EN中文

Archive

  • 2009 Volume 29 Issue 4
    Published: 20 July 2009
      
    论文
  • Select all
    |
    论文
  • 论文
    Economic Transition and Energy Intensity in China
    HE Can-fei, WANG Jun-song
    2009, 29(4): 461-469. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.461
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    China is the second largest energy consumer in the world. With the rapid growth of energy demand, China's energy intensity has been considerably declining during the period of transition. Energy intensity is, however, by no means equal across Chinese provinces. The coastal region on average consumes energy more efficiently than the interior regions. Statistical results reveal that globalization, marketization and decentralization are important factors influencing energy intensity. While the provincial technique level, industrial structure, natural resources and energy consumption structure also significantly influence the energy intensity. However, the impact of these factors on high-energy intensity and low-energy intensity provinces are different. It is important to induce foreign direct investment and technique innovation in decreasing energy intensity in high-energy intensity provinces.
  • 论文
    Changing Regional Differences of Grain Productivity in China
    FANG Xiu-qi, YIN Pei-hong, Feng-dong Chen
    2009, 29(4): 470-476. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.470
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Based on the statistic data of agriculture in county-resolution for the time period of 1985-1987 and 2002-2004, the changing regional distribution of grain productivity in China in recent 20 years has been examined in this paper. It is found that, 1) grain productivity indicated by grain yield per unit cropland has increased in most parts of China, especially in the west to the farming-grazing transitional zone, which has played more important role on total grain yield increase in the past 20 years in China. 2) the differences of a grain productivity dominated by rainfall between the eastern and western China have remained obviously up till now. But the south-north difference of grain productivity dominated by temperature in the eastern China has reduced for the sensitive increase in grain productivity in the northern China. The lowest grain productivity zone is located in the farming-grazing transitional zone where the precipitation is 250-400 mm. East to the lowest zone, grain productivity has raised gradually from the northwest to the southeast which may be divided in higher grain productivity zone and the highest grain productivity zone. But the gradation of grain productivity in the east became less obvious in the period of 2002-2004. West to the lowest zone, named the lower grain productivity zone, the relative increase of grain productivity was faster than that in the lowest zone and east to the lowest zone. 3) The area of cultivated land has expanded obviously in the western China, where the grain productivity is lower but increased fasty. While high quality cultivated lands reduced. There are positive impacts of climate change on the increase of grain productivity in Gansu and Xinjiang region, the middle-east of Inner Mongolia and Northeast China, where the temperature has risen significantly and the precipitation in most regions of western China has increased slightly in recent 20 years. 4) The regions, of which the grain productivity ranks the top and bottom in China, both have the higher decrease of the cultivated land and the multi-cropping index as well. The average annual decrease of multi-cropping index is more than 1%-2%. The reduction of multi-cropping index went with the decrease of the cultivated land in the middle-down stream and the southward region of the Changjiang River of the highest grain productivity region implies the lost of the highest quality cultivated lands and the increase of food security risk. While in the lowest grain productivity region, especially in ecological sensitivity regions, such as the region along the Great Wall and the western Sichuan, the implement of the policies for recovering forest and grass in the cultivated land is attributed to the decrease of cultivated lands and it would benefit to ecosystem health and soil protection.
  • 论文
    Organization of Logistic Network on Firm Level —A Case Study of the South Logistics Enterprises Group
    ZONG Hui-ming, ZHOU Su-hong, YAN Xiao-pei
    2009, 29(4): 477-484. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.477
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The organization of logistics network was a neglected field in terms of both modern economic geography and transport geography. Freight transportation has been dominantly the focus of geographers dealing with maritime, port and rail transport issues. The scholars in China also paid attention to these fields. But in fact the enduring growth in the movements of goods and innovations in the associated networks of logistics and freight distribution represent a dynamic part of economic globalization. The aim of the project is to find the attributes of the logistics network on the firm level in urban China. This study intends to develop a microscopic understanding of the organization of logistics industry in urban China, the new economic giant of the globalizing world. It designs a framework which consists of the strategic network, spatial network and operational network for understanding the firm’s logistic organizations, which are placing the issue of freight distribution as a central concern of human geography, much beyond the traditional focus of transport geography. The framework borrows the theories from the economy science, social science, transportation geography, economic geography and management science. Then it takes the South Logistics Enterprises Group as a study case. The research was carried out through interviewing with managers of the case firm for three times. It is observed that the strategic networks of logistics firms in China cover two types: one is the alliance between logistics firms and their customers, and the other is the alliance between logistics firms with other small or middle-sized traditional logistics firms. The alliances are founded on the base of total trust, which is formulated in the cooperation of long period. The logistics firm takes the key relationship management as the most important task. A spatial network with a hierarchy structure is identified: headquarter—branch firms—offices. The underlying mechanism can be termed as three types: customers-oriented, strategic-oriented or cost-oriented. For instance, the network often adds a new branch for the key customers under the customers-oriented strategy. Among of these three factors, customer-oriented is the most important one most of the base and branches are set according to the requirement of their customers. Moreover, the operational network depends on the outsourcing system, including procedures of transportation, material management, information transfer and so on. An information shared platform and a creative operational network contribute to the efficiency of the customers’ supply chain. Besides the creative of network, the high technology is also helpful to the efficiency, such as communication technology, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), modern Logistics Information System, GPS, and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). As technological change and globalization are moving forward, flows, circuits and the associated paces will receive further attention, since they are essential for the global network economy.
  • 论文
    Spatial Pattern of Regional Comprehensive Transportation Cost —The Case of Jiangsu Province
    WU Wei, CAO You-hui, CAO Wei-dong, LIANG Shuang-bo
    2009, 29(4): 485-492. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.485
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    In macroscopic, regional comprehensive transportation cost is relative to regional integrated transportation accessibility and the scale of passenger and freight. With the formation of some relative conception, choosing the counties as the basic research units and GIS as the support technology, from the macroscopic view, the comprehensive transportation cost in Jiangsu Province is calculated and its pattern is analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the southern Jiangsu Province is superior to the northern one in all three indices—the integrated transportation accessibility, passenger and freight scale, and the comprehensive transportation cost. But there are some differences among three indices about the spatial structure. It takes on "dual-nuclei" pattern in integrated transportation accessibility, and "islands-shaped" pattern in passenger and freight scale, and both the two patterns are showed in the comprehensive transportation cost, i.e., "dual-nuclei" pattern in south and "islands-shaped" pattern in north. In the economic statistics, Jiangsu Province involves three areas, the southern, the central and the northern of Jiangsu. The southern Jiangsu is the best one in all the three indices, and the central Jiangsu is better than the northern Jiangsu. As to the equilibrium among three areas, the northern Jiangsu is better than the central Jiangsu, and the southern Jiangsu is the worst areas in the integrated transportation accessibility and comprehensive transport cost. In the passenger and freight scale, the central Jiangsu is the most balanced one; the northern Jiangsu takes the second place. With those results, some measures are proposed to decrease the comprehensive transportation cost in central and northern Jiangsu Province, and its imbalance within southern Jiangsu Province. Also, some relative focus needing more attention is put forward.
  • 论文
    Commercial Space Succession in Old City of Beijing Case of Survey Line of Inner City in Beijing from 1996 to 2006
    ZHOU Shang-yi, JI Li-mei
    2009, 29(4): 493-499. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.493
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The change of urban commercial area is one of the most important study topics of urban economic geography. With the development of a city, the old city is no longer the only area that works as commercial and business districts. The loss of uniqueness of the old city will lead to a series of changes of the commerce in the old city, including the changes of commercial space. This paper takes a north-south line from Jishuitan to Xuanwumen in the old city of Beijing as a survey transect, makes field investigation and orders the historical data, and try to find the trend of the hierarchical structure changes of commercial space in the old city of Beijing in the decade between 1996 and 2006, and finds that some specialized commercial centers appear at the same time. This study uses the Central Place Theory, the concepts of Flexible Specialization and the Central City Evolution Theory as the main theories for the analysis of the reasons of commercial space succession, and takes transact research and the method of landscape records as the main methods of data acquiring. Apart from borrowing methods from other researchers, this paper tries to use the index of "function number" for measuring the grade of commercial areas, and use the index of "lineal density" for measuring the degree of specialization of commercial areas. Two months fieldwork helps giving the location of each enterprise in statistic data exactly, and explores to make up for the defect of data from historical document. The conclusions of this paper are: 1) the succession of commercial space in the old city of Beijing can be analyzed from the change of the coverage of commercial centers. In the decade between 1996 and 2006, the coverage of the second grade of commercial centers gets smaller; some seriate specialized commercial centers emerges; 2) the main reason of the change of the central place pattern and the coverage decrease of the second grade of commercial centers is the transportation development of the north-south traffic line; 3) spatial flexible specialization motivates the appearance of specialized commercial centers in the survey transect. The urban expansion expands the difference between the type of commerce in the central city and on the periphery; the competition between the new commercial forms at the urban edge and in the old city gets intensive. Therefore the specialized commercial areas with luxury goods draw close to the high-grade commercial center. The appearance of specialized commercial centers is also in conformance with the need of the upgrade of the central place functions. Two shortcomings of this paper are: 1) only the shops and stores along the north-south street are concerned, and that near the crosses are not concerned, which are along the east-west streets; 2) because of the lack of the commercial enterprises distribution in the whole city of Beijing, only the hierarchical change in the transect can be described, and the conclusion now can not infer the succession in other parts of the old city.
  • 论文
    A Regional Density-Function Approach to Regional Spatial Structure and Growth Patterns —A Case Study of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region
    SUN Tie-shan, LI Guo-ping, LU Ming-hua
    2009, 29(4): 500-507. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.500
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The study of regional spatial structure and growth patterns has been of interest to those concerned with regional planning and analysis. Spatial structure can be defined in various ways, and one major perspective relates to investigating the distribution of population densities. The population density function, which has been applied widely within the context of an urban area, can be extended to analyzing regional spatial structure and growth patterns. However, most of the empirical studies so far conducted have employed the density function based on the monocentric model, which is not appropriate for modeling the modern metropolitan region that usually takes a polycentric form. This study first discusses the form of polycentric regional density function, and then applies it to the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region. The polycentric density function is assumed to be an aggregate of the individual monocentric density functions of the various regional urban centers. Through the exploratory spatial data analysis of the population density distribution, we find that the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region does have a polycentric spatial structure with four regional density centers: Beijing, Tianjin, Baoding and Shijiazhuang. We test the most commonly used monocentric regional density function form, the square root negative exponential density function, and the results show that it is basically applicable to our analysis. Then we apply both the monocentric and polycentric density functions to study the spatial structure and growth patterns of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region during the period from 1990 to 2000. The analysis with the monocentric density function shows population still concentrate into the major urban centers of the region, while the analysis with the polycentric density function finds the coexistence of concentration and dispersion of population in the region, and reveals three different growth patterns of the urban centers at the different levels, which are the dispersion pattern through decentralization, and growth and the concentration pattern. The study shows the polycentric density function, taking the effects of the multi-urban centers on the regional population distribution into consideration, can reveal the regional growth patterns more accurately and is more suitable to the analysis for the polycentric urban region.
  • 论文
    Spatial Difference of New-Type Industrialization and Its Mechanism in Zhejiang
    WU Yi-zhou, WU Ci-fang, WANG Lin, LOU Wen-bin
    2009, 29(4): 508-514. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.508
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The stratagem of new-type industrialization has been taken action in the 16th congress of the Chinese Cornmunist Part.The new-type industrialization policy is a scientific solution based on the summarization of the experience and lesson derived from the process of industry all over the world. After the long-term rapid growth, the economy cardinal number incresed rapidly, if we still keep on the traditional mode of development, the supply of resources and the durability of enviroment will become frustrations that can not be overcome. And new-type industrialization emphasized high science and technology content, good economic benefit, low resources consuming, little enviroment pollution and human resources sufficient application. New-type industrialization puting higher demands on county-level economy development in Zhejiang. This paper builds up a new-type industrialization evaluation system, based on the Principal Compnoent Analysis. There three principal compnoents: first is industry size and technology factor; second is industry process and structure factor; third is environment protected and low energy sources consuming factor. After calculating the compositive scores of every administrative district,the paper makes use of ESDA-GIS frame work to analyze spatial difference of new-type industrialization of county area in Zhejiang. Spatial analysis needed in New-type industrialization research for the observed spatial values are not independent each other,i.e.,(or) they do not follow the same distribution,and(or) there is a trend along different directions. The Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA),which based on the computing spatial autocorelation and spatial heterogeneity,is also used to detect the geographical dynamics of Zhejiang regional disparity patterns. There are significant positive spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I) of New-type industrialization level in Zhejiang. Moran’s I Scatter plots and LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Association) cluster maps are used to test the local pattern of the New-type industrialization development. The result illustrates that the spatial pattern of new-type industrialization comprehensive level in Zhejiang is more advanced in northeastern region than southwestern region; and the region development is mainly driven by the growth poles, such as Hangzhou, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Taizhou; there is prominence spatial difference between region development, and the two-side club (high level club and low level club) convergence exists in the growth of industrialization in Zhejiang. The region around Hangzhou bay and region of Wenzhou & Taizhou, had become the high level club convergence, and the southwestern region maybe in the "general poor trap", the self-factors parallel combination of counties’ industrialization is not in equilibrium, and the general intensive level is low based on the light industry and spatial differences of size and structure. Based on the analysis of new-type industrialization spatial difference pattern, the paper puts forward some suggestions: industry regional organization should change to cluster of international industry, in order to accelerate the development of poor districts; improving the ability of region innovation and making region development balanced the development of central urban in undeveloped district; enhancing basic infrastructure services and using the stratagem of point-axis spatial development pattern; strengthening region correspond mechanism in order to promote the flow of elements and optimizing the industry distribution.
  • 论文
    Agent-based micro-simulation of urban industrial spatial evolutiont
    YANG Qing-sheng, LI Xia
    2009, 29(4): 515-522. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.515
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Industrial development and employment growth are the important driving forces for urban growth. This paper simulates urban industrial spatial evolution by integrating Multi-agent systems (MAS), cellular automata (CA) and GIS. In this study, an agent-based system is developed based on CA to simulate complex urban systems by incorporating human factors and physical factors. Human factors are incorporated into the model by agents' decision actions, which embody uncertainties and complex behaviors in the simulation process. Government organizers and industrial investors are considered to be agents, which decide industrial spatial evolution in this model. Government agents and industrial investor agents are used to make decisions for determining the choice of new industrial locations and existing industrial allocation by considering a series of complex physical and economic factors. Urban industrial spatial development is shaped by interactions, competition, collaboration among different agents and between these agents and the environment.The agent-based modeling technique was applied to the simulation of the spatial evolution of industry in the Zhangmutou town of the Pearl River Delta in 1988-2004. The comparison analysis indicates that the proposed model has much better performance than pure CA models in simulating complex urban development in micro-levels. It is because the human and social factors can be well incorporated in the simulation process.
  • 论文
    Estimation of Regional Evapotranspiration Using Two Source Energy Balance Model and ETM+ Imagery
    ZHANG Wan-chang, GAO Yong-nian
    2009, 29(4): 523-528. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.523
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Concerning with the complex characteristics of the arid, semi-arid terrain surface, such as undulating topography, un-unique land use/covers and less vegetated land surface, etc. the N’95 model integrated with remote sensing techniques for the estimation of actual evapotranspiration was modified and improved with the focus on the estimation of the net radiation received by surface considering the influence of slope and aspect to the solar shortwave irradiance and surface long-wave irradiance. In addition to that, albedo, displacement height, roughness length for momentum, roughness length for heat, the diabatic correction factors for momentum and heat, the resistance to heat flow in the boundary layer directly ediately above the soil surface in the original N’95 model were modified with new approaches to enable the application of the model more easier in operation and much accurate in computation in terms of specific terrain surface conditions. The instantaneous evapotranspiration was estimated with the modified N’95 model by using the Landsat ETM+ data for an experimental study site located on the conjuncture area of Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia where the terrain surface is very undulating with less vegetation developed, heavy soil and water loss loess plateau. And then the spatial pattern of the instantaneous evapotranspiration was analyzed. Actual instantaneous evapotranspiration of 3033 verification points of the study area was calculated with the extra resistance method to compare with the modified N’95 model estimated, which suggested that the modified N’95 model can be used for the accurate estimation of evapotranspiration in arid and semi-arid rugged terrain area covered by sparse vegetation.
  • 论文
    Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Urban Heat Island in Suzhou City by Remote Sensing
    XU Yong-ming, QIN Zhi-hao, ZHU Yan
    2009, 29(4): 529-534. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.529
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    One of the significant environmental consequences of urbanization is the urban heat island (UHI). To study the urban heat island in Suzhou City, remote sensing and GIS technology were utilized to quantitatively analyze the thermal spatial and temporal distribution. Landsat TM images from 1986 and 2004 were selected to derive brightness temperature and land cover maps. Then statistics and GIS buffer analysis were conducted to investigate the thermal pattern changes over a 18-year period. The combined analysis of the temperature images and land cover maps indicates that there is an evident development of the UHI in the 18 years and significant coherence between the urban thermal patterns and urban spatial distribution. This paper also suggests the advantages of remote sensing as an objective and effective method for assessing and understanding spatial characteristics and dynamic changes of urban thermal environment.
  • 论文
    Characteristics of DMS, CS2 and CH4 Fluxes along an Elevational Gradient of a Coastal Salt Marsh, East China
    WANG Jin-xin, SUN Shu-cun, WANG Jin-shu, ZHONG Chong-qing, XING Wei
    2009, 29(4): 535-539. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.535
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The fluxes of methane (CH4), dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and carbon disulfide (CS2)) were seasonally measured using static flux chambers over an annual cycle along an elevational gradient of a eastern Chinese coastal salt marsh. To estimate the contribution of higher plants to the fluxes, plant aboveground biomass was experimentally removed and the flux differences between the treatment and the intact were examined. The salt marsh generally functioned as a source for CH4, DMS and CS2, with the maximum occurring at the cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) marsh. CH4 emission rates were positively correlated to those of DMS and CS2, indicating a possible coupling between sulphur and carbon cycles in the study marsh. Comparative analyses showed that higher plants were present as an important source of CH4, DMS and CS2. However, the mechanism underlying plant emissions is not clear. CH4, DMS and CS2 emission rates were positively correlated to soil organic matter content and total nitrogen content, suggesting that the observed overall net emissions of CH4, DMS and CS2 might result from the enriched soil organic matter, which feed soil microorganisms using organic matter as a source for both carbon and energy.
  • 论文
    Spatial Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon Density in Anhui Province Based on GIS
    CHENG Xian-fu, XIE Yong
    2009, 29(4): 540-544. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.540
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Based on GIS technique, soil database and spatial distribution patterns of soil organic carbon density of Anhui was established. The relationships between the soil organic carbon density and land use, soil type, terrain factors were investigated. The results showed that the range of soil organic carbon density is between 0.92 kg/m2 and 40.97 kg/m2 in 0-100 cm profile depth, average 10.39 kg/m2. The range of soil organic carbon density was mainly between 3 kg/m2 and 19 kg/m2, which accounts for 89.72% of the total area. The maximum value of soil organic carbon density is in mountain meadow soil and the minimum is in fluvo-aquic soil, yellow cinnamon soil and lithosol in different soil types. The maximum is in forestland, minimum is in the farmland in different land uses; soil organic carbon density had the high correlation with elevation. The mean soil organic carbon density gradually increased with slope and rainfall. Soil organic carbon density increased from north to south in Anhui Province.
  • 论文
    Growth Characteristics of Ephemeral Gully in Rolling Hills of Black Soils in Northeast China
    HU Gang, WU Yong-qiu, LIU Bao-yuan, ZHENG Qiu-hong, ZHANG Yong-guang, WEI Xin
    2009, 29(4): 545-549. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.545
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    With the deepen understanding of soil erosion at spatial scale, gully erosion has been attracted more interest than ever. The black soils in Northeast China is one of the important bases for food supplies, but now the soil erosion, especially the fast expansion of gully erosion, has been one of the most important reasons for soil degradation. This paper made use of Global Positioning System (GPS) to measure the shape characteristics of ephemeral gully(EG), the platform of Geographical Information System to calculate the status of EG erosion, and analysis the geomorphic factors to determine the occurrence of EG erosion. The results show that the distribution density of EG is 0.56-0.93 km/km2, its annual erosion modulus is between 118 m3/km2 and 199 m3/km2, and the proportion of the destroyed area by EG come up to 0.11%-0.19% of the watershed area. These indicated that gully density has reached middle and intensity degree erosion, being in rapid growth stage. It was also found that the threshold catchment area of EG in the study area is larger than that in the Loess Plateau, whereas the threshold slope smaller than that in the Loess Plateau. Meantime, the analyses indicated that the volume of ephemeral gully is determined mostly by its length that is mostly determined by the length of watershed. This means that mostly the length of the watershed determines the volume of ephemeral gully, which undoubtedly provides a referred thought for the construction of gully model.
  • 论文
    Development of a Karst Sinkhole-based Semi-Distributed Hydrological Model and Its Application
    MENG Hai-hua, WANG La-chun, SU Wei-ci, HUO Yu
    2009, 29(4): 550-554. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.550
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Taken the Houzhai River karst basin in Puding County, Guizhou Province as an example, a karst sinkhole-based semi-distributed hydrological model is established, which includes two part: watershed runoff yield calculation and concentration calculation. The authors adopt different runoff yield calculation models to calculate every grid's runoff yield. In concentration calculation, we firstly analyze the confluence routing of the sinkhole, the water injection into the underground pipeline through sinkhole using single tank model, and other parts of confluence using the two-layer tank model. The concentration of channel and underground pipeline is expressed with instantaneous unit hydrograph.To test the model, the authors choose two-year precipitation processes between 1988 and 1989. After comparing the simulated process with the observed data, we can draw a conclusion that the proposed semi-distributed hydrological model in this paper is reasonable for simulating rainfall-runoff process.
  • 论文
    Effect of Land Use/Cover Change on Non-point Source Pollution in Songliao Basin
    WANG Xiu-juan, LIU Rui-min, HE Men-chang
    2009, 29(4): 555-560. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.555
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Now, the study of non-point source (NPS) pollution of large and medium-sized basin is still not common. In this paper, spatial-temporal changes of non-point source pollution in Songliao Basin over the last 15 years were studied based on the simulation of its load by export coefficient model. The results indicated that, the non-point load caused by land use change increased year by year. For TN, it increased from 1.07?106 in 1986 to 1.12?106 in 2000, and for TP, it increased from 3.4?104 in 1986 to 3.6?104 in 2000. Heilongjiang Province was the most important contributor, with an average annual contribution-ratio of 37.9% and 38.8% for TN and TP respectively. The region of Jilin Province and the watershed of the Dongliao River are two highest NPS pollution load intensity areas that should be gained more attention in the future, with average annual 1.45 t/km2, 0.05 t/km2 and 2.21t/km2, 0.07 t/km2 respectively for TN and TP. Using the method put forward in this paper, spatial simulation of NPS pollution can be effectively carried out in large scale basin such as Songliao Basin.
  • 论文
    Changes of Seasonal Precipitation of Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley in Recent 50 Years Based on method of DFA
    ZHANG Bin, SHI Kai, LIU Chun-qiong, AI Nan-shan, LIU Gang-cai, QIN Fa-chao
    2009, 29(4): 561-566. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.561
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The dry-hot valley is a special kind of ecosystem degradation region in Hengduan Mountains. Changes of seasonal precipitation have important influnces on its landscape patterns and agricultural activities. Based on the method of Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA), the trend of seasonal precipitation of Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley during 1956-2006 and moving series during 1978-2006 are anlyzed. The results show that there is an obvious Hurst Effect at scale of 50 years as to the time series of seasonal precipitation of Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley—relative weak persistent long-range and relative strong randomness in the summer and winter, relative weak anti-correlation in the spring and autumn. Change of underlying surfaces, caused by the annual and seasonal changes of biomass and vegetation coverage, is contributed to the seasonal variations of precipitation.
  • 论文
    Relationship Between Heavy Metal Distribution of Surface Sediment and Regional Dynamic Sedimentation Pattern in Laizhou Shoal
    WANG Qing, LIU Ya-long, XU Qiang, SONG Chuan-guang, ZHONG Shao-yun, DU Guo-yun, JIN Bing-fu
    2009, 29(4): 567-572. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.567
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    On the basis of high density sampling, granularity testing, heavy metal content testing and large-scale geochemistry map drawing of the surface sediments, we researched the content and distribution characteristics of heavy metals of surface sediment in the Laizhou shoal and its surrounding region. The results show that(1)controlled by the regional dynamic environment, the content of every heavy metal presents a notable saddle-shaped regional distribution pattern with a low content area with the strongest dynamic processes between two high content areas; (2) controlled by the two tidal residual current circles along the two sides of the shoal, every heavy metal of the sediment samples both in the area northeast to the shoal and the area southwest to the shoal presents a notable centripetal shaped regional distribution pattern with high values in center and low values around;(3) there is significant difference between the heavy metal content distribution and the regional dynamic sedimentation among different metals.
  • 论文
    Geography Distribution Rule of Chinese Adult Men’s Diffusion Capacity for Carbon Monoxide of Lung Based on Trend Surface Model
    HE Jin-wei, GE Miao, CUI Zhi-yuan, WANG Xin, CAO Li-xia, YAN Yan-chun, WANG Zhi-kui
    2009, 29(4): 573-576. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.573
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    A research is made about the relationship between the normal reference value of 15549 cases of Chinese adult men’s diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide of lung (DLCO) and altitude, annual sunshine duration, annual mean air temperature, annual range of air temperature, annual mean relative humidity, annual precipitation, and annual mean cloud cover in China, which are determined by the way of single breath method, using the methods of correlation analysis. It is found that altitude is the main factor affecting the reference value of Chinese adult men’s DLCO. Applying the method of trend surface model, one model is given out. Applying the spatial analysis of GIS, a distribution map about Chinese adult men’s DLCO can be made. If geographical values are obtained in some areas, the reference value of Chinese adult men’s DLCO of those areas can be reckoned using trend surface model, the distribution map also shows the anywhere of normal reference value of Chinese adult men’s DLCO.
  • 论文
    Land Use Scenarios Simulation Based on CLUE-S and Markov Composite Model—A Case Study of Taihu Lake Rim in Jiangsu Province
    LU Ru-cheng, HUANG Xian-jin, ZUO Tian-hui, XIAO Si-si, ZHAO Xiao-feng, ZHANG Xing-yu
    2009, 29(4): 577-581. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.577
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Based on the remote sensing image in the years 1990, 2000 and 2005, combined with regional DEM, traffic map, residential area maps and so on, this paper simulated the land use change scenarios through the application of CLUE-S, Markov composite model and GIS, explored the trend of land use change in different scenarios. The results show that CLUE-S and Markov composite model can simulate spatial and temporal land use changes in Taihu Lake rim. In simulation of the future land use scenarios, "scenarioⅠ" assumes that simulation of the land use change scenarios will obey the current land transfer rate. The result shows construction land will increase sharply and paddy fields reduce immensely in 2015. However, the "scenarioⅡ" supposes that land use change scenarios will follow the policy of strictly protecting cultivated land based on the constraints of land use planning, the rate which paddy field and dry land convert construction land will be slow down 50% and 20% from 2005. The reducing rate of paddy fields will less reduce 21.16%, and increasing the rate of construction land will less increased 20.82% in 2015 than the current land transfer rate’s scenario. For future regional land use regulation and management and in order to ensure food security and scientific land use, and promote rational economic growth around the Taihu Lake Region, it is important to strengthen the protection of cultivated land and control the construction land area.
  • 论文
    Uplift of Lüliang Mountains and Evolution of Huanghe River ―Evidence from Gravel Beds in Piedmont
    LI Jian-xing, YUE Le-ping, XU Yong, SUN Lu, SUN Bo, WANG Xiao-yong, BAI Bin
    2009, 29(4): 582-586. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.582
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Field investigation and previous studies about the Cenozoic gravel beds in the piedmont of Lüliang Mountains have indicated that these gravel beds are characterized by the following: (1) The gravel beds, which always go with Lüliang Mountains but scarcely go beyond the Huanghe (Yellow) River valley, extend further in parallel than in vertical direction of the mountains. (2) The gravel beds show a asymmetric wedge shape (thicker in the east) in E-W direction, and have smaller granularity, better gradation and psephicity in the west. (3) The composition of gravels is relatively unitary but varying in the different locations. It is originated mainly from the bedrock in the adjacent Lüliang Mountains. Based on the study of spatial distribution of the gravel beds, adjacent bedrock's composition and typical profile sedimentology, this paper suggest that the gravel beds could be treated as deposits of alluvial fan facies resulted from Lüliang Mountains's Uplift in Cenozoic Era rather than the terrace accumulation of the Huanghe River in S-N direction.
  • 论文
    Some Basic Theoretical Issues Faced with Plan of Essential Function Region System
    DING Si-bao
    2009, 29(4): 587-592. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.587
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The plan of the Essential Function Region System of China advanced some grand theoretical issues in geography. First, the article considered the function region is the result of view of externality, and is different from the disparity regions in the past. The function region is stressed the act of the region to the others but not the difference between the regions. The auhur pointed out the character of the spatial act defined by externality, which distinguished the interactive act, and the faintness of the concept of action. It is pointed out, the geographical movement is the key to approve the externality and the space action. But it is difficulties to be approved because the difficult of the research means, which is the one of the grand theoretical issues faced with the Essential Function Region System. The another theoretical issue is how to plot out the boundary of the regions by difference space rule. It is evident that a natural territorial complex followed a region by differed rule and the process of economic development followed a rule of central place theory. It could be not confusion. Furthermore, the article considered the carrying capacity of resources and environment is a concept of passive viewpoint in which the advancement of the human civilization is ignored and the relations between the eco-environment on earth’s surface and the mineral resources under earth’s surface is not involved. The third theoretical issue is, related to the concept of carrying capacity, that is rational population be regarded as the object of the division plan. The article pointed out the population ration is accord with the geographical situation of carrying capacity basically in the history and in current theoretically, but in the fact, population transference could meet with many obstacles such as the international politics, the absent of opportunity of employment in developed area, the city management system and the regions of minority.
  • 论文
    Recent Development in Time Geography
    CHAI Yan-wei, ZHAO Ying
    2009, 29(4): 593-600. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.593
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Time geography is a powerful conceptual framework for understanding the constraints on human activity participation in space and time. However, it entered a downturn during the 1980s owing to methodological shortages and technological restricts. The last decade has witnessed a resurgence of time geography as researchers have improved methodology and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) develops rapidly, which broaden its application.The improvements of methodology can be concluded from four aspects: the redefinition of activities, the consideration of emotions, individual preferences, and the modification of behavioral objects. "New time geography" has been introduced which includes virtual interactions because virtual space behavior becomes as important as physical space behavior. Researchers extend the theory to include virtual interactions by introducing two new time-geography objects, which are portals and message windows, and identifying their relationships in space and time. Emotion and preference while traveling and undertaking activities in urban space, neglected in the past, have been taken into account recently and added into the presentation of space-time path in the form of different colors. In addition, assumptions of behavioral objects are modified to extensive ones including attention to vulnerable groups, especially women. Since the development of methodology, new methods of collecting spatial-temporal data, managing behavior data and representing behavior patterns have been promoted by combining with GIS. The resent development of location-aware technologies (LAT) and location-based services (LBS) provide excellent means for data collection about subjects. The principles of object-orientation have potential to manage and explore these available data, which is intensive and time consuming previously. Furthermore, it is GIS-based geo-computation and three-dimensional geo-visualization methods that make time-geographic construction more feasible than ever before. As a result, time-geographic perspective is so powerful for the analysis of human activity patterns and movements in urban space that its applications have been widened in urban transportation planning, feminine research, urban spatial structure, information and communication technologies, etc. This paper also reviews recent development of time geography in China briefly and summarizes the shortages of Chinese research in order to inspire related studies in China.
  • 论文
    A New Insight of Urban Waterfront in Europe and America: Political Ecologies Turn
    WANG Xiao-wen
    2009, 29(4): 601-606. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.601
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Urban waterfronts, where land and water meet, have always been interesting and complex spatial locations, and are generating considerable debate about their role in urban restructuring processes. The study of urban waterfronts transformations is especially important at this time not only because of the role of urban waterfronts in economic restructuring, but also because intense changes are occurring in port cities that involve major human interventions in the non-human environment. In more than 40 years passed in Europe and America, and the re-development of waterfront has advanced the multi-dimensional investigations and speculations on urban waterfronts. Thereinto, a vital enlightenment and understanding can be achieved that the change of waterfront is a very complex phenomenon, involving not only ecological environment, but also economic, social and political dimension,and imaging the social and political transformation from local to national to global scale. When studied with attention to broader transformative processes as well as the changes that occur within the scale of the urban waterfront, we allow for new insights into the production of nature, patterns of social relations, and political-economic configurations in cities. The paper focused on the political ecology of waterfronts in Europe and North America, and emphased on the myriad influences that different scales of social and environmental policy development and implementation, planning decisions, infrastructure funding, investment and ownership practices, and public engagement, for example, exerted on the social and ecological processes that occur in urban waterfronts. As with relatively small geographic areas where research was conducted, there is concern about urban waterfronts as places where 'everything happens’actually. The problems that focusing on a microcosm can cause in terms of research analysis, and avoid an understanding of urban waterfronts as static or essential spaces. Urban waterfronts are not study of objects where research attention is focused solely on what occurs within the terrain of urban waterfront areas. Rather, urban waterfronts are as one scale out of many scales and as places that are connected with decisions and phenomena that occur at varied scales. By researching transformations on urban waterfronts we can trace the way that urban waterfronts are constituted by different and variable scales, such as levels of governmental social and environmental policy or private investment practices. New political-ecological approaches that incorporate scalar analyses offer a solution to the dilemma of making conclusive observations about social and ecological occurrences within single geographical areas. Instead, an emphasis on the relational and fluid connections between and within scales of analysis provides a new method by which to analyze the re-production of spatial areas. Then we study the changes that occur within the scale of the urban waterfront, with attention to broader transformative processes, and allow for new insights into the production of nature, patterns of social entanglement, and political-economic configurations in cities. Moreover, political ecology research has embraced the complexities found in these relationships and fluidities, which offers an alternative to research that focuses solely on 'cause and effect’ analyses. In sum, political ecology offers a new and innovative theoretical and methodological approach to the study of urban waterfronts that differs from previous analyses of urban waterfronts.
  • 论文
    Effects on herb layer in plant community of tourism disturbance in Huangshan Mountain scenic area
    GONG Jie, LU lin, JIN Xiu-long, NAN wei, XING Hui-min
    2009, 29(4): 607-613. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.607
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Impacts of tourism on vegetation play an important role in recreation ecology studies. Huangshang Mountain is a famous scenic area in China. It is inevitable for tourism development over long period of time to bring negative influence on environment. In order to understand the effects of tourism disturbance on vegetation in Huangshang Mountain scenic area, field survey was made in main routes and areas of Huangshang Mountain. The effects under different intensities of tourism disturbance on the height of plant, the cover of vegetation, the species diversity and species composition in herb layer was analyzed by followed indicators: the average height of plants, the average cover of vegetation, the average number of species, species richness index (Margalef index) D, species diversity index (Shannon-Wiener index )H’ and importance value . The conclusions are as follows: Tourism disturbance bring an obvious impact to the plant height in herb layer. The plant height decreased evidently at the trailside where there is the largest disturbance. The plants are about the same height in other further sites. The impact of tourism on vegetation cover is not great. With the increase of disturbance, there is a little rise in vegetation cover, but the change is not evident. The disturbance raises the diversity of species. There is the highest amount of plant species in the edge of trails, but the highest values of Margalef index and Shannon-Wiener index occurred in 5m away from the trails. There is a variation in species composition of community under various intensities of tourism disturbance. With the increase of tourism disturbance, the number of plant species that are more tolerant to trampling increased and the proportions of anthropochory species show the same trend. The effects of tourism disturbance are not the same in three districts in Huangshang Mountain scenic area. The different effects can attribute to the difference of environmental condition and the intensity of tourism disturbance in three districts, although the difference in effects of tourism disturbance is not evident. The spatial extent of tourism influence is about in 10m away from the trail in Huangshang Mountain scenic area.
  • 论文
    Synthetic Assessing Model for the Analysis of Spatial Disparity of Tourism Development in China
    YANG Jian-ming
    2009, 29(4): 613-618. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.04.613
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The spatial disparity of tourism development is one of the major issues in the study of regional tourism development. As defined by geographical location, tourist resources, social and historical culture, economic growth, traffic condition, fundamental infrastructure, and so on, the development of the tourist industry in China has manifested a great regional disparity, on which many studies have been carried out during the past decade. The review of the previous studies, however, suggests that there exist at least two deficiencies in the correlated studies. Firstly, there is little attention has been paid to the difference of population numbers and areas by the regional comparison of tourism development. Secondly, the indicators used to express the regional difference in tourism development are usually the single factors, such as tourist arrivals or tourist receipts. As the population numbers and areas in 31 provincial level districts in China are very different, and the tourism is a very complex socio-economic phenomenon, it is necessary to find out some relative factors that can really reflect the tourism development, with which the regional disparity of tourism development can be synthetically assessed.Through the analysis of the relative factors concerning the tourist receipts, tourist arrivals, tourist traffic, as well as tourist infrastructure, 4 indicators such as average tourist receipts per resident, tourist density, road net density, as well as tourist bed density were selected and calculated in this paper for establishing a synthetic model, with which the regional disparities of tourism development in China have been analyzed. The assessing results indicate that, of the 31 provincial level districts in China, the developing degree of tourist industry has generally decreased from coastal areas to the inland, and from South East to North West, this is consistent with the trend of Chinese opening pace that expands gradually from the coastal to the inland districts, and conforms to the objective laws of economic development as well. The most developed districts in tourism locate mainly in eastern coastal areas, including the municipalities Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin, as well as provinces Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Liaoning. The districts Chongqing, Shandong, Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan take second place in tourism development. They occupy also the location in coastal areas except Chongqing City. The tourist development in the northern and western parts of China, including Jilin, Heilongjiang, Neimenggu, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang and Xizang districts, is the weakest in China. The rest districts, concentrate principally on middle and southeastern parts of China, show middle and relatively weak development in tourism. The research demonstrates also that the most developed districts of tourist industry in China are traditional great cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin, this conclusion is obviously different from that of the previous studies,which suggested that the Guangdong Province has ranked the first place in tourism development in China.