Displaced compensation is the main point of displaced households’ benefits in inner-city restructuring and urban expansion. Its compensation approaches and benefits rate are influenced by many factors. This article uses 349 displaced residential surveys conducted in 4 resettlement areas in Nanjing to examine the compensation. 1) Examining compensation approaches by using binary logistic regression. In China, there are two approaches: in-kind compensation and monetary compensation. The result shows that displaced households from urban village and households with the couple are both unemployed are more likely to get in-kind compensation. Because of the large size of their displaced housing area in urban village, the monetary expenses are too high to the local government. And the resettlement housing is founded by the central government and municipal government subsidies, not by the local government alone, therefore, the local government are more likely to offer in-kind compensation for displaced households from urban village. 2) Examining the benefits rate of displaced households who get monetary compensation. The results show that: households from urban village have the highest benefits rate, because before displacement they could get more income from renting their housing, the local government have to give more to persuade them to leave. And “more than 7 members’ large household size” and “high education level” have significant positive contribution to benefits rate. For the large size households, the local government could consider their actual situation to give more benefits. And for the high education households, they know more law and policies to negotiate with the local government to get more. But the household with stated-work unit family member get less benefit rate. The results of this analysis could have several explanations. One is that residents who held a position in a work unit are usually better off than farmers. They are able to accept a lower discount than farmers, and may even purchase market housing. Another explanation is that since work units are supported by corresponding ministries of the central government, or have to maintain good relationships with the local government, in some demolition projects the local government coordinates with work units to make sure that employees are forced to move or to accept and sign the compensation contracts as soon as possible which make them loss the negotiation chance. We conclude that the benefit is not the result of market-oriented, but the product of the market and the old system of planned economy. Because in the process of compensation, the local government still use some the planned economy period approaches, such as incomplete monetization, set the standard ceiling; consider the households actual situation (whether they are low-income), etc.. Market led by the demolition and land transfer, in the resettlement compensation is still the implementation of non-market approach. Therefore, the establishment of fair and reasonable compensation mechanism is the key solution.
This study focuses on the distribution characteristics, effect factors and optimized reconstructing analysis of rural settlement in China. Based on electronic map data in 2012 and socioeconomic data of counties in China, the spatial distribution pattern of rural settlement and effect factors have been examined using model of the average nearest neighbor distance and geographical detector method, while the background and mode for rural space optimization reconstruction were analyzed. Main results for this study are as follows: 1) the rural settlement spatial distribution mode consists of cluster, random and uniform discrete distributions in China, while the regional differences were significant. The density of rural settlements is greater in the southeastern region than in the northwest region with Hu Huanyong's population distribution line for the boundary in China. There were a variety of characteristics for the rural settlement distribution in different type of regions. The spatial distribution of rural settlement was intensive, and those spatial distribution modes were mainly random and disperse with a short average nearest neighbor distance in plain areas. On the other side, the density of rural settlement was low, and those spatial distribution modes were mainly cluster relatively with a long average nearest neighbor distance in highland and cold areas and fringes of the desert. In addition, the density of rural settlement was high, and those spatial distribution modes were mainly random in the intersected transition zone between hill and mountain. 2) The dual factors affect the rural settlement distribution from traditional and economy. Although the traditional factors still play a significance role, the influence of the economic developed more and more obviously. There were a large amount of factors attributing to impacting rural settlement distribution, the spatial form of production and life space, including natural topography and water resources natural conditions, etc. That also included traffic condition, industry, economic development level and agricultural modernization. 3) With factors of production non-agriculture in rural region, the rural space need be a reconstructing optimization. The priority selection is to rebuild village-town system for optimizing rural physical space. Theoretically, village-town system is a sort of hierarchical structure, consisting of central regional town, general agricultural town, central village and basic village. 4) The multiple modes will been made use of restructuring rural space in different geographical areas, including balance forms of radiation, radiation disequilibrium forms, multicore equilibrium forms and corridor layout pattern or mixed modes. From the system and the hierarchical logic level to deconstruct the rural space theory for optimization, a reasonable village-town system is rebuilt orderly, which will provide a scientific basis for urban and rural urbanization.
Higher education Investment is not only the basic protection of daily operation of higher education, but also promotes regional economic development and enhances the strength of national science and technology. On the basis of analyzing spatial distribution differences of expenditure on higher education in all provinces of China during 1995~2011 by Cartogram map, this paper used Wolfson Polarization Index and Circular Cumulative Causation model to study on the mechanism of spatial differentiation higher education investment. We came to the following conclusions:1) There are distributive laws of zonality that higher education investment reduces from east to west, with spatial non-equilibrium and spatial polarization being increasingly significant; funding per student is relatively equal, although it’s still higher in both East China and West China than in Middle China; the non-equilibrium in higher education funding of central subordinate university is more prominent than that of local subordinate university.2) Complex circular cumulative causation which was leaded by national policy and influenced by population density and level of economic development, investing differently in accordance with the return rate of capital, has formed the investment differentiation on higher education.
Issue of urban-rural integration is a comprehensive subject, with the new urbanization proposed, urban-rural relations are facing a complex dilemma in many cities, so it is important to discuss the theory and practice of urban-rural integration in China under the new urbanization background. The practice of new urbanization and urban-rural integration development is not only an important way to solve the problems concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers, or to promote a strong driving force for regional coordinated development and industrial upgrading. The article analyzes the ecological resources, migration, industrial layout and urban space, land system in the process of urban-rural integration and pointed out that we should confirm a resource-saving concept of urban-rural integration, establish a healthy urbanization direction of urban-rural integration, understand urban-rural integration from the perspective of regional space and solve the land system problems of urban-rural integration. At the same time, the article pointed out the optimization direction under the context of new urbanization:1) We should optimize the key areas development and exploit suburban land rationally; 2) We should optimize space layout and build diverse complementary pattern;3) We should optimize industrial structure of clusters and make better chain link between rural and urban industrial; 4) We should optimize a better environment and promote the urban transformation to eco-city; 5) We should optimize the market-oriented mechanism and guarantee the government regulation in line with the law.
By taking the panel data of 31 provinces and cities in China from 2000 to 2012 as the samples, this article explores the spatial distribution characteristics of industrial waste gas emission by applying the method of exploratory spatial data analysis including the global Moran’s I, Moran scatter plot and local indicators of spatial association. The results of Moran’s I statistics and Moran scatter plot show that, industrial waste gas emission of China’s provinces and cities (excluding Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan) exist significantly spatial autocorrelation and spatial agglomeration effect from 2000 to 2012. Meanwhile, in the light of LISA cluster map of China’s provincial industrial waste gas emission, as a whole the eastern and western regions of China mainly display the spatial agglomeration characteristics. The provinces and cities with HH(high-high) agglomeration pattern are basically concentrated in the eastern district, but the provinces and cities with LL(low-low) agglomeration effect are largely located in the west of China. Besides, from 2000 to 2012 the significance of high-high cluster is gradually strengthened and the significant regions are appearing an enhanced tendency with the time. By means of the analysis on spatial characteristics of Chinese provincial industrial waste gas emission, the spatial autocorrelation effect of industrial waste gas emission is confirmed and the spatial econometric model can be established to study the influencing factors of industrial waste gas emission in China. Based on the STIRPAT model, this article constructs a spatial econometric model to analyze the effect of economic development, population, industrial structure, scientific and technological progress and national policy to industrial waste gas emission in China. Through the study on principal influencing factors of China’s industrial waste gas emission, the experience support to reducing industrial waste gas emission and developing coordinately with economy and environment can be provided. The spatial econometric results demonstrate that industrial waste gas emission of 31 provinces and cities in China present the evident spatial dependence and positive spillover effects. The economic development and industrial structure are positively and significantly correlated with industrial waste gas emission of China. Technical progress and national policy have preventing abilities to industrial waste gas emission in China. However, population factor does not have a significant effect on China’s industrial waste gas emission. In the future, it is still necessary to continuously improve the level of industrial science and technology, adjust industry structure, enhance and promote the regional cooperation mechanism, and so on.
This article from the perspective of the human-land system investigate the internal relation and reveal the interaction mechanism of coordination and coupling between regional innovation system and resource city industrial transformation. By building the evaluation index system, adopting the entropy method and using the coupling-coordination degree model, the development index and the coupling-coordination degree of regional innovation system and the resource city industrial transformation in 2008-2013 about Tongling are measured, evaluated and compared. The research shows that in the conditions of industrial transformation policy implementation and regional innovation system construction;the index of regional innovation system and industrial transformation are rising and the coupling-coordination degrees have risen from low level to high level over the medium stage directly, which show the characteristics of evolution to be nonlinear;In recent years the coupling-coordination level showed a downward trend. At last, according to the conclusion, the relevant suggestions are discussed to local government from updating innovation policy,increasing investment,optimizing environment,etc.And the perfect direction of research theory and method were given.
The layout of theme park is the most significant factor which determines the success of theme park project. In this study, we draw on the theoretical and practical experience in the suitability evaluation of building theme parks in urban areas from the previous projects existed in the national and international countries. Based on the previous studies, 55 influencing factors are preliminarily selected on whether it is suitable to build theme parks in urban areas. The 55 influencing factors have been screened for three analytical rounds, by using Delphi method, autocorrelation analysis and coefficient of variation, respectively, to build an evaluation indicator system, in which containing 16 potential indexes. And then, based on the selected theme parks existed in urban cities over the entire country, the AHP and entropy methods are used to evaluate all the potential indexes and calculate the weight of each index. Moreover, empirical research methodology is made to evaluate the suitability of developing theme parks in 33 major large and medium cities in China. From the comprehensive analyses by multiple statistical methods, the results suggested that: 1) The final index system reflects 96% of original information by no more than 30% of initial indexes. Our index system exhibited its efficient and suitability to build theme parks .2) Among the second-round selected indexes, the urban area population factor showed a significant influence on the suitability to build theme park; among the third-round selected indexes, permanent resident population, the GDP, the total number of tourists and land price of an urban area, permanent resident population of surrounding city are the key influence factors affecting the feasibility of developing a theme park in those area. 3) The cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Tianjin are ranked among the highest in the suitability index ranking of building a theme park, while Hohhot, Zhuhai, Haikou and other urban areas are ranked among the lowest. On the whole, most of the urban areas in eastern and central China are relatively suitable for building theme parks. 4) The results obtained coincide with the actual development of theme parks in China, which means that the model is scientific and feasible and can be used to guide the site selection for theme parks around the country in future. In conclusion, our study suggested that the city population size may be the major influence factor for building theme park in urban area, and then followed by permanent resident, GDP, population size of tourism, and the price of land use.
Under the context of rapid urbanization and motorization in urban China, the demand for multi-jurisdictional passenger transport is becoming increasingly significant for regional integrated development. Following this trend, inter-city passenger rail transit has been viewed by the local governments as an important alternative to driving, particularly when issues of road congestion, land development and regional integration are considered. However, how to obtain the capital to cover huge constructive and operational costs is challenging inter-city passenger rail transit. Current literature has focused on funding for municipal passenger rail transit and the issue of value capture policies and distribution arrangement. The value capture setup for inter-city rail transit has rarely been discussed. In this research, we first review some perceived difficulties and strategies for value capture in China, and then we present a case study of Inter-city Passenger Rail Transit in the Zhujiang River Delta. The case study describes the relevant planning and development processes. In particular, it explains how the funding for this project has evolved from a collaborative effort between Guangdong Provincial Government and The Ministry of Railways to that between the Provincial Government and the relevant municipal governments. The ending arrangement is a new value-capture mechanism for funding the inter-city passenger rail. The innovation of this funding mechanism and the concurrent implementation difficulties are valuable experience for other mega-regions where similar inter-city transport projects have been considered.
Commercial space is typical of concentration of various activities, and thus always has great impacts on urban development and the evolution of spatial structure. The research on commercial space is a very important domain in Urban Geography, among which the impacts of shopping malls on the structure of urban commercial space has gradually been focused on by some scholars recently. Employing the software of ArcGIS and SPSS to conduct spatial and statistic analysis, respectively, this article explores the spatial -temporal patterns of the development of shopping malls in Guangzhou City and their relationship with the change of urban commercial spatial structure. The following conclusions have been drawn from the research: Firstly, the increase in the number and scale of shopping malls takes on a cyclical and jumping pattern, which is closely related to urban development. As to the spatial pattern, they originally concentrated in the urban center and gradually diffuse outward to the urban outskirts over time. Analysis of the elements underlying the spatial-temporal evolution of shopping malls reveals that population size is positively correlated with the number and scale of shopping malls, while correlation between population density and distribution of shopping malls is not obvious. Their locations almost coincide with the places with good transportation accessibility. The location of metro stations greatly influence the spatial distribution of shopping malls. Secondly, the spatial-temporal pattern of shopping malls is also greatly determined by the government’s strategy over urban spatial structure and the change in land uses. Thirdly, the rising of the commercial style of one-stop and experiential consumption also imposes large impact on the pattern. Finally, the paper examines the impacts of the development of shopping malls on urban commercial spatial structure. A flat ranking system of urban commercial centers has been brought about by the development of shopping malls, promoting the formation of polycentric urban commercial system and the upgrading of commercial levels. Based on the above analysis, the paper has some implications for the location choice of shopping malls in Guangzhou. Constrained by limited land, traffic congestion, etc., the number of shopping malls in Guangzhou will not increase too much. The growth of population size and improvement in traffic infrastructures will be conducive to the development of shopping malls in the inner side of suburb area. In the outer side of suburbs, the strong radiation of shopping malls can be taken advantages to advance the commercial environment. The city government can guide the orderly development of shopping centers based on different regional characteristics.
Land and population are two key and interactive factors in urbanization, and it’s extremely important to coordinate them for healthy urbanization. To measure and analyze their coupling relationship, this study established an index system including population structure, life quality, urban size, input and output on the basis of defining population urbanization and land urbanization. Then this system was applied empirically in Nanchang, the capital city of Jiangxi province located in the middle of China. The results showed that: 1) Both the index of population urbanization and that of land urbanization were rising continuously with fluctuations, and there was a shift from land lagging urbanization to population lagging urbanization in Nanchang between 2002 and 2011. 2) The coordination relationship between population urbanization and land urbanization changed from deterioration to optimization, resulting in the transfer of urban development status from high inconsistence to week coordination. The study also discussed the reasons behind the results, indicating the discordance of urban development was induced by both external institutional systems and internal basic conditions. It suggested that it’s necessary to take measures to coordinate the relationship between land and population to promote healthy urbanization.
Coastal salt marshes are important terrestrial ecosystems, soil is one of the main accumulation pools of the organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, which plays an important role in the global carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. In order to better define particularity of SOM, TN, and TP distribution along the spatial gradient about interactions between the tide and of vegetation, the contents of SOM, TN, and TP were seasonally measured along two elevational gradients of a coastal salt marsh of eastern China. Main results are as follows, the tide and vegetation interaction is factor of impact on temporal and spatial variation of SOM, TN, and TP in coastal salt marsh, with respect to the effects of tidal influence vegetation is more stable and persistent; Spatial and month variation of SOM and TN content of salt marsh are significant, spatial variation includes change along gradient of vegetation (tide) and differences between the (tidal currents) of transects, the content of vegetation zone is higher than that of tidal flat along gradient of vegetation (tide), the content of SOM, TN, and TP show decreasing from sea to land on vegetation zones, that is Spartina alterniflora>Suaeda salsa>Aeluropus littoralis>Phragmites australis; Difference between two transects of SOM shows that content of SOM, TN, and TP far tidal creeks greater than that of near tidal creek at low salt marsh, and content of SOM, TN, and TP near tidal creek greater than that of far tidal creeks at median salt marsh, spatial and temporal variation of TP is not significant; pH, soil moisture, salt content and other directly related to the tidal effect factor are negative correlation to distance away from the sea, contents of SOM, TN, and TP are also negative correlation to distance away from the sea, and the contents of SOM, TN, and TP are positively correlated to pH, soil moisture and salt content and other factors, to a certain extent, it explained that tidal influence on contents and variation of SOM, TN, and TP.
Reclaiming coastal wetlands for cultivate lands transformed the wetland soil to agricultural soil, soil properties changed a lot. To explore the effects of soil ecological environment due to the reclamation activities in coastal zone and determine the key modified factors, it can provide guidance for soil improvement. In this article, soil samples collected from reclamation area under different years and tidal flats in Rudong Country of Jiangsu Province were analyzed. ANOVA was used to test the difference among soil indicators in different reclamation area(LSD test). The method of soil quality index (SQI) is used to evaluate the soil quality. The model of limiting factors diagnosis is used to analyze the key improvement factors of soil quality. The result shows that since 60 years from reclamation, the trajectory of soil quality change in study area is “improve sharply-relative stability-improve sustainability”. SQI increased sharply from 0.19 to 0.37 at the first 10 years after reclamation, average annual rate of growth is 11.84%,the difference is significant; SQI increased from 0.37 to 0.42 between 10 years to 30 years after reclamation and average annual rate of growth is 0.54%; SQI increased from 0.42 to 0.45 between 30 years to 40 years after reclamation and average annual rate of growth is 0.71%, there has no obvious difference. Therefore soil quality is in a relatively stable state after reclamation at 30 years. While SQI increased sustainability from 0.45 to 0.56 between 40 years to 60 years after reclamation and average annual rate of growth is 1.22%, the difference is significant. The limiting factors diagnosis showed that the lower TOC, TN and clay content are the major limiting factors of soil quality and have significant negative correlation with pH and salt, therefore decreased salinization is the basic reason for improving soil quality after reclamation. The improvement of fertility as well as soil texture are the key to further improve soil quality.
Study in regional economic linkages is one of the most important aspects of economic geography and regional research. The approach of social network analysis (SNA) has emerged as a key technique in study of regional economic linkages. Taking the 78 county areas in Anhui Province as network nodes to constructed the economic linkage network, the connections between nodes were evaluated by the revised economic relation intensity in 1996, 2004 and 2013 in this article. Firstly, we used GIS tools to map the structure of economic linkage network at county level in Anhui Province in 1996, 2004 and 2013. Then, under the support of social network analysis software UCINET, our study analyzed the centrality from three aspects: degree centrality, closeness centrality and betweenness centrality. Furthermore, we marked out four cohesive subgroups of economic linkage network at county level in Anhui Province. For the influencing factors, this article constructed a spatial markov matrix for county-level GDP per capita in Anhui Province to examine spatial adjacency effect, and the evolution of traffic accessibility at county level was calculated by average traffic time from a node to all other nodes. The results show that: 1) The density of economic linkage network in Anhui Province has been continuously boosting in 2013, from 0.307 in 1996 to 0.712. Besides, the economic linkages between counties have been developing toward multi-direction, densification and deepened way, which was good to the formation of economic linkage network; 2) The central city of Hefei, the capital city of Anhui Province, was the center of economic linkage networkwith its capacity of economic spread has been increasingly enlarging. Simultaneously, Wuwei, Huaiyuan and Feidong have gradually became the portal nodes that play an important role in promoting regional economic connection; 3) Cohesive subgroup is an effective way to the construction of inter-county economic linkage network. The small group analysis can more availably reveal the source of development and competitiveness improvement of the less important nodes. 4) Hierarchical agglomeration was a characteristic of the structure of economic linkage network and mainly embodied in the spatial pattern called “four main regions and eight sub regions”. 5) The factors influenced the evolution of the structure of economic linkage network mainly included the agglomeration and diffusion of elements, spatial adjacency effect, the improvement of traffic accessibility and the policy motivation and guidance. Based on all of the above, the policy recommendations for promoting regional coordinate and integrated development were also discussed.
In the background of rapid urbanization, the expansion of urban functional space is causing widespread concern. The rapid expansion of urban area brings about a series of social and ecological problems. The focus of study is mismatch between expansion of urban area and service facilities. Our study makes use of land status maps and statistical information regarding Changchun City. It is also discussed that the features, effects and driving mechanisms of the functional space expansion of Changchun by citing a variety of models and spatial perspectives based on the availability of service space since 1995. ArcGIS and SPSS were used to reach and support our findings. The study’s findings are as follows: 1) The urban space of Changchun City expanded rapidly between 1995 and 2013. The pattern of urban expansion is still displaying the close field extension known as “circle mode”. Overall deviation problems between the city and service space have always existed. In the process of urban development and construction, the imbalance between functional space and urban space becomes more prominent. 2) The rapid expansion of Changchun’s urban space sparked a series of negative effects, including urban sprawl and an imbalance in urban functional space. However, expansion also promotes the evolution of functional space. The polycentric intra-urban structure has emerged in the metropolitan area. 3) This study also probes the dynamic mechanism of the evolution of the functional space of Changchun City, including administrative and socio-economic factors. We conclude macro urban development strategy results in mismatch between urban and service space, that policy reform promotes expansion of urban area, that socio-economic development is the source for the evolution of urban space. Through the establishment of regression model, the study shows that urbanization in terms of people and the improvement of urban living environments are social and economic core factors of the expansion of the essential connotation of urban functional space.
The article, taking counties as basic regiona1 study units, explores the spatial pattern of economic development in Jiangsu coastal region. The classical statistical methods and spatial statistical methods were used to analyze and measure time and space disparity of Jiangsu coastal economy in 2002-2012. The results showed: 1) The economic development of Jiangsu coastal area has been more and more open and concentration since Jiangsu coastal development became national strategy in 2009. The relative difference is slowly narrowing due to the difference rate of economic growth among three coastal cities, namely Nantong City, Yancheng City and Lianyungang City. The absolute difference of regional economy in Jiangsu coastal has been expanding due to the difference of development foundation and location conditions among three coastal cities. 2) From the Thail index change, the overall economic difference decreased gradually in Jiangsu coastal area. The mainly reason is rapid development of the economy in three coastal cities. It is groups difference rather than internal economic differences to result in Jiangsu coastal regional economic differences. The internal economic difference of Yancheng is the biggest in three coastal cities. 3) The interrelation between economic growth and spatial change of regional difference are analyzed based on regional separation index. The separation index presented an inverted “U” characteristics and the turning appeared in 2006. The main reason is regional conditions, historic foundation, development speed and policy measures.
In this article, the panel data of GDP and tourism income of 17 cities in Shandong Province in 2000-2012 are employed to establish the mathematics model to measure the long-run cointegration relationship between tourism development and economic growth in the 17 cities of Shandong Province. Furthermore, the Granger cause test and panel data regression analyses have been done in the cities in which the long-run cointegration relationship exists. The results from the analyses show that there are significant regional differences concerning the tourism economic effect in Shandong Province. 1) In the eastern regional cities, tourism income is the Granger cause of the economic growth, and the tourism development has played an important role in promoting the economic growth, with the cities of Qingdao and Yantai having developed a mutual Granger cause relationship between the tourism income and economic growth. 2) In the central regional cities, economic growth is the Granger cause of tourism income growth, and the economic growth has promoted and protected the tourism development, featuring the cities of Dongying and Zaozhuang as new star cities in tourism development. 3) In the western regional cities, the long-run cointegration relationship between the tourism income and economic growth hasn’t been established. To conclude it, the study puts forward some suggestions in policy formulation to promote the equilibrium and sustainable development of regional tourism economy of Shandong Province.
The high and low temperature events were analyzed based on the daily temperature observation data from 34 meteorological stations in North Xinjiang during 1961-2010 by using the methods of linear regression analysis and Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis. The results show that: 1) The spatial distribution of the extreme highest temperature in North Xinjiang presents low value in the southeast part, and high value in the northwest part. And threshold value of the extreme highest temperature are a consistent upward trend, amount increases obviously in winter. The number of the extreme highest temperature processes increase linearly, while in Mid-Tianshan Mountains, there is an opposite trend. 2) The spatial distribution of the extreme low temperature in North Xinjiang presents low value in the east part, and high value in the west part. And threshold value of the extreme low temperature are a consistent downward trend in east and a consistent upward in west．The number of the extreme low temperature processes increase linearly, while in summer, there is a decrease trend. 3) As North of Xinjiang is an arid, semiarid-region, it means that the increase of extreme climate events should not be helpful for hydrologists, agriculturalists, emergency managers, industrialists.
This study constructs the wider twice-slope clustering membership functions of the clustering index — dissolved oxygen (DO), based on the nondimensionalization of the monitoring results of water environment and the pollution classification standard. The physical chemistry indexes (e.g., temperature, pH, DO, COD, BOD5, TP and TN) of eight sampling sites were measured in the Nansha Mangrove Wetland Park Ⅰ, Ⅱ and the brook nearby at the abundant, medium and dry seasons in 2007 and 2014. The comparison of the monitoring and evaluation results of the eight sampling points in 2007 and 2014 shows the following findings: on the whole, the water quality in the study area is in the health or sub-health state (level Ⅱ-Ⅲ or level Ⅱ-Ⅳ). Since its opening to outside as a tourist scenic spot, the Mangrove Wetland Park Ⅰ has shown some changes in the indexes of water environment in 2008-2014. The monitoring results demonstrate that the change in pH is very small. At the same time, the DO has decreased, while the BOD5 has increased. A decrease is also observed in the COD content, by contrast, the TP and TN contents have shown a trend of increase. In 2007, the water quality of the sampling points W1, W2 and W3 in the Nansha Mangrove Wetland Park Ⅰ was better than that of the sampling points W7 and W8 in the brook. The water quality of the sampling points W7 and W8 in the brook was better than that of the sampling points W4, W5 and W6 in the Nansha Mangrove Wetland Park Ⅱ. In 2014, the water quality of the sampling points W4, W5 and W6 showed a dramatic improvement and was better than that of the sampling points W1, W2 and W3 in the Nansha Mangrove Wetland Park Ⅰ and the sampling points W7 and W8 in the brook. Among the eight sampling sites, W6 in the Nansha Mangrove Wetland Park Ⅱ showed the greatest improvement, while the sampling point W3 in the Nansha Mangrove Wetland Park Ⅰ observed the greatest declining in water quality. Although the water quality of the brook was improved at abundant season in 2014, the water quality of the Mangrove Wetland Park, at either abundant or dry seasons, is at least not less than and in most cases superior to the water quality of the brook. The general rule of the time and space differences of the water environmental quality in the study area is that the water quality of the Mangrove Wetland Park Ⅱ has been improved, while that of the Mangrove Wetland Park Ⅰ shows declining a trend in 2007-2014.
As a unique geographical landscape of arid area, oasis was the main space of human activity in arid area, and its change was the most direct reflection of environmental change. Recently, spatiotemporal change of oasis and its driving forces was one of the hot issues of oasis study. Jinta oasis, a typical artificial and agricultural oasis in the lower reaches of Beida River Basin in arid China, had experienced drastic change in the past 50 years, was selected as a case to study the spatiotemporal change and its driving forces. Based on Keyhole satellite photograph, KATE-200, Landsat MSS, TM and ETM images in 1963-2010, as well as field interviews and governmental socioeconomic statistics data, this study investigated and discussed the driving forces of Jinta oasis change during 1963-2010 by combining with participatory rural appraisal and principal component analysis. The results showed that oasis area and scale expanded gradually, and the area achieved its maximum with 539.47 km2 in 2010. Oasis changes had been resulted from the interaction of natural environmental changes and human activities. Human driving factors include population, policy, economic development, the progress of agricultural science and technology, environmental awareness, while the natural environment change was been represented by climatic factors (such as rainfall, air temperature) and runoff. In our study, the first and second main components of driving forces were population growth, water resources development and utilization, technical renovation, economic development and policy, the thirds was annual temperature, suggesting that human driving force played a dominant role. In addition, the main human driving forces behind oasis changes were varied in different historical periods. In 1963-1980, the dominant driving force was population growth and policy, whereas the dominant driving forces in 1980-1990 were the changes in agricultural production ways (such as household contract responsibility system) and population growth. In the period of 1990-2000, all sorts of driving forces interacted and associated mutually. Since 2002, economic benefit and water utilization were the dominant factors.
