LI Xiao-feng, ZHANG Shu-qing, NA Xiao-dong, YU Huan, PAN Xin

  2009, 29(3): 421-426. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.421

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  Remote sensing technology is introduced by many related research as an efficient method to monitor dynamic change of lakes.But most of them only pay attention to lake area change,less to the information extraction of lake shape.In this paper,Qian′an Group Lakes are taken as the study objects,and lake objects of two periods are obtained by the segmentation of TM images in 1989 and 2001,then shape character vectors of each object are extracted using geometric invariance Radon descriptor.Similarity indices of each lake object between two periods are also computed according to the definition,so shape spatial-temporal variation of lake objects can be quantitatively described.Through information mining for object-oriented database in which shape character vector and similarity indices are saved,the obtained information is more abundant and efficient than that by traditional area change detection of lakes.These provide quantitative base for devising effective conservation measures to prevent lake drying up further.
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  TIC-based Radiometric Normalization of Multi-temporal Satellite Imagery

  ZHANG You-shui, LIN Guang-fa, LIU Yu-feng, HAN Chun-feng, WANG Wei-jie

  2009, 29(3): 427-432. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.427

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  Radiometric consistency is hard to maintain between separate images due to variations in atmospheric conditions, solar illumination angles, sensor characteristics and sensor view angle. Therefore, radiometric corrections are often performed on multi-temporal imagery to any or all of the variations. This article reports a new relative radiometric normalization technique of multi-temporal satellite imagery of the same terrain. In this study, image data in Xiamen area were acquired on March 4, 2001 and March 26, 2003 (Landsat 7), and the newly developed temporally invariant cluster (TIC) method was used to normalize the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of multi-temporal imagery directly. The TIC centers were identified via a point density map of NDVI pixels from the base image and the target image, and a normalization regression line was created to intersect the TIC centers in point density map of NDVI. Target image NDVI values were then recalculated to base image radiometric level using the regression function so that these two images could be compared on a common radiometric scale. After normalization, the accuracy of NDVI was significantly improved. The TIC method provides a simple, effective and repeatable method for radiometric normalization. Compared to previous relative radiometric normalization methods, the new method does not require high level programming and statistical skills. In addition, the TIC method maintains sensitivity to subtle changes in vegetation phenology and enables normalization even when invariant features are rare. This normalization method is effective for detection of a range of land use, land cover, and phenological changes.
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  Intelligent Decision Support System for Forest Fire Prevention Based on Techniques of Spatial Data Mining

  Wan Lu-He, Wang Ji-Fu, Zang Shu-Ying, Cui Jin-Xiang

  2009, 29(3): 433-438. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.433

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  This paper analyzes a complicated space decision question to fire prevention in the forest from function demand for intelligent spatial decision support system (ISDSS). Its data quantity is big, data character is complex, and it has dynamic and distributed characteristics and so on. Facing the unexpected disaster and massive, complex, volatile and distribution of data and information, it is difficult for policy-maker to make in time, accurate and scientific decision-making. Therefore, it is essential to set up integrated spatial information analysis processing system, having knowledge to find intellectual DSS of ability. And spatial on-line analytical processing (Spatial OLAP) and spatial on-line analytical processing mining (Spatial OLAM, Spatial OLAP mining) are on daty of the integrated space data processing, which can find implicit knowledge and rules on the space data warehouse, and inquire and analyze in different dimension and degree. From system requirement analysis, function design, system implementation and system operation example, this article expounds the fact that has merged the design philosophy of GIS, space OLAP and intellectual DSS of the space OLAM technology have emerged and key technology. This article proposed knowledge discovery mechanism based on spatial OLAP and the OLAM, establishes one kind to integrate GIS, the spatial data warehouse, spatial OLAP/OLAM and the decision support system—a new decision analysis tool.
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  Urban Land Expansion Simulation Model Based on SD and CA—A Case Study of Nantong City

  QIN Xian-hong, DUAN Xue-jun, LI Hui, LU Yu-tian

  2009, 29(3): 439-444. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.439

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  The system dynamics model which is called SD for short has an advantage on describing prospective sights and predicting urban land growth macroscopically, while the cellular automata which is called CA for short has an advantage on simulating urban land expansion microscopically. So this paper integrates their macro and micro advantages, designs an coupling model for the urban land expansion, and also does a case study in Nantong City of Jiangsu Province. The results show that this coupling model can not only predict a good amount on urban land growth in time, but also simulate urban land expansion with a relatively precision in space, thus urban planning has a relatively scientific basis on analyzing urban land expansion in future.
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  Geomorphic Characteristics of Northern Tianshan Mountains Based on DEM Data

  ZHAO Hong-zhuang, LI You-li, YANG Jing-chun, LU Hong-hua

  2009, 29(3): 445-449. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.445

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  The present topography and high elevation of the NW-SE-trending Tianshan Mountains are the direct result of north-south convergence driven by the India-Asia collision during the Cenozoic times. Based on SRTM3-DEM data, we analyze the geomorphic character of the northern Tianshan Mountains and the implications using GIS analysis including Hypsometric Integral, Average Elevation, Summit Level Elevation, Local Relief and Swath Profile. Hypsometric Integral (HI), after the method of Pike and Wilson (1971), is used to analyze tectonism of the northern Tianshan Mountains. The S-shaped Hypsometric curve significantly suggests the currently active tectonism and the mature period of geomorphic evolution in the northern Tianshan Mountains. We argue that, according to GIS analysis, 3 planation surfaces with different elevation have been developed within the northern Tianshan Mountains, and these three planation surfaces display the distinguished geomorphic character due to different erosion controlled by elevation, tecnonism and lithology.
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  Urban-disasters Composite Risk Assessment of Shanghai

  YIN Jie, YIN Zhan'e, XU Shi-yuan

  2009, 29(3): 450-454. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.450

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  With global climate change and rapid urbanization process, disaster has been a great challenge of development of Shanghai.Risk assessment,as one of the vital tools of risk management,is considered much more important than ever before. In view of characteristic of disaster of Shanghai, this paper puts forward the concept of urban-disaster composite risk,and chooses indexes to build index systems from hazards,historic disasters,exposure & fragibility,resilience ability. And then taking the 19 localities of Shanghai as research examples, based on the result from above research,this paper analyzes the characteristic and distribution of urban-disaster composite risk of Shanghai,and give reasonable suggestions for government.
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  Effects of Root Exudates from Helianthus annuus on Adsorption of Ca²⁺ on Goethite

  HUANG Cheng-Ling, ZHANG Dao-yong, PAN Xiang-Liang

  2009, 29(3): 455-460. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.03.455

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  Goethite is one of the most important heavy metal host minerals. Root exudates are the active organic component in rhizosphere. The effect of root exudates on adsorption behavior of heavy metals on soil or minerals is still little known. The present study showed that adsorption of Cd²⁺was inhibited in the presence of Helianthus annuus. Adsorption capacity of Cd²⁺to goethite increased with increasing of the initial solution pH. Root exudates reduced Cd²⁺adsorption capacity at all experimental pH. Both the Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherms represented well the experimental data and the pseudo-second order equation described well the kinetic data. Isothermal and kinetic studies showed that root exudates inhibited adsorption strength and adsorption rate. Adsorption of Cd²⁺on goethite is a endothermic process whereas the spontaneity of the reaction was reduced in the presence of root exudates.