Using the former Soviet Union daily snow depth data during 1948-1994 provided by the National Snow and Ice Data Center, USA,an index used to reflect the winter fresh snow depth was defined, the basic features of the variation of snow depth in both late Autumn and Winter as well as the winter fresh snow depth over Eurasian Continent are investigated. The possible linkages among them are disclosed by comparing the variabilities of them. Results from Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis suggest that the leading EOF modes of both the winter fresh snow depth and winter snow depth show a coherent negative anomaly in the Eurasia Continent north to 50°N and positive anomaly in the south part. The winter fresh snow depth and winter snow depth show a consistent trend in the northern Eurasia Continent .Both of the EOF time series display a significant decadal fluctuation and the transition of interdecadal changes happened in the middle of 1970s. The second modes of EOF reflect a east-west diople pattern over the whole Eurasian Continent. Further analysis suggest that there is no correlation between late autumn snow depth anomaly and winter snow depth anomaly in aspects of both their spatial pattern and temporal evolution. The varibility of winter snow depth over Eurasian Continent are mainly decided by the variability of winter fresh snow depth but not that of the snow depth in late autumn．
Using data of Pb concentrations within soil samples from the Tongling Mining District area as an example, Kriging and Sequential Gaussian Simulation were used to determine the local singularity exponent within a dataset with low spatial density sampling. Within this highly variable dataset, when Sequential Gaussian Simulation was used ,the calculated maximum concentration of Pb and the standard deviation and coefficient of variation were similar to those of the raw dataset, whereas when the method of Kriging was applied the same statistics were significantly lower than those within the raw dataset. This means that the Sequential Gaussian Simulation method can be used to interpolate soil geochemical data without significant smoothing of the dataset, enabling the highlighting of spatial variations over even short distances and potentially being a better method of interpolation prior to interpretation than Kriging, which may leading to a loss of resolution. Furthermore, the method of Kriging can also compress the range of the singularity exponent calculated by this method, whereas when the Sequential Gaussian Simulation method was applied to the data, the range and contrast between individual data points were significantly increased, improving the user’s ability to identify anomalies within the dataset. Semi-variograms constructed from data interpolated using the Sequential Gaussian Simulation method are more homogenous and correspond well with the semi-variograms constructed from the raw data, especially between shorter distances, when compared to those constructed from Kriged data. For datasets with low spatial density, for example those generated by regional governmental or reconnaissance soil sampling, when compared with the raw and Kriged data, the Singularity Exponent calculated using Sequential Gaussian Simulation is significantly better at locating spatial structures and highlighting significant anomalies. Within the Tongling mining district this is demonstrated by the good correlation between areas highlighted during Sequential Gaussian Simulation and areas with known Pb-Zn mineralisation; this is not necessarily the case when using the raw soil Pb concentrations and when using data that has been Kriged. This indicates that, for the datasets with low spatial density sampling, calculation of a singularity exponent based on Sequential Gaussian Simulation could produce significantly improved results, and therefore improved interpretation, than using the data of raw or Kriged during the identification of anomalies within soil geochemical data.
Based on the panel data of House Sales Price index of 35 cities in China from 1998 to 2009 monitored by the National Development and Reform Commission, the unit root and Granger causality test shows that there is transmission of the house price fluctuations among the major cities in China. It shows that: ① the transmission is Geo-directional in the horizontal transmission; ② the transmission has a "4-4-9-9-9" hierarchy structure in vertical direction. The research suggests that the fluctuation of urban house prices in China is a process of geographical spread and it has a feature of neighborhood diffusion and hierarchical diffusion coexisting, which is consistent with research on foreign relevant literature. The article supports that geographical spread of house price is “the geographical spread of development”. It has a nature of regional externality and can reveal the process and pattern of regional externality spread from one side.
In this paper, the relationship between construction land and socio-economic development of 30 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions of China in 2008 was studied by using spatial econometric models. The results show that: construction land area, GDP, total population and urbanization rate all have the significant space-related features of 30 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. A regional socio-economic development will not only drive the expansion of construction land itself, and lead to construction land growth of the ambient areas. The traditional research ideas only focused on the time dimension, but ignored the relevance and heterogeneity of spatial dimensions, underestimated the social and economic development of region in the role of construction land growth. Spatial variables must be introduced to modify the general panel linear regression model. From the general model and the spatial error regression model test results, the spatial error model′s logL and AIC, SC values ??were significantly improved, and these regression variables are significant. Due to space spillover effects, the sum of three elements′ coefficients of the spatial error regression model is greater than the general model. It indicates that the estimation methods ignoreing spatial factors underestimate the regional socio-economic development′s effect to construction land′s growth. SEM model in the spatial error coefficient of 0.706 is significant at 1% level, indicating a regional socio-economic development will not only drive the expansion of its construction land area, and will lead to the growth of the adjacent areas′ construction land. The spatial error regression model estimation results, compared with the general model, show that the contribution of the total population was significantly greater than the contribution of GDP and urbanization, which means that the urbanization should be speed up, and population growth be strictly controlled. The econometric model tests show that the urbanization level′s coefficient is very small and has minor effect to the total amount of construction land. In general, with the urbanization level′s increase, the rural population will gradually decrease and rural residential land also should be reduced. However, the various regions of China showed that the positive role of the urbanization, and rural residential land was weakened. At present, the total village construction land is 4.6 times more than that of urban construction land. The rural residential land per capita is much larger than the urban construction land per capita. It indicates that the land use efficiency in most provinces′ rural residential is low generally. Therefore, the adjustment and optimization of rural residential land is imminent. In the long run, to improve the level of urbanization, break the urban and rural dualistic land structure and to establish a unified land market are effective ways to ease the shortage of land resources and improve the land use efficiency.
According to the fractal theory of economic scale in regional urban system, we select four-year economic data of the administrative units that above the county level in the Changjiang River Delta between 1995 and 2009, and calculate the fractal dimensions of the economic scales. Under the evolving characteristics of the fractal dimensions of the Changjiang River Delta, we explore the evolving law of economic scale levels in the urban system of the Changjiang River Delta. The results show: 1) Although the differences of levels of economic and social development between cities in the Changjiang River Delta are quite big currently and the central city has more monopoly, the trend of homogenization is obvious. Overall, the fractal dimensions of the economic gross data and economic density data have shown a rising trend among all the economic sectors. Furthermore, the evolution pattern of fractal dimensions for both data demonstrated a strong consistency. The trends of variations can be summarized into three types: decreased at first and then increased, fluctuating increased and sustainable increased. The type of decreasing at first and then increasing is evidently demonstrated in the evolution of the fractal dimensions of the economic gross data, while the fluctuating increasing type is evidently demonstrated in the evolution of the fractal dimensions of economic density data. The sustainable increasing type is evidently demonstrated in the evolution of the fractal dimensions of the foreign trade data. Under the cooperation of the various economic departments, the trend of homogenization for spatial pattern of the regional GDP is obviously revealed. 2) The levels of economic scale have a significant gradient feature in space, and the uniformity of the level of economic scale is reducing with increasing distance from the core cities of the region. The cities in the core region, which have higher level of economic scale, constitute the first non-scaling interval. The fractal dimensions of the first non-scaling interval are higher than the corresponding dimensions of all the cities in the same region. This result indicates that, along with the enhancement of the economic develop zone, the pattern of regional control evolves gradually from core cities leading to economic development zone leading. 3) The hierarchy of spatial layout of the regional industrials is gradually clear. The proportions of the foreign trade and the tertiary industry of central cities are improving constantly, and the ability of the regional control of central cities are improving, while the secondary industry has been put in leading position in medium and small cities. The central, medium and small cities all contribute to the formation of an organic whole, which result in improving of overall competitiveness of regional economy.
As attribute data of population and economy, the productive working space—companies in advanced consumer service industry and manufacturing industry has always been treated as one of the main index for measuring power of cities since Friedmann′s 'World Cities Hypothesis' and Sassen′s researches on ‘Global Cities’. But as the material basis of ‘Space of Flows’ on the tertiary level, an approval of spaces of consuming—the advanced consumer service industry is an equivalent to the advanced producer service industry, which could be found in Castells’ theory of the Network Society. Hence, in the paper the advanced consumer service industry, which is treated as a supplementary index in addition to the productive working space in the analysis of structure of urban energy level. Based on this understanding, the study attempt to analyze features of the polycentric structure of central cities of consumption function in China from an advanced consumer service industry perspective, picking spatial patten of advanced fashion goods sales distribution as object of the study. Based on data including location of 280 stores of 11 brands, the analysis in the paper is divided into 3 levels: First, the analysis on the general feature of spatial patterns of the layout of cities located by relevant brands; Second, the analysis on the acceptance degree of the power of cities located by relevant brands by the market; Third, the analysis on locating preference degree and capacity of market of cities located by relevant brands. After these 3-level's analyses, the paper classifies all cities located by relevant brands according to 3 factors, including acceptance degree of power of cities by the market, locating preference degree and capacity of market of cities. The conclusions are as follows: 1)The centres of powerful cities show a rhombus structure in China, the belts of concentrated consumption could be found in the eastern and western area of China, excluded the central area. 2) Polycentric structure of the three greatest metropolitan areas—the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Changjiang River Delta and the Zhujiang River Delta—is clearly manifested, with the Delta playing the leading role. 3) The spatial pattern of western and North-eastern China is more single-central than polycentral, and the results of analyses in the paper do not find agglomerating trends of power in these areas.
：Using the input-output method, it defines the producer services basing on the intermediate demand, and analyzes the different demands of manufacturing (resources-based manufacturing, low technology manufacturing, middle technology manufacturing, high technology manufacturing) to producer services. Then it puts forward the interactive positive feedback mechanism and negative feedback mechanism of producer services and manufacturing. The conclusions are as follows: 1) producer services in Dalian City include transportation industry, transports supporting industry, postal industry, information transmission, computer services and software industries, wholesale and retail industry, financial industry, leasing business service industry, development information industry and comprehensive technical service industry. 2) For resources-based manufacturing, it should be enlarged the resources depth process; for low technology manufacturing and middle technology manufacturing, it has paid more and more attention to development information industry; for high technology manufacturing, key core technology industry of manufacturing in Dalian is still lack. 3) From the mechanism perspective, it is negative feedback mechanism between resources-based manufacturing and producer service, and the same as low technology manufacturing; it is positive feedback mechanism between middle technology manufacturing and producer service, and the same as high technology manufacturing. 4) During the development between producer services and manufacturing, it should try to take positive feedback mechanism and take technology manufacturing structure for the leading.
For the reasonable delimitation of typical districts of Chinese inbound tourism, using panel data by SPSS and vector data from ArcGIS, based on the Spatial Field theory, this paper studies the intensity, potential and regional structure of spatial field effect of concentration and diffusion of inbound tourism flows, with the typical district of the eastern part of the Silk Road as an example. The result shows that there is a trend of sustained growth of the spatial field of inbound tourism flows in the typical district of the Eastern Part of the Silk Road. However, the typical district of the eastern part of the Silk Road is more a destination than a transit hub for inbound tourists. It shows the diversity, hierarchy of regional structure of concentration and diffusion spatial field of inbound tourism flows of the eastern part of the Silk Road are significant. It reveals that the spatial interaction of concentration and diffusion of inbound tourism flows can be attributed to the polarization effect as well as the trickle-down effect. Besides, the spatial regularity of the long distance of concentration and diffusion of inbound tourism flows derives from the hierarchical diffusion effect. As a result, it must be admitted that the dynamic mechanism of concentration and diffusion relies on the natural characters of movement as well as the existence of the spatial field of inbound tourism flows. Thus, the key to controlling inbound tourism flows is to acknowledge the natural characters of movement of inbound tourism flows and appropriate guidance to the spatial field of inbound tourism flows. Furthermore, it also depends on the suitable grasp of characters of the spatial field of inbound tourism flows and the proper applying of them. Moreover, this article aims to provide a typical case for probing into characters and the mechanism of dynamic disparity of inbound tourism flows in dual view of spatial and temporal scale.
Tourists′ spatial behavior is one of the most important research fields of human geography. Studies have focused on the tourists′spatial behavior of scenic spots and urban destinations, but few about event tourists′ spatial behavior. This paper studies the domestic tourists′ spatial behavior characteristics of 2010 Shanghai World Expo, which belongs to the mega-event destination. Through the on-the-spot survey to obtain tourists′ behavior data, the paper expounds recreational activity space based on tourist origins, tourism destinations and spatial behavior patterns of domestic tourists of Shanghai World Expo, utilizing methods such as spatial use curve, attraction radius and isotourist line. Firstly, it is found that tourist origins are widely distributed in the space, the Yangtze River Delta is the major tourists source markets. Shanghai World Expo domestic tourists′ distance decay is obvious with a certain degree of volatility. Spatial distance of the peak tourists flow is at 300 km from Shanghai, with the increase of spatial distance, the proportion of tourists swiftly increases within 300 km from Shanghai, while the proportion of tourists gradually decreases outside 300 km, and its spatial use curve is complex, which is the compound Boltzman type and basic type. Population scale, economic level and spatial distance are the main factors impacting the spatial distribution of domestic tourists. The attraction radius of World Expo is 1 400 km. Secondly, in view of tourism destinations, Shanghai Expo tourists′behavior has a clear destination point to the World Expo. Shanghai World Expo is the main destination selected by tourists in Shanghai City, fewer tourists choose to go to other scenic spots. The secondary destinations of Shanghai World Expo tourists are located in the Yangtze River Delta, and are conscentrated on Suzhou and Hangzhou. Those tourists′recreational activity space is discontinuous, which is attenuated outward concentrically as Suzhou and Hangzhou for centers. Thirdly, Direct Route pattern and Partial Orbit pattern are the main spatial behavior patterns of World Expo tourists. Tourists′ spatial behavior is influenced by their individual characteristics.
After measuring respectively the δ13C annual series in different azimuths based on cross-dated tree ring age for ten years, twenty years and three years of Pseudolarix kaempferi （PK）tree discs collected from Tiamu Mountain, Zhejiang Province, Abiesfab ricraib（AF） tree discs collected from Lusan Mountain, Jiangxi Province, and Pinus massoniana（PM） tree discs collected from Purple Mountain, Jiangsu Province, the universality of the tree ring δ13C azimuth change and inter-annual variability in different species were discussed. The research result shows that the azimuth change and inter-annual variability of the δ13C in tree ring exists universally. The δ13C is different in different areas and in different species, there are differences in different species in the same region and in different individuals in the same species, the δ13C of the same individual has azimuth change in the same year and inter-annual variability in the same azimuth, etc.
To discover the relation between Betula ermanii population dynamics and climate change on treeline ecotone of Changbai Mountains, 53 plots were selected on three different slope aspects (northeast, southeast, east slopes) through treeline ecotone on north slope of Changbai Mountains. Distributing character of the diameter-class (diameter at breast height (DBH)) structure of shrub and single-trunk forms were described by four aggregation indices. Trend analysis of distributing character was carried through by unitary linearity equations. Different reflection of the dynamics response of Betula ermanii population to climate change on different slope aspects was analyzed by stepwise regression and correlation analysis. The results are as follows：the results of trend analysis of the diameter-class distributing (slopes of equations are negative) shows the capacity expansion rate of shrub form is east slopes>southeast slopes>northeast slopes and that of single trunk form is northeast slopes>east slopes>southeast slopes. The population expansion is leapfrog and pulsatile from low to high (p>0.01).The result of One-way ANOVA displays that daily mean temperature on three slopes are significant differences (p<0.05) and the temperature change has synchronism. The results of correlation analysis between annual stem recruitment of Betula ermanii population and 14 ecological preferences of air temperature (1953 - 2008) show that the different response of population dynamics to climate change caused by different temperature on three slopes. The difference of climate change lead to different expansion of Betula ermanii population on different positions.
Based on 4 230Th dates and 370 stable oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O) obtained from a stalagmite collected from Yuhua Cave, Jiangle, Fujian, and combined with the age calibration of the top 100 years using the annually band counting stalagmite from Heshang Cave, an high-resolution oxygen isotope profile of the past 500 years was established. Comparison of the stalagmite δ18O record with instrumental precipitation data at Yong’an in the past 60 years indicates a high parallelism between the δ18O record and the total summer months (April to September) precipitation, suggesting that the stalagmite δ18O is a good proxy for the local summer monsoon precipitation. A comparison with other high-resolution stalagmites records shows that the trend of increase value of the δ18O during the past 100 years was similar in the East Asian Monsoon area. This supports the idea that the δ18O of the stalagmite from monsoon area indicates characteristics of the East Asian monsoon circulation. Comparison between the δ18O of stalagmite with Asian-Pacific Oscillation index shows a big similarity. On centennial to dacadal time scales, when IAPO is of the high value, the δ18O values will get much lower, and vice versa. Our result demonstrates a strong linkage between Asian monsoon precipitation and the Pacific Ocean via ocean/atmosphere interaction.
Volatile chloroalkanes are important short-lived atmospheric chlorine source gases, and have important contribution to global warming and ozone depletion, and play important role in the global C and Cl cycle. The fluxes of chloroalkanes were measured seasonally using static flux chambers along an elevational gradient of a coastal salt marsh of eastern China. Main results showed that, difference of relationship among the fluxes of chloroalkanes between methyl chloride and higher chloroalkanes is mainly manifested in the three aspects. First, poor correlations were found between the fluxes of methyl chloride and higher chloroalkanes, but the fluxes of various higher chloroalkanes were closely correlated in the present study. This suggests that methyl chloride and higher chloroalkanes may have different sources and sinks, whereas various higher chloroalkanes share a common source and sink, and that lower chloroalkanes were formed from the degradation of higher chloroalkanes. Second, the contribution of fluxes of methyl chloride of high plant showed differences is positive, while the contribution of fluxes of higher chloroalkanes of high plant is negative. Third, the contribution of fluxes of chloroalkanes of salt marsh soil is negative, but sources and biodegradation of methyl chloride and higher chloroalkanes are different.
Based on six period of land-use data (1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2008) and grain yield data(1984-2008), biological productivity and carbon capture capability of crops in the mid-south parts of Hebei Province were estimated. Meanwhile, the spatial-temporal change of biomass and carbon capture capability were analyzed. The result showed that: biological productivity and carbon capture capability appeared increasing trend from 1980s. The total biomass and carbon capture reached 0.065 Pg and 0.025 Pg, respectively. Moreover, crops capture capability showed spatial variability. Biological productivity and carbon capture capabilities in the piedmont farmland are much larger than the western mountains and lower plains areas. On the other hand, with the increase of biological productivity and carbon capture capabilities, the carbon cycle and sequestration process were accelerated. Though the farmland is only a dynamic carbon pool, by the large quantity of carbon capture, the carbon sequestration capacity will increase with the reasonable use.
The rapid urbanization and industrialization activities have limited the amount of land available for extensive agricultural purposes. Hence, it is of prime importance to evaluate the efficiency of land utilization so as to guarantee food security and industrial production of raw materials. An analysis of the efficiency of land utilization in Jilin Province from 2001 to 2009 was carried. Several agricultural inputs such as labour, total power of agricultural machinery, effective irrigated area, consumption of chemical fertilizer and total sown area were examined. The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method and Malmquist index model were used to evaluate the production efficiencies and the various features in the land. The results showed that efficiency change (EC) is relatively high, while the scale efficiency had a great impact on the EC in the years that the DEA was ineffective. The central region was found to have a higher comparative mean EC. However, the mean EC of the Western and Eastern regions were equivalent. The variation of agricultural production efficiency showed that the annual total factor productivity change (TFPC) and the EC in 2001-2009, 2001-2005 and 2005-2009 were in a gradual trend; some like the Eastern and Central Jilin Province were increasing slightly while the Western Jilin Province had an evident upward increase.
The approach of field reflectance spectra was used to monitor and evaluate the trophic state in Keqin Lake, Zhalong wetland, China, based on 30 in situ water sampling data, together with the analysis of algorithms of chlorophyll-a, SD, TP and CODMn. The field reflectance hyperspectral was measured with ASD Fieldspec spectrometer. Furthermore, with the TSIM trophic state index model, the trophic state of Keqin Lake was monitored and evaluated. The results showed thatThe single band is significantly correlated with the concentration of chlorophyll-a, it is higher than that gained with other models. On the basis of analyzing the water reflectance spectral characteristics, the sensitive wave band of water quality parameters is diagnosed with the methods of differential spectroscopy and statistical analysis, the sensitive wave bands of TN, TP, SD and CODMn are 733 nm, 765 nm, 782 nm, and 680 nm, respectively. To compared with multi parameter TSIM, single parameter TSIM is limited. So the assessment of trophic state was performed by multi-parameter TSIM. Keqin Lake is in mesotrophic state, and needs to be prevented from further worsen.
The clay mineral was widely distributed in the quaternary sediments. The present research shows that the clay mineral was a product which effects by the diagenesis and sedimentation, under the certain climatic and sediment source condition. And it was a good substitution index for reconstructing the change of palaeoenvironment. This paper chosed the lacustrine sediment as study object which was near the subsidence center of Subei plain. Based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the clay mineral components and their assemblage feature of one core sediments（YZ1）in Subei plain were measured. The characteristics and environmentical significance of clay minerals were analyzed. The results show that the main clay minerals in YZ1 core sediments were illite, kaolinite, chlorite and smectite, and feldspar and quartz piece were minor. The palaeoclimate of the study area has experienced three stages: 13 770 -11 600 cal a B.P.,relative cold-dry period in climate. During the period, kaolinite content was with relatively low value, illite, smectite content and crystallinity were relatively high, indicating a cold-dry palaeoclimate. 11 600-9 610 cal a B.P., it grew warmer and went intowarm-moisture period. Kaolinite content increased observably, and smectite and illite decreased, suggesting atemperature and humidity gradually increase palaeoclimate. 9 610-1 520 cal a B.P.,relative warm-moisture period. Kaolinite content was with relatively high value, while illite and smectite content were relatively low. Crystallinity also showed relatively low, suggesting a relatively warm and humid palaeoclimate. In addition, theclay mineral indexes also recorded several sub cold-warm changes under the background of three main period.
Combined the integrated technology of ecological quantity analytical method with GIS technology, based on the MSS images in 1973, TM images in 1990 and 2000, CBERS images in 2005 and the land use data of 1983, the changes of land use/cover were analyzed in this paper in the main stream of Tarim River from 1973 to 2005. The results showed that the areas of farmland and residential land increased 25.72×104 hm2, 17.33×104 hm2 and 0.51×104 hm2 while the areas of grassland, forest and wetland decreased 29.10×104 hm2, 8.63×104 hm2 and 5.84×104 hm2 respectively. Land use change underwent a process of obvious change - slow change - obvious change - tremendous change in 1973-1983, 1983-1990, 1990-2000, and 2000-2005. The major patterns of land use change were the conversions of grassland, forest and wetland to farmland, farmland to residential land, and grassland to unused land. The main eco-environmental effects by land use/cover change in the mainstream of Tarim River were as following: Land use/cover change caused water environmental degradation, soil physicochemical properties change, severe degradation of the natural vegetation, soil salinization, land desertification, wetlands area reduction and loss of biodiversity.
Vegetation fraction is a general and quantitative index related with vegetation growth, and it has many important applications in the water resources, land desertification, regional ecology and global change research. The authors selected Plain Blue Banner of Inner Mongolia as a case study region, and used the remote sensing data from the Chinese Environmental Disaster Monitoring and Forecasting Satellite data (HJ-1A CCD) and the American Landsat ETM+ data. In the study, the background factors including soil and vegetation type were fully considered firstly, and then the MNF (Minimum Noise Fraction), 2-D scatter plot, and PPT (Pixel Purity Index) method were then applied to obtain the pure soil pixels and pure vegetation pixels. Based on the above NDVI index of pure pixels, the dimidiate pixel model was applied to calculate the regional vegetation fraction distribution. Finally, the result datasets were compared with other authoritative land cover / land use dataset and the accuracy was believed to be acceptable. The regional vegetation change tendency during 2000 and 2009 was also assessed, and it infer to a good transition after the implementation of large scale ecological engineering in Plain Blue Banner from 2000. In the paper, the method of dimidiate pixel model was proved simple and effective in the case study region. Also, a meaningful conclusion about the effects of ecological engineering was deduced base on ETM+ and HJ-1A data sets.
