Under the ground of globalization and knowledge economy, as the first executive main body of knowledge innovation system, the main way of university participate in economic development is transfer knowledge and research results to the driving force. With the method of spatial econometrics, and using the data of university innovation and regional economic growth from 2003 to 2012, this article measured spatial aggregating features of innovative outputs of universities in province area in China and calculated its impact on regional economic growth. The results showed that: 1) Innovative outputs of universities of China exist certain space dependence. The imbalance of spatial agglomeration gradually intensified, and the agglomeration area is along east-coast and the Yangtze River in 2003, further evolution apparent agglomeration in Yangtze River Delta, Shandong, Hubei and Chongqing in 2012. 2) Spatial econometric model has good estimation results when used to research the correlative mechanism of innovative outputs of universities and regional economic growth. The pull effects from innovative outputs of universities on economic growth were upgrading during the study period. 3) According to the results, innovative outputs of universities that gained from basic research and industry-university-institutes cooperation have significantly contribution on promoting regional economic growth. Then put forward corresponding policy recommendations based on the empirical analysis. The results of empirical analysis have provided new perspectives to analyze the function of university in China and have also offered certain theory references to construct and improve the regional knowledge innovation system. The main corresponding policy recommendation is the role and function especially in basic research and original innovation of university should be further strengthened in order to generate new research results of knowledge innovation for the development of regional innovation system.
New urbanization focuses on people-oriented urban modernization. Three core urban agglomerations represented by coastal urban agglomeration in China are becoming a new model of regional development and space combination with Chinese characteristics. This study on population absorption and flow process in the advancement of the three coastal urban agglomerations proves that: 1) In core areas of economic agglomeration, the degree of population aggregation is high, and the centralization characteristics of population spatial structure are obvious. 2) The ability of urban agglomeration to absorb floating population increased, and the absorption capacity is proportional to the level of urban agglomeration. 3) In the aspect of immobilization of population flow structure in the urban agglomeration area, eastern coastal cities are the preferred area for the floating population. Furthermore, the trend of population inflow from the west to the east is becoming increasingly obvious, and population flow is relatively immobilized, which becoming the main source of urban population. Strengthening the profound understanding of development functions of the major cities in urban agglomeration areas and enhancing the construction of a comprehensive city management database are necessary. In addition, analyzing the internal relations between urban agglomerations and the reasonable arrangement of the urban population, as well as the regional division of labor and the cooperation between cities in the industrial chain, are important to achieve a more profound exploration of the overall development trend of China’s urban agglomeration.
Economic Base Theory is one of the classical theories of urban economic activity. Up to now, there have been a lot of empirical research on Economic Base Theory, but the theory has not been fully recognized and has not been completely denied. Among them, research consensus emphasis that Economic Base Theory should be used to analyze the city with small size and simple economic activities, but there is no definite conclusion about the upper limit of the city scale. Therefore, it is necessary to do more empirical researches. On the basis of existing research, aiming at the lack of empirical test research on the Economic Base Theory, based on the improved location quotient method, linear regression model and VAR model, the small and medium-sized cities of Jilin Province, Sanya City, Haikou City, Shenzhen City and Guangzhou City are selected as the empirical test objects. The test hypothesis include: 1) The proportion of basic economic activities is gradually reduced with the expansion of city scale. 2) With the expansion of urban scale, the basic economic activities of the ‘multiplier effects’ are weakened. 3) Basic economic activities are the main driving force for urban development. The empirical contents are divided into three parts: 1) Based on the improved location quotient method, the urban economic activities are divided into the basic- nonbasic economic activities. 2) The ‘multiplier effects’ of the basic economic activity is estimated by the average multiplier method and the marginal multiplier method. 3) VAR model and impulse response function are used to analyze the dynamic relationship between the basic and non basic economic activities. Main research results are as follows: From 1991 to 2013, the development process of small scale of Haikou City followed the Economic Base Theory, the driving forces were mainly from the basic economic activities. The economic activities of Guangzhou City were not in conformity with the economic base theory. The main conclusions are the following: first, for a city with considerable scale and certain development level, the proportion of basic-nonbasic economic activities gradually decreases with the expansion of the scale of the city. Second, using the marginal multiplier method to estimate the ‘multiplier effects’ is effective, the average multiplier method to estimate the ‘multiplier effects’ is obviously insufficient. Third, the ‘multiplier effects’ caused by the basic economic activities of the larger cities is weakened, and the urban economic activities are not in line with the Economic Base Model, which is shown as the interdependent model of basic-nonbasic economic activities. Based on the empirical results, two hypotheses are put forward. First, for a small size city, the basic economic activities could have a ‘multiplier effects’ which is related to the size of the basic economic activities and the growth rate of the basic economic activities. Second, for a small city and small cities in a region as a whole, the driving force of development could be evaluated by comparing the value of ‘multiplier effects’ with 1.
Based on the panel data of 34 industries in Tangshan City, this article analyzed the total factor productivity analysis (TFP) of economy and TFP of energy in 1992-2012, with the help of DEA-Malmquist Index Approach, DEAP2.1 software. It was found that, the technological advances had played a major role for the increases of the economy and energy productivity of TFP during the study period. Totally, the economy and energy index of TFP were the best in 2010, and the TFP index in traditional advantage industry of Tangshan City grew rapidly among different industries. In terms of economic efficiency, 5 industries like ferrous metal mining industry, non-ferrous metal mining industry, agricultural and sideline food processing industry, furniture manufacturing, and metal products showed high industry development efficiency. And in energy efficiency, the non-ferrous metal mining industry, coal mining and washing industry, ferrous metal mining industry, general equipment manufacturing industry showed the same trend. This phenomenon would be a larger resistance in the future’s industrial transformation and restructuring. However, it also showed that the increasing energy intensification. Scientific investment, information technology, and energy self-sufficiency have a positive impact on the improvement of energy efficiency, while industrial structure and energy structure have suppressed energy efficiency. The conventional economic construction, urbanization process can promote economic efficiency, and the lack of investment in science and technology could reduce the speed of efficiency. Basically, irrational industrial structure not only hindered the enhancement of economy and energy efficiency but also affected the progress of opening-up and improvement of energy structure.
China has been experiencing a rapid urbanization, together with a huge wave of immigrant population to cities. The housing problem of rural-urban migrants in China has become a focus of both academic and government concerns. Most of the rural-urban migrants cannot find suitable shelters through formal channels because of low-income and their Hukou registration. Due to the contradiction between housing supply and demand, the informal housing in urban village plays an important part in housing supply. Informal housing is widespread in urban village of rapid urbanization area. Scholars in western countries have established sound theoretical frameworks for studying informal housing, but the research fruits are rather limited in China. Therefore, the study on informal housing is of special importance to China's urban housing market and the healthy development of urbanization. Based on the census data, the article analyzes the spatial characteristics and evolution of informal housing in urban villages. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) Informal housing in urban villagesis appeared as spatial agglomeration and formed several concentrated area. The proportions of informal housing in different circles appear as significantly difference. 2) Taking use of the housing census data, this article divide the types of informal housing based on the method of factor analysis. The principal factors affected informal housing including the scale factors, housing constitution factors, growth factors, building characteristics and the using factors. The informal housing in urban villages is divided into four types: the fast growing informal housing, the spatial concentration informal housing, the relatively stable informal housing and the transforming informal housing. The fast growing informal housing tends to be distributed in the periphery of the city. The distribution of spatial concentration informal housing is likely along the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. The main types within the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone are relatively stable and transforming informal housing. 3) The spatial types of informal housing represent the different stage of urbanization. There are different building characteristics and development patterns of informal housing at different stage of urbanization. The formation and development of informal housing reflects the interaction of structure and agency. The results reflect the interaction between strength of top-down and bottom-up in the process of the housing supply.
The study on the port-hinterland relation at a regional level has become a hotspot in the field of economic geographies. This article calculates the field-strength of ports in Midstream of the Yangtze River(MYR) value on the method of field-strength model in recent years, and characteristics and trends of hinterland evolution in MYR are analyzed. Next, phases of economic development are divided by referring to Chenery’s multi-national model. Based on above researches, it evaluates the coordination development of ports and hinterland economics which are in different development phases by using coordinated development degree and relative development degree model. Consequently, this article puts the affiliation and coordination relation into a unified research framework. The results show that the field-strength value of ports in MYR increases progressively, while the regional heterogeneity has been expanding since 2001. Secondly, significant difference is found in the scope of hinterland, but the overall spatial pattern of hinterlands shows no great change. Besides, there are three kinds of trends of hinterland evolution: enlarging trend (Wuhan port hinterland, Jiujiang port hinterland and Yueyang port hinterland); shrinking trend (Jingzhou port hinterland, Nanchang port hinterland and Changsha port hinterland) and stable trend (Huangshi port hinterland and Yichang port hinterland). Thirdly, in general, the comprehensive coordination relation of ports and hinterland economics is in break-in phase, which port development lags behind hinterland economic development, and it is characterized by its significant spatial differentiation. Phases of economic development, industrial structure, natural condition and transportation have different influences on coordination relation.
The waterfront resources along the Changjiang River (WRCR) are precious resources of the Changjiang River Economic Belt development. Scientific and orderly development and utilization of waterfront resources play an important roles in regional economic development. Based on the concept of WRCR’s space function, from perspective of historical evolution, this article analyzes function differentiation of WRCR which vary from agriculture, port, city and town life, manufacture functions to comprehensive functions. It summarizes the scientific basis of WRCR development function orientation which mainly includes water depth in front of bank, width of waterway waters in front of bank, stability of river bank and conditions or width in back of river bank. It also analyzes WRCR development’s function and impact for cities and regions. The methods and technology systems of development condition evaluation of waterfront resources along rivers are summarized, and the comprehensively development conditions and utilization status of waterfront resources along the stem stream of Changjiang River are analyzed. The waterfront resources along the stem stream of Changjiang River (downstream Yibin City) is about 4 600 km, the longest watershed (i.e. about 1 660 km) along the Changjiang River is in Hubei Province. In downstream Changjiang River, channel depth and conditions or width in back of river bank are relatively good. In middle reaches of the Changjiang River, development conditions of WRCR are poor relatively on account of channel depth limitation, river bank stability is poor. In the upstream Changjiang River, development conditions of WRCR are also poor because width in back of river bank is limited seriously. Then, major problems facing the WRCR development were analyzed, which include lack of scientific development scheduling (e.g. available waterfront resources decreasing dramatically, lack of excellent waterfront resources reserved in the future), resources potential being not fully play (e.g. deep-water WRCR being used as shallow-water WRCR), functional layout being unreasonable (e.g. dysfunction of port, city and town life, manufacture functions), ecological damage of improper development and lack of effective management mechanisms. Finally, this article puts forward some countermeasures to promote WRCR development and management from aspects of strengthening efficient legal construction and scientific planning making, breaking administrative barriers and integrating WRCR, fostering market of WRCR deal and establishing paid use system of WRCR, facilitating intensive utilization and promoting functions coordination of WRCR.
From a territorial perspective, since the Chinese reform and opening policy, the process of bottom-up urbanization (which appeared in Chinese rural areas, raising funds through grass-root organizations and individuals, introducing internal and foreign investment actively, in order to promote rural non-agriculturalization and industrialization) is in fact of the re-territorialization in rural areas. Focusing on Guangzhou’s Jiu-shui-keng village as an example, this study investigates the territorial mechanism among government, the capital and social forces in the process of bottom-up urbanization, employing the methods of field investigation and interview. The Jiu-shui-keng village is situated in the middle of Panyu District in Guangzhou with an area of 1.86 km2 and 2 630 permanent residents, 93.4% of whom have no household registration. The fieldwork was conducted from the end of 2013 to the middle of 2014. It is found that, villagers, representing the social force, are the designer of territorialization in the rural areas. The administrative forces and market forces try to construct an independent territory to enhance their voice. Super imposed territory and the great disparity in space resources disposal capability result in the intensification of resource competition and unbalanced space-power structure, which cause chaos in the management of the village’s development. Therefore, it is suggested that the territorial unit with multiple actors from different backgrounds and a balanced territorial politics system should be constructed as soon as possible, which means participants would have the opportunity to modify existing structure via (re)territorialization, so as to achieve the sustainable development in rural areas. The administrative power should be planned to permeaterural areas, who will play a key role in the macroeconomic regulation, encouraging the construction of capital territory with the aim of deepening the cooperation and coordination among interests, and limiting the excessive expansion of villagers’ power.
Since distributions of many types of urban objects are not random but in some particular patterns, analyzing and revealing the spatial distribution pattern of these points in urban space are essential to understand social, economic and geographical factors behind the distributions, and analysis results are conductive to wide applications such as facility layout and aided decision support. In point pattern analysis, the results may be biased by merely calculating the nearest neighbor distance. The Ripley’s K-function was therefore proposed with advantages of considering the distance between any pair of points. Because many urban points associated with human activities are constrained by road networks, a network K-function, as an extension of traditional planar K-function, is then presented by applying a network distance, i.e., the shortest path distance between any pair of two points. In this article, the Ripley’s K-function was applied to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of ATMs in Nanjing City. First of all, we used both planar univariate K-function and network univariate K-function to analyze the distribution pattern of ATMs at spatial scales of downtown areas and main urban districts. Then we used planar bivariate K-function and network bivariate K-function to investigate the spatial correlation between ATMs and metro stations in main urban districts. Local bivariate (cross) K-functionwas finally applied to explore the impact of metro stations on the ATMs in local areas. The results show that ATMs are highly clustered in both planar and network space and the cluster characteristic is more significant in downtown areas than in main urban areas. Besides, ATMs and metro stations are highly correlated in the study area. With the increase of the measuring distance, the relationship between ATM and metro station distributions shows more obvious characteristic of spatial aggregation within a certain distance. In the analysis of local cross K-function method, ATMs are clustered with metro stations in downtown areas while there is no significant clustering characteristic between ATMs and metro stations on the outskirts. It implies that the distribution of ATMs is mainly determined by the regional commercial development. In addition, for spatial pattern analysis on point objects distributed along road networks, network K-function method is more practical than planar K-function in terms of revealing appropriate distribution pattern and relationship between two types of point objects.
Based on theories of scale economy and industrial agglomeration, considering the importance of scale development, garden construction and GDP contributions for the cultural industry at the beginning of its development in China, an evaluation index system for the level of cultural industry is established from the four aspects of scale, vector, efficiency and contribution in this article. At the same time, a factor system is also offered including 3 layers and 15 indices for regional cultural industry, from aspects of cultural resources, infrastructure, cultural demands, innovation and pioneering, policy environment and economy driving, based on “3T” (Technology, Talent and Tolerance) theory, regional innovation environment theory and new industrial region theory. Then, the level and the spatial-temporal pattern of cultural industry in Jiangsu Province are analyzed by using quantitative methods including entropy method, principal component analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis, etc. The results show that the level of cultural industry in Jiangsu Province is gradually improved and its development situation follows an inverted U-shaped, its growth is returning to a new normal of a medium and low speed with a trend of transformational development. At the same time, the level of regional cultural industry is generally not high in Jiangsu Province, also, the level is spatial unbalanced with characteristics of high in the south and low in the north, a spatial pattern of pole-axis structure has been forming and the development situation is taking on a space convergence tread. As for the dynamic mechanism, the external driving force is the main factor to impact the development of cultural industry of Jiangsu Province and the external driving force is the assistant factor. The external driving force significantly affects the development scale of cultural industry, and the internal force could mainly affects the development quality. At the same time, the dynamic mechanism is distinct different in different regions. The analysis show that the external driving force plays a dominant role in the high level region of the southern Jiangsu Province and the internal force does in the low level region of northern Jiangsu Province. Based on this, in the future, external driving forces such as government regulation and policy innovation should be strengthened to promote the steady development of cultural industry, internal forces such as technology talents and market activation should be paid attention to produce the transformational development, pluralistic strategy and principle of adaptation to local conditions should be implemented to gain the regional characteristic development, regional integration and distribution optimization should be enhanced to obtain the common development of regional cultural industry.
Based on data from 34 prefecture-level cities in the Northeastern China from 2003 to 2012, this article analyzes the spatiotemporal change characteristics of the urbanization and eco-environmental pressure development in the Northeastern China by building Urbanization Index and Eco-environmental Pressure Index. It also measures urbanization and environmental decoupling indicators, and judges the decoupling state of the urbanization and eco-environmental, then discusses influence factors which lead the state changed. The major findings can be summarized as follows: 1) The ecological stress is the consequence of urbanization accumulation effect, it presents somewhat spatiotemporal hysteresis role. 2) For nearly 10 years, the cities in the northeastern China experienced the evolution of urbanization and eco-environment from dominated decoupling state to both decoupling state and re-coupling state, the stability of the effect of individual urbanization on eco-environment is bad. 3) The reasons for the different effects of urbanization in the Northeastern China on eco-environmental are the diversified driving factors, such as investment-driven approach, resource-based economy, forced eco-environment as well as connotative and innovative development. Resource-based economy and investment-driven approach are main causes of pressure of urbanization on eco-environment. Moreover, there are two reasons influencing the coordinated development of the urbanization and eco-environment, the one is the forced eco-environment, and the other is connotative development.
By using the weighted index summation method, the study applied ecological service function, landscape ecological spatial pattern and ecological sensitivity as indicators to determine the ecologically important space of urban ecological lands. Applying the research method of expert consultation and analytic hierarchy process(AHP)to determine both the evaluation criteria and the weight of the evaluation index, and combining spatial analysis of GIS, this article identified the ecologically important space of urban ecological lands in Yanji-Longing-Tumen area. They are categorized into three degrees, i.e. very important, important, generally important, which reflect the protection levels of different ecological lands and the requirements of construction control. The results showed that the very important ecological lands in Yanji-Longing-Tumen account for 25.720%, most of which are cultivated lands, forest lands and water area. The important ecological lands account for 39.500%, most of which are forest lands and cultivated lands. The generally important ecological lands account for 34.780%, which are mainly forest lands. Each of the three types of ecological land had its unique characteristics that required protection by adopting corresponding measures.This study is helpful to trace out the relationships between landscape pattern and ecological process,and provides insights for ecological planning and designing of land consolidation in this area.
On the basis of the geostatistical method and the Origin technology, the article sets up a mathematical model of spatial distribution of and a space-time process model of “city size-tourism growth-city level” on the basis of “revelation and verification of regularity”. A range of basic data of the year 1995-2014 about the urban system in Yangtze River Delta were collected to explore the spatial relations between city size and tourism growth, and the evolution mechanism. The research results showed that: 1) Since 20 years ago, the mathematical and spatial distributions of city size, tourism growth and city level have been demonstrated as three parts in the shape of pyramid, meaning that the higher city level, the less number of city distribution. And this feature is especially applicable to some big cities with flourishing economy and prosperous tourism. 2) In the ternary spatial relations, three stages during 1995-2009 behaved as the line “A” relations of the evolution model, and this feature is very typical like “A” line in the model. In 2010-2014, the relations graph was in the shape of an oval, indicating that tourism growth forced the expansion of city size. In order to achieve tourism economic benefits, cities has realized by way of increased infrastructure. This is also the embodiment of the economic development cycle feedback model. 3) Based on the distribution of cities in 4 basic quadrants, Quarter I is for cities have highest level. With the expansion of city size and the growing tourism, Quarter IV is related to Quarters II and III. 4) The pattern and evolution about the relationship between city size and tourism growth, is a system within three factors. The higher city level, the government has greater efforts with policy system, power allocation, financial support and resources allocation to accelerate the expansion of cities, and then city size effect has been obvious. The analysis of driving factors shows that support policies adopted by governments, city size and rapid tourism growth have jointly contributed to the evolution of the ternary relations.
With both subjective and objective factors taken into full account, rough set and analytic hierarchy process is applied to the study of influential factors in tourism destination choice of rural residents, so as to determine its index system and rationalize the system through evaluation. The results show that 1) The weights for judging the results of the matrix calculation are similar and reasonable. 2) Among all the aspects which influence the tourism destination of rural residents,the consuming level,land scape, tourism atmosphere account for more than 0.1, being listed within the top three, which is rather different from the former research of other scholars. 3) Compared to the past, the preference of the rural residents’ choice for tourism destination has changed a lot. 4) The tourism atmosphere of the tourism destination effects greatly on the rural residents’ choice of tourism destination,instead of the original consideration of traveling distance. The influence from transportation,accommodation on the choice of tourism destination is comparatively weak. Unlike the traditional research method adopted by other scholars, this research method can maximally avoid the influence of experts experience appearing in Analytic Hierarchy Process Method.
This article firstly specifies the space content of tourism industry generation, analyzes its cyclical characteristics, and then reveals spatial evolution process and pattern of tourism industry generation from its structure and spatio-temporal characteristics in Zhangjiajie City, using methods of adjacent point distance, gravity model and time synchronization. Based on indigenous and exogenous environment impact factors, the article also analyzes evolution mechanism of tourism pattern change. Spatial structure of tourism industry generation in this city presents condense distribution, with internal pattern of "two are average, two are condense". Gravity of tourism space is in northeast part, and gradually moves towards southwest with quicker moving to south. Gravity is in Wulingyuan district within the appearing and generating period and moving to Yongding district when developing. Tourism industry generation has a good synchronization, but the difference is also stronger. Spatio-temporal evolution patterns of tourism generation space change from point to core-periphery and to "two cores and two wings" and interaction between eastern part and western part. This evolution pattern results from interaction between internal and external influencing factors.
Coastline is the sea-land demarcation line in coastal regions. The position and shape of coastline depends on various natural and anthropogenic factors. The change of coastline exerts obvious influence on environment and economy in coastal regions. Therefore, it is important to detect and analysis the change of coastline and landuse for coastal environment and sustainable development. The Pearl River Estuary Gulf (PREG), the core region of Greater Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration, is one of the most prosperous and fastest growing regions in China. The coastline and land use in PREG have changed remarkably and continuously during the past decades. In this research, the change of coastline and land use in 1960-2012 was detected with RS and GIS. Furthermore, coastline characteristics of temporal and spatial variation were analyzed with quantitative and spatial approach. And the relationship between the changes of coastline and land use was explored. Finally, the impact that urban expansion brought to landscape in coastal zone was quantitatively analyzed. 1) In 1960-2012, the length of coastline in PREG increased from 1 134.95 km to 1 508.02 km with annul increasing speed of 7.17 km/a. Relatively, the coastline changed more obvious in three period (2004-2006, 2006-2008 and 2008-2010). The annual average change rate of coastline in the three period were -3.45%, 2.85% and 2.98%, respectively. After 2010, the speed of coastline change in PREG became lower. 2) In 1960-2012, the coastline had a greater increasing amount in the cities of Zhuhai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, where the length of coastline increased by 60.81%, 22.00% and 19.71%, respectively. 3) In 1960-2012, Nansha in Guangzhou, south Zhuhai and Qianhai in Shenzhen gained more newly-added land than any other area in PREG. Their land area increased from 172.34 km2 to 303.22 km2, 344.70 km2 to 603.29 km2 and 89.62 km2 to 145.49 km2, respectively. 4) In PREG, construction land expanded 33 times in 1960-2012. In the meanwhile, the area of forest and farm land decreased by 47.53% and 56.70%, respectively. 5) In 1960-1979, the total area of newly-added land in PREG was 231.53 km2, where farm land accounted for 61.07%. In 1979-1990, the total area of newly-added land was 224.82 km2, where aquafarm land accounted for 51.44%. From 1990 to 2000, the total area of newly-added land was 321.42 km2, where farm/aquafarm land accounted 61.07%. It can be known that the land demand for agricultural development was the key factor that changed coastline in PREG before 2000. From 2000 to 2012, the total area of newly-added land was 100.34 km2, where construction land accounted for 51.30%. Since 2000, land demand for urban construction has been the key factor that changed coastline in PREG. In conclusion, human activities, including agricultural development and urban construction, largely resulted in the significant change of coastline in PREG.
With the further process of urbanization and industrialization, the structure of industrial space has been restructuring, which leads to a sharp contradictions between demand and supply of land resources. Because of this serious disorder development of land resources, it is a primary task of ecological civilization to optimize the spatial pattern of land resources.Meanwhile, a higher requirement of land use planning is needed to allocate scientifically and reasonably land resources. Therefore, the traditional methods of land use planning need to be reformed. In this paper, in order to achieve the purpose of coordination development based on the strategy of ‘Community life of mountain-water-forest-cropland-lake’, we follow the concept of respecting and conforming to nature, and summarize the impact of land-based physical process on land use planning. Moreover, with the advent of the era of ‘big data’, we find that many technical methods, such as cloud computing, spatial data integration, cloud analysis, provide a new technical support to land use planning.Finally, considering the special characteristic of land use planning data and mobile user terminal is needed, we suggest that cloud services platform should be created, which enables integrated management and updating data of land planning, thereby, it will improve the quality of land use planning.
By analyzing the concentration of different-sized charcoals and magnetic susceptibility of the CH-1 core from the Chaohu Lake during the Holocene, the laws of charcoal content and the features of fire environmental changes were studied. In the early Holocene (9 870-6 040 cal. a BP), the climate was still dry although it was becoming warmer and wetter. The dry climate apparently creating the favorable conditions for natural fires to occur, which suggested the charcoal concentration was high. The middle Holocene (6 040-2 170 cal. aBP) was the warmest and wettest period during the Holocene, and very little charcoal was found in the core with the exception of cultural phases because the high precipitation during this period apparently suppressed natural fires. But human activities increased the fire frequency during the cultural phase. Archaeological investigations indicate that a large number of settlement sites distribute around the Chaohu Lake. Moreover, the remains of the Lingjiatan Culture (5 500-5 300 cal. a BP) are also identified with the presence of many types of exquisite jade objects. So value peaks in the charcoal concentration were showed. During the late Holocene (2 170 cal. a BP~), the climate became drier and cooler and conditions were once again favorable for fires to occur naturally. The water level of the Chaohu Lake reached the lowest as the lakebed possibly exposed. The concentration of charcoal in the core greatly increased during this period that showed the greatest levels of fire activity. Therefore, the great amount of charcoal concentration was related to both the drier climate and the increased human activities. These correlate well with the results from the archaeological evidence of ancient Juchao City. During the recent two hundred years, the amount of charcoal concentration sharply decreased and fire occurrence disappeared gradually because there was not enough biomass in the Chaohu Lake Region.
This article improved data storage design based on external storage when building the details of multi-resolution hierarchy model. However, it also designed a special organization model based on incremental Segments. Meanwhile, by studying the crack phenomenon in the process of terrain rendering, the model error of height loss calculation to solve this problem of cracks has been introduced in this article. Finally, the effectiveness of the model and storage strategy has been verified in this paper with the data of DEM in a region as the experimental data. And it also achieved the terrain rendering through the programming language of C++ and OpenGL. In this article, the storage strategy, which is superior to the traditional storage manner, can save the storage space peripheral (SSP). That is a manner for incremental sections storage to elevation point of different resolution and non-overlapping storage to elevation values. By this strategy, it can reduce the amount of data redundancy and improve the I/O operation time (improving rate is 25%), and more the operating time efficiency can be significantly improved with increase of data. The storage design not only reduces the SSP occupancy rate and the amount of data loading, but also improves the flexibility of data extension. Moreover, there is no affect to the original block and storage structure when increasing the terrain block. Finally experimental effect is very similar to the original terrain, which guarantees the authenticity of the level of detail model. In addition, the terrain rendering process, considering the DEM data, will make crack when loading the non-contiguous resolution data hierarchy. Concerning this issue, the wonderful experiment results can be obtained by eliminating the cracking in the manner of removing the elevation point.
Glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau have experienced change in recent decades with the climate change, and the change trend were not homogeneous. The variation of snow line altitude (SLA) can indicate the glacier change. The changes of SLA for glaciers in the western Nyainqentanglha Range can be detected by remote sensing images obtained at the end of ablation season, such as Landsat TM/ETM+/8 OLI and HJ1A images, when eye interpretation technologywere used to extract snow line. Meanwhile, the variation trend of temperature and precipitation recorded by 4 meteorological stations adjacent to the research area were analyzed, so as to find its influence on glacier change. The results showed that SLA of total studied 28 glaciers rose obviously in 2004-2013. SLA on north slope as a whole raised 14 m/a, while 4.9 m/a on south slope. The air temperature in the studied area rose obviously, precipitation rose slowly since 1964. Climate warming is the main cause for glacier recession. Glaciers on north slope experienced more negative mass balance than south slope, because the rate of air temperature increase on the north is higher than that on the south.
