Regional population shrinkage is becoming an important issue affecting the sustainable development of regional economy and society in the worldwide, and also arousing increasing attention in China. However, though some related studies in view of population distribution existed, few of them have directly addressed this phenomenon. Against this background, this article aims to investigate regional population shrinkage in China by employing multi-indicators. Specifically, we discussed the existing definitions of population shrinkage, and then based on the spatial population data of 1990, 2000 and 2010 in prefecture-level and county-level, applied both the single indicators, including total population and labor, and the integrated indicator which includes not only total population and labor but also birth rate and aging, to analyze the changes of population shrinking units in number and spatial distribution, and compared the differences in the measurement indicators. The main findings are as follows: 1) Both the single indicators, namely total population and labor, showed that population shrinkage units have increased significantly in number: 27.4% and 38.6% of the units decreased their total population while 21.4% and 25.2% of the units decreased their labor in prefecture-level and county-level from 2000 to 2010, respectively; moreover, many units also show an aggravation trend in the shrinking degree; 2) The population shrinking units have been expanding rapidly in the Central and the Western regions, especially in Sichuan-Chongqing- Guizhou region, the middle reaches of the Yangtze River region and the Northeast region. In contrast, the coastal region has only increased some shrinking units in the northern of Jiangsu Province and the western of Fujian Province; 3) The single indicators were effective in identifying the absolute population shrinkage, and we argued that the total population is more suitable than the labor, because total population shrinking came first in most of the units and then followed by labor shrinking; 4) The integrated indicator was more effective in evaluating the comprehensive status of population development in one region, and then it can identify the units which were relatively shrinking their population, that is, their overall situation is worse than the national average level though they still increased their total population. The results showed that the units with a relative shrinking population have a high proportion, which was about 20% in the county level in both periods, while that type of units in prefecture-level was nearly doubled to about 25% from 1990-2000 to 2000-2010. 5) Regional population shrinkage was more obvious in county-level than in prefecture-level, but the difference has been narrowed, given the fact that the differences in percentages, shrinking degrees, and spatial distributions of the shrinking units were very close in the period from 2000 to 2010. Based on the above findings, this article argues that regional population shrinkage needs further attention by scholars and governments.
Land acquisition in the process of rapid urbanization has changed the pattern of rural land use and distribution in the suburban areas of cities. Rural communities of landless farmers are taken as an effective way to achieve rapid urbanization and rural transformation. The main characteristics of rural communities of landless farmers are the transformation of the suburban land use mode and the transformation of settlements from the rural settlement to the rural community during the urban expansion dominated by the government. Based on a typical case of the Xinghuayuan community in Changchun, China, this article reveals the urbanization mechanism of rural communities and the impact of rural communities on landless farmers. The results show that the rural communities under the system of land acquisition have achieved the optimization and reorganization of rural social and economic space, the production and living space in rural areas, and the integration of geographical space into urban development. During this process, the rural industry is integrated with the city, the employment of the residents shifts to non-agricultural sections, the lifestyle of landless framers experience huge changes which is close to urban residents, and the process of landless farmers’ citizenization is accelerated. The process of urbanization is accelerating, mainly manifested in the promotion of urban landscape and facilities, the acceleration of farmer citizenization, including the non-agriculturalization of employment and the popularization of urban lifestyles, etc. However, the social security and compensation mechanisms are not perfect, leading to low life satisfaction and the sense of social identity is missing. The long-term dual structure of urban and rural areas in China is the key to solve the problem of landless farmers. In order to better help landless farmers to integrate into the community life and increase to the life satisfaction as soon as possible, the status transformation of landless farmers is currently the primary problem. The government should actively carry out the urban household registration for landless farmers, and establish an effective social security mechanism to make the landless farmers to enjoy the same level of social security as urban residents in terms of employment, medicine, schooling, and residence.
In the background of economic globalization, the technology globalization has become significant. International technical collaboration and R&D activities are major forms of technology globalization. Cities are the engine of innovation and economic development. Due to the development of transportation technology and telecommunication technology, cities are getting closer and the impact of geography distance is weakened. By providing good entrepreneurial environment, cities attract talents, information and capital from all over the world. As a result, innovation is the major function of cities. Global cities make great efforts to become the global science and technology innovation centers with world influence. These kind of centers are cities with leading innovation abilities and most of them are hubs of innovation activities. Patents are an important indicator of measuring technology development and innovation activities. Exploring cities’ role in the global technical cooperation networks is key to understand global technical cooperation pattern. Meanwhile, it is also meaningful for Chinese researchers to explore what position Chinese cities are in and how to construct Chinese cities as global science and technology innovation centers with world influence. Although plenty of articles have focused on the global technical cooperation network at multiple scales such national, regional, urban and community scales, few research has focused on the global city technical cooperation network. The global city technical cooperation network is constructed based on 2015 public PCT patent data. By complex network analyzing methods and spatial analyzing methods, this article demonstrates the topology structure and spatial pattern of global city technical cooperating activities. The results show that: In terms of the topological structure, the density of the network is relatively low, which means the strength of linkages in the network are unbalanced. The network is scale-free network and has prominent city nodes. The network has significant group structure and there are 11 groups which contain over 50 nodes. In terms of spatial pattern, cities with higher patent output distribute in zonal pattern. Cities with more links with others distribute in the area of Calgary (Canada), Silicon Valley (USA) and Boston-Cambridge-New York-Philadelphia (United States) of North America, Paris metropolitan (France), Greater London (United Kingdom), Randstad (Netherland), Essen (Germany) and Basel (Switzerland) of Europe, Tokyo (Japan), Seoul (South Korea), Beijing (China), the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomerations (China) and the Pearl River Delta (China) of East Asia. Tokyo and Paris are in the leading position in both total patent output and number of linkages. The spatial distribution of degree centrality is similar with the distribution of the patent output. Moreover, the distribution of nodes’ betweenness centrality is more concentrated than nodes’ degree centrality. The ranks of Beijing and Shanghai’s betweenness are higher than Shenzhen’s. The reason is that Beijing is the capital city of china. And Beijing holds a variety of universities, institutes and high-tech companies, which provides Beijing with science and technology innovation. Shanghai has a large number of FDI, and it has close connection with foreign companies to do transnational R&D activities. However, Shenzhen has relatively less links with cities in foreign countries, which means the technology output of Shenzhen still depends on its own market. This phenomenon is due to the special immigration culture, open market mechanism and competitive environment.
Since the 21st century, the location of manufacturing industry has further shifted from the developed industries in Europe and America to the emerging industries in Asia. Whether the vicissitude of international manufacturing location will increase global carbon emission has become a topic worthy of attention. In this article, we selected countries associated with manufacturing location vicissitude closely, and adopted LMDI decomposition method to quantitatively analyze the effect of industry location vicissitude on total carbon emission of international manufacturing industry, and further measure its contribution to each country’s carbon emission. The results show that during 2000-2014, the location change of the manufacturing industry promoted the increase of the total carbon emission of the international manufacturing industry, and the emission increment increased first and then decreased, and it was smaller than the increment caused by the scale growth in each stage. The main reason for the increase of total carbon emission caused by location vicissitude is that the location of international manufacturing industry transferred from the developed industries to the emerging industries (the share of the developed decreased from 53.79% in 2000 to 23.96% in 2014, and the share of the emerging increased from 46.21% to 76.04%), and the carbon emission coefficient of the emerging industries was higher than that of the developed industries. In the context of the same amount of production scale, the manufacturing location shifting to countries with high emission coefficient leads to the increase of the total international carbon emission. In order to alleviate the climate-economic dilemma, attention should be paid to the relevant technical knowledge diffusion simultaneously, so that the global or regional difference in carbon intensity could be shrunk. Additionally, the location shift of manufacturing industry has a certain impact on the carbon emission change of each country’s manufacturing industry. To different extent, it has increased the carbon emissions of emerging industries, such as the Chinese mainland, and reduced the carbon emissions of developed industries, such as the United States, Japan, Britain and Germany. For example, in 2000-2005, 2005-2010, and 2010-2014, the growth range of manufacturing carbon emission in mainland China was 116.09%, 44.31% and 8.31%, respectively. Among them, industrial relocation contributed to an increase in carbon emissionof 67.76%, 50.89%and 16.78%. the United States’ growth range of manufacturing carbon emission was -19.43%, 0.35% and -12.20%, respectively, while industrial relocation led to an increase in carbon emission of -20.49%, -41.62% and -13.64%. It can be seen that the relocation of manufacturing industry plays an important role in the increase or decrease of a country's carbon emission. Therefore, when measuring the responsibility of each country to reduce emission and evaluating the effect of emission reduction, the role of each country in the global industrial division of labor system should be taken into account. So it could safeguard the development rights of emerging industrial countries on the one hand. On the other hand, the global carbon reduction process can be pushed forward. This article uses LMDI decomposition method to quantitatively analyze the carbon emission effect of manufacturing industry relocation, which can provide a method reference for the measurement of global/regional carbon emission change caused by industrial location transfer.
Urban agglomeration is an important space carrier to promote new urbanization, and the spatial structure is the spatial reflection of the degree, stage and process of urban agglomeration. From the 3 aspects of urban agglomeration benefit, distance benefit and spatial connection benefit, this article use ArcGIS and urban interaction intensity model to compare the spatial structure benefits of the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration and Dongting Lake urban agglomeration in the development stage. The results show that Dongting Lake urban agglomeration has a comparative advantage in external scale including the population scale, land area and the city quantity. However, the compactness of urban agglomerations is low, the advantages of urban scale structure are not obvious enough and the spatial connection between important cities is not tight enough. It shows a more obvious "big and scattered" characteristics, and the quality of development and the degree of development are not good. Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration is relatively small in terms of number of cities, population size and land use, but its compactness and scale benefits are relatively high, and the scale structure has a relatively high degree of dominance. On this basis, aiming at maximizing the efficiency of urban agglomeration spatial structure, the spatial structure system of “one heart, two circles and three axes” and “1+5” urban agglomeration with Changsha as the center city is proposed, which to provide references for the optimization and development of the urban agglomeration spatial structure.
Immigration research has become one of the most important research topics, geographical research is mainly concentrated in the immigrant community. Rural migrant enclaves with Chinese characteristics are emerged in the 1980s. Previous studies have attributed the proliferation of rural migrant enclaves primarily to urban-rural dual institution and the constraints limiting migrants’ residential options. Based on field study and the question survey of migrant workers, and using the methods of qualitative and quantitative research, this article aims to probe into the evolution process, production of space, spatial appeals of different actors and social influence. As the homeplace-based community, the governments, local villagers, community organization and migrant workers are the main body of the material space production in Sichuan village. The governments and local villagers achieve the representations of space using administrative power and capital power, pursuit of economic benefits, harmonious community environment. With translocal investment, employment opportunities and interconnect function, the community organization is becoming the important auxiliary force for the construction of harmonious environment and the reconstruction of rural society. The migrant workers with “diffusion-competition model” spatial agglomeration are the driving forces of spatial practice, they are aimed at seeking cultural identity and the construction of the traditional social network in different places. “Sichuan village” which providing a large number of traditional social network, employment opportunities and vocational training, becomes the functional and emotional dependence for migrant workers. In addition, it provides the way to achieving upward social mobility, and promotes the integration, especially community integration, social relation integration and psychological integration.
Recently, regional integration is increasingly regarded as a tool for reaping the benefits and countering the negative impacts of globalization. Beginning with the elimination of trade barriers between countries in the same region to achieve economic integration, regional integration has gradually emphasized on promoting the economic development in developing or underdeveloped regions, and narrowing the gap of internal development within a country. Regional integration has been used by Chinese government both at the national and local level as the main policy tool to deal with the development gap within a specific region. Regardless of inter-country integration or intra-country integration, existing studies mainly explain integration in terms of trade costs, investment costs and transportation costs, few attentions have been paid to discover the regional integration from the perspective of technology flows. This paper attempts to understand the regional integration process of China's three major urban agglomerations by describing a technology trading market-based integration based on patent transfer. We found that regional integration of the technology transfer system of the three urban agglomerations both at overall level and technology supply chain level have not been realized. Among them, the Yangtze (Changjiang) River Delta (YRD) urban agglomeration is developing to integration, the technology acquisition of most cities depends on the internal inter-city technology transfer network. The integration of the Pearl (Zhujiang) River Delta (PRD) urban agglomeration ranked second, but it is developing in the opposite direction of integration. Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration (BTH) has the lowest level of integration, and technology acquisition in most cities is increasingly dependent on external inter-city technology transfer network. At the technical sales chain level, only the YRD has achieved regional integration, and the integrated technology transfer system with Shanghai as the core is accelerating. The technical sales of most cities in the PRD are increasingly dependent on the outside of the PRD, while the BTH is increasingly dependent on the inside of the BTH. Lastly, technology flows in the three urban agglomerations were increasingly moving across the border, and the intra-region technology transfer network was increasingly unable to meet the needs of technological development for the cities in the three urban agglomerations.
Taking Lixin County in Anhui Province as a typical case of plain areas, this article uses spatial autocorrelation analysis on poverty incidences in 361 administrative villages in Lixin County in 2014-2017 to confirm the existence of spatial poverty traps, located in high-high agglomeration areas of poverty incidence. Based on 9 geographical factors, this article use Geodetector model to quantitatively detect the leading factors of rural poverty differentiation in plain areas. The results are as follows: 1) There are also obvious regional differences and spatial agglomeration of poverty incidence in plain areas. Zhangzhuang Village, Jiaqiao Village, Xutian Village, Liuran Village and Lulou Village are the spatial poverty traps of Lixin County, which have been in the "high-high agglomeration" area of poverty incidence for a long time. 2) The second geographical factors, such as location conditions and public services, play a leading role in the differentiation of rural poverty in Lixin County, while the first geographical factors, such as natural environment and resource endowment, play a weak role. Distance to the center of the county, distance to main trunk roads, number of public service points and per capita cultivated land areas are the main factors for the differentiation of rural poverty in Lixin County. 3) The result of interaction detector shows that the driving force of interaction between dominant factors is non-linear. In the practice of Targeted Poverty Alleviation in plain areas, we should attach great importance to the enhancement of the second geographical factors on poverty differentiation, strengthen investment in transportation facilities, rationally allocate public service points to promote the equalization of basic public services and provide basic guarantee for poverty alleviation in plain areas.
By integrating and exploring the large network data and social survey data, the relationship matrix of tourist flows among various scenic spots in urban area of Luoyang was constructed. By combining social network and spatial analysis, characteristics of Luoyang's tourist flows network were further analysed. Conclusions were shown as follows: 1) The network of tourism flow in Luoyang urban area showed that the networks of Longmen Grottoes in the southeast and Baima Temple in the northeast were very dense, the network of the old urban area in the center was relatively close, the tourism area in the north is relatively sparse, and the spatial distribution pattern of in the western area was almost isolated. On the whole, there were four obvious tourism clusters. 2) Tourist flows network is typical core-periphery, links between the core spots and the peripheries were very sparse, and the trickle-down effect was limited. 3) Tourism nodes in Luoyang urban area were divided into four systems: the first-class, the second-class, the general, and the marginal tourism node. 4) The first class core scenic spots were more extensive and had a strong dominating effect on the overall flow. The edge nodes were mainly constrained by the first-level and the second-class tourism core.
Rapid urbanization has an indirect impact on public health while changing the shape and layout of urban space. The study on the process and mode of urban built environment on residents' health has always been a hot topic of preventive medicine, geography and environmental science. Based on the residents' daily physical activity, this paper focuses on the important branching direction of the research on the relationship between urban built environment and residents' health, clearly defined the conceptual model and action pattern between different scale built environment and residents' health. On this basis, the paper proposes a systematic research framework based on the logical structure of ‘Built environment objective organization-residents' subjective perception-physical activity promotion-health effect output’, and elaborates the specific research ideas from three aspects of data sources, research methods and key research contents. It is believed that residents' daily activities are critical to reveal the space utilization and layout optimization. It is an important combination direction for the development of micro-scale health geography in the future. The study provides theoretical support and paradigm for subsequent empirical research, and also provides reference for relevant public health policy.
The coordinated development of marine economy is an important basis for scientifically evaluating the quality of regional marine economic development. Following the concept of urban and marine economy synergy development, this paper constructs an evaluation system of spatial-temporal coordination degree of marine economic development in cities circum-Bohai Sea. The spatial-temporal coordination degree of marine economic development in cities of circum-Bohai sea from 2008 to 2016 is calculated and analyzed by using the evaluation model of spatial-temporal coordination degree of complex systems, and its spatial-temporal clustering areas are analyzed by SaTScan software. The results show that: 1) in the development level of marine economic system, the social subsystem showed a large-scale decentralized upward trend, while the economic subsystem, ecological subsystem and integrated system showed a small-scale centralized and decentralized upward trend alternately; the stable cities with coordinated grade and time series change were mainly includes Dalian, Weifang, Qingdao, Yantai and Weihai. 2) The spatial and temporal clustering areas of coordination degree are not only spatially differentiated but also overlapping and intersecting. The clustering areas of social subsystem, comprehensive subsystem and economic subsystem cover each other in turn. The ecological subsystem and other three systems have both overlapping and independent areas. 3) Within the cluster area, the social subsystem is the most stable, the comprehensive subsystem and the economic subsystem are the second, and the ecological subsystem is the weakest.
The study takes 69 counties in Zhejiang Province as the analysis object and selects the panel data from 2005 to 2015 as the research sample. Through the construction of "Four modernizations" level and residents’ happiness comprehensive evaluation index system, the entropy method, coupled coordination model, ESDA and geo-weighted regression model and other methods are used to measure the degree of coupling and coordination between the "Four modernizations" and the residents' happiness in Zhejiang Province, and the spatial features and formation mechanism are analyzed by using spatial visualization method. The following conclusions are drawn: From 2005 to 2015, the level of development of "Four Modernizations", the comprehensive index of happiness of residents, the degree of coupling and coordination all show a rising trend. On the whole, the degree of coordination is a spatial development trend of "northeast high, southwest low", and the distribution of spatial agglomeration shows the characteristics of inverted "V" type spatial evolution. The general trend has formed a significant hotspots that spread from Hangzhou which is the core area to the surrounding areas, and a significant cold spot areas which are the border areas of Zhejiang Province southwestern areas. The influential factors of the coordinated development of "Four modernizations" and residents' well-being have obvious geographical differences, self-awareness, open sharing, social opportunities, cultural values, living environment and economic opportunities are decreasing in turn.
Taking Nagqu County in the northern Tibetan Plateau Pastoral Area as the research object, based on settlements spatial data which are accurately extracted from multi-temporal high-resolution remote sensing images during 2005-2017, through the comprehensive application of GIS analysis technology, this article quantitatively measures the overall characteristics and spatial orientation characteristics of the settlement evolution in Nagqu County, and further explores the driving mechanism of settlement pattern and evolution. The results show that: 1) during 2005-2017, the scale and density of settlements in Nagqu County have been increasing, from a quantitative growth expansion to a large-scale expansion. The evolution of settlements pattern shows a staged difference, from spatial disorder to regular order. The settlements of Nagqu County is mainly small, and the proportion of plaques with an area of less than 1 hm 2 is as high as 69%. As time evolves, small settlements gradually transform into large and medium-sized settlements. The spatial correlation of the settlement size is significant. The large-scale plaque agglomeration area is centered on the location of the county seat and extends southwest along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway. The small-scale plaque agglomeration area has a “circular” distribution around the periphery of Nagqu Town. 2) The special natural background has shaped the low altitude and gentle slope trend and hydrophilic near-road characteristics of settlements in Nagqu County. Affected by the living environment and livelihood methods, settlements are often distributed in areas with low natural disasters, and the settlement evolution shows high-quality grassland pointing. And with the increasingly strengthening of the economic functions of the plateau towns, the evolution of settlements in Nagqu County gradually shows the center of the township which is similar to urbanized areas of the interior. 3) High-altitude, broken landforms, frequent occurrence of natural disasters, differences in pasture endowments, and vertical and horizontal water system have shaped the basic settlements pattern of scattered distribution of large-scale small-scale terraces along the river valley in Nagqu County. Social and human factors such as policy, marketization and population growth, location conditions, management systems and cultural concepts are the main driving forces for the evolution of settlements in Nagqu County.
Based on the data of 286 cities at or above the prefecture level in China from 2003 to 2016, the evolutionary characteristics and internal relations of industrial pollution and spatial distribution of labor force were studied, and then the regional income level and industrial agglomeration were taken as threshold variables to study the impact of industrial pollution on labor force agglomeration. The results show that: 1) The center of gravity of industrial pollution and labor force moves backwards in the direction of movement, the center of gravity of industrial pollution moves northward as a whole, and the center of gravity of labor force moves southward as a whole. 2) Industrial pollution emissions will lead to the reduction of labor concentration level, with the increase of regional income level, high pollution level leads to the decline of labor concentration level is more obvious. 3) When industrial agglomeration is taken as the threshold variable, the impact of industrial pollution on labor agglomeration has obvious regional differences. The labor agglomeration level in China and the eastern region first decreases and then increases. The central region has a positive effect of gradual increase, while the western region has a negative effect of gradual decrease.
Geopolitical game of superpowers affects not only national security but also the world pattern. First, the paper constructs a Geopolitical Affect Model on account of considering overall geographical factors. Next, we establish a Geopolitical Game Tree of superpowers on The Diaoyu Island issue based on Game Theory. Then, the game process between China and the US was analysed. Finally, we put forward some strategic responses to the four game trends of the Diaoyu Island issue. The research results show that, 1) When Mainland China dominance, all countries will to be win-win. In the event of war, if the Geostrategic Decision-Making Index of U.S. and Russia is not high, the situation adverse to Mainland China. 2) When the American Geostrategic Decision-Making Index is small but Russian is large, it is a strategic opportunity to solve the Diaoyu Island issue. 3) China need to be flexible in handling Taiwan history problem in that it is the key factor to resolve the Diaoyu Islands issue for China. 4) There is a Nash equilibrium of the strategic game between Mainland China, US and Taiwan, China in the four game situations. However, Mainland China should remain vigilant for US, Japan and Taiwan, China will take risks possible. 5) The game analysis results objectively reflect the various strategic trends and basically coincide with the current strategy of superpowers on the Diaoyu Island issue, confirming the feasibility of the Geopolitics Affect Model to quantify the geographical elements and the rationality of the Geopolitical Game Analysis Method of superpowers.
It`s not suitable for 1 to be regard as criterion to judge the sensitivity of ecosystem services because the Kreuter sensitivity coefficient always ranges from 0 to 1, which means, it can only be regarded as the land ecological importance to ecosystem service value under the existing ecosystem service value evaluation system. In addition, the variability function of ecosystem service value has the same mathematical expression and range as Kreuter sensitivity coefficient in the limit form. However, sometimes it can get a little different or approximate calculation results using the inaccurate arc elasticity calculation method, so that it mistakenly leads us to believing that the two models get two kinds of results. Although the impact of the transformation between different categories on the value of ecosystem services is taken into the cross-sensitivity coefficient, the calculation formula does not meet the basic definition of elasticity, and so the calculation results are difficult to express the meaning of elasticity. The calculation method of elastic sensitivity is generally suitable for random variables, but not for variables with deterministic relations. Whether Kreuter sensitivity coefficient, variability function of ecosystem service value or ecosystem service cross-sensitivity coefficient are all based on the ecosystem services value formula. As a result, the elastic calculation results lack of deep decision-making attributes. According to the elasticity (sensitivity) in economics, the relationship between the supply or demand of ecosystem services and prices should be the research focus rather than the deterministic relationship between the ecosystem services value and the coefficient of ecological value. The price elasticity (sensitivity) of supply or demand of ecosystem services is inherent in the attributes of goods. It may be of greater practical significance to study the sensitivity of ecosystem services to price changes according to the attributes of goods. In ecosystem services, private goods are generally the necessities with the characteristics of low elastic demand and high elastic supply, while public goods are characterized by high elastic demand and low elastic supply. Although the existing studies have used Pearl growth curve to adjust the ecological value coefficient, they do not distinguish between private goods and public goods in ecosystem services, and uniformly regard ecosystem services as public goods.
