After Hong Kong return to China in 1997, in order to prevent the transfer of advanced technologies or equipment through Hong Kong to Mainland, the United States gradually strengthened export control of high and new technologies and products against Hong Kong of China from 1997. This paper took the return year of 1997 as a time node, compared the differences of U.S. export policy to Hong Kong of China before and after Hong Kong’s return, analyzed the internal and theoretical relationship between export control of U.S. and trade geography structure of Hong Kong of China, collected the import and export data of Hong Kong of China in 1993 through 2017 from the United Nations Comtrade Database, established the geographic concentration index of import and export trade to measure the change of trade concentration in Hong Kong of China, set up the trade geography status index to analyze the trade importance and comprehensive impacts of the United States in Hong Kong of China, studied the short-term and long-term effects of the United States export control policy adjustment on Hong Kong trade geography structure from the two dimensions of total trade and high-tech products trade. In the empirical analysis, this paper selected the aerospace industry as a representative sample of high-tech industries. It was found that the strengthening of the United States export control against Hong Kong of China hindered Hong Kong’s import trade from U.S. and hindered Hong Kong’s high-tech exports to Mainland in the short term, but promoted the import and export trade concentration of Hong Kong in the long run. While reducing its dependence on U.S. high-tech, Hong Kong has been more dependent on imports and exports from Mainland. For example, in 1996, the volume of Hong Kong’s imports from Mainland was 4.67 times the volume of imports from the United States, and in 2016, the volume of Hong Kong’s imports from Mainland was 9.38 times the volume of imports from the United States. The U.S. trade geographical position in Hong Kong of China declined significantly because of the U.S. export control policy, while the Mainland’s trade geography status in Hong Kong was greatly enhanced. The high-tech products trade between Hong Kong of China and other developed countries which did not implement export control policy against Hong Kong increased significantly. Take the aerospace industry (HS code 88) for example, 36% imports of Hong Kong of China came from the United States in 1996, only 6% imports of Hong Kong of China came from the United States in 2017. At this stage, the import trade of high-tech products from France in Hong Kong of China showed a completely opposite trend. Since France did not impose strict export control against Hong Kong of China, the aerospace products import ratio of Hong Kong of China from France to World increased steadily from 60% in 1996 to 74% in 2017. Therefore, the finding of this paper is that the U.S. export control policy has significantly impacted and changed the trade geography structure of Hong Kong of China.
Under the influence of transform in map projections, befitting from diversified map services, U.S. geostrategic space concept had experienced a transition from isolationism to interventionism during WWII, promoting U.S. to join WWII and spread specific strategy. On the choice of wartime map projections, this space logic showed a transition from two-dimensional ‘rectangular world’ in cylindrical projection to ‘round world’ in azimuthal equidistant projection and three-dimensional ‘sphere world’ as well as ‘aerial view world’, refracting the global integration space concept in the air age. Through adjusting ‘map space’ under different map projections, U.S. geostrategic space concept during WWII had approach real earth space gradually, which enhanced the rationality to join WWII and correctness of strategic decision of U.S. undoubtedly. As an unity of cognitive discourse and practical discourse, map projections had reflected and been involved in the geopolitical development course of WWII. With the transition of U.S. geostrategic space concept, thereby U.S. had gone from the periphery of world stage to the center of international system. Under the strategic background of the peaceful rise of China and geopolitical adjustment of the globe at present, the innovation of map projections provides a lot of enlightenment for the research of geo-relations in future too.
Under the interaction of government regulation and market mechanism, the spatial correlation of regional economic growth in China has gradually evolved into a complex, multi-threaded network structure Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 1992 to 2013, this article uses the gravitational model and the network analysis method to investigate the structural characteristics of the spatial association network of China's regional economic growth, and based on the weight of the space network to test the convergence of the regional economic growth in China. The research finds that: 1) The spatial correlation network of China's regional economic growth presents a complex and global development trend. The inter-provincial linkages show the coexistence of adjacent connections and jump connections. There are no independent development provinces, but the overall network is not tight enough; The connectivity and accessibility are strong, there are multiple overlapping spillover effects, and the stability of the network is strong; the network hierarchy has a significant downward trend, and the hierarchical structure of the spatial association network is not strict. 2) The degrees, proximity and intermediate centers of Shandong, Henan and Jiangsu are ranked in the top three, and they also have the most contacts with other provinces. They play the role of central actors in the spatial correlation network, and play the role of "intermediary" and "bridge" in the network. The provinces with the lowest degree of degree and near center degree are Jilin and Henan, and the phenomenon of mediation is 0 in many provinces. 3) The spatial correlation network of regional economic growth can be divided into four sections. There are general relationships within and between the four major sections. Among them, the impact of the spillover of the other sections of the sector II is the largest, and the relationship of the sector III to the other sections is the most. It plays a core role in the four sections. 4) The empirical results of convergence test show that there is a global convergence phenomenon in China's regional economic growth. Compared with the traditional spatial weight model, the convergence speed of the model is faster under the weight of the spatial network, reaching 0.07, and the spatial interaction between regions reduced the gap of them; the savings rate has a positive and significant impact on the economic growth rate, capital accumulation is still an important factor affecting convergence; in addition, there is a certain degree of club convergence in the eastern, central and western regions, the central region showed the strongest convergence trend, the convergence speed was as high as 0.101, and the convergence speed in the western region was the lowest, only 0.038. This reveals the important role of spatial network association in regional economic growth and has important theoretical significance for promoting regional coordinated development.
China has experienced an unprecedented surge of rural-urban migration since the mid 1980s, which has led to rapid growth of the urban population, especially in large cities. Along with the vigorous reconstruction of urban space, residents’ place attachment to the neighborhood and their civic engagement are also dramatically changing, which deserves in-depth research. Particularly, without the official residential registration status(Hukou in Chinese), floating population own a lower level of place attachment to the destination neighborhood, and they seem to be lack of aspiration for civic engagement. Against this background, the first objective of this article is to explore the relationship between residents’ place attachment and their civic engagement(which is framed by two dimensions: actual participation behavior and aspiration for civic engagement), with the emphasis on the mediation effect in their interactions. The other purpose is to discuss the heterogeneity of residents’ civic engagement brought by the difference in their Hukou status. It contrasts the group of local residents with the group of migrants, especially in the fields of their aspiration for civic engagement and related mediation effects. In light of the evidence from a 2015 survey of about 1 273 residents in Guangzhou, our empirical findings by a stepwise approach of LPM Models have found that: 1) Residents’ place attachment has a directly-positive impact on their aspiration to participate in civic engagement; 2) This relation is mediated by residents’ actual participation behavior: place attachment also exert an indirect effect on the future aspiration via actual participation behavior; 3) Compared to the group of local residents, migrants hold a lower level of place attachment and civic engagement (both actual behavior and future aspiration); 4) The mediation effect of migrants’ actual participation behavior is much weaker than the one of local residents. These results imply that: without Hukou status, migrants did not get a positive feedback from their participation experience and thereby are not eager to participate in civic engagement. Based on these findings, this article outlines the nature of heterogeneity of place attachment and the institutional barriers of civic engagement in urban China: The Hukou system is still restricting migrants’ participation. Thus, to improve residents’ social wellbeing and their sense of gaining, policymaking needs to give more emphasis on the equalization of public services and the access to civic engagement, especially for migrants.
Based on the case study of Dongguan, which is the highest proportion of migrant population city in China, this article uses the sample data of the points-based household population, investigating the spatial and temporal characteristics of the migrants and their influencing factors. The conclsions are : 1) The points-based household participants have obvious stage characteristics over time, and there is a certain difference from the distribution of migrants. 2) The relation between the number of points-based household participants and their age manifests a U-shaped curve, and the demographic structure of participants tends to be male-dominated and highly educated. 3) The adjustment of the points-based household policy has a significant effect on participants. 4) The social and economic level of towns relocated have a strong impact on the points-based household, whose service economy is more attractive to the migrant population than the manufacturing economy. 5) Long-term residence and working are the key symbols of household change for migrants, and education there for their children is the most important factors for migrants to participate points-based household. Moreover, promoting the equalization of high quality education resources, optimizing and perfect the integral system policy as well as enhancing the economic level and space quality are benefit for promoting the migration long residence.
The spatial agglomeration of the cultural industry is an important force to optimize the spatial structure of modern urban industries and reshape the urban function pattern. In view of lack of analysis on the organic relation between cultural industry and urban function pattern in previous studies on the location characteristics of cultural industries, this paper takes Xi'an, an important cultural industry gathering center in the western China, as an example. The spatial agglomeration characteristics of cultural industry and its coupling relationship with urban functional patterns are analyzed by using the location entropy of land use, standard deviational ellipse, hot and cold spot analysis and overlay analysis, etc. In this article, the cultural industry spatial position point data come from Xi'an Yellow Pages and Baidu map, the land use data of Xi'an main city zone come from the interpreted Landsat TM remote sensing images, which are sourced from the website of US Geological Survey(USGS). The results showed that the character and functions of Xi'an City had a guiding role in the development of cultural industry, making it present the structural characteristics of urban comprehensive services as the main function in the rapid development process. The urban function pattern of Xi'an demonstrated the spatial structure of “concentric circle+axial symmetry”. The new city's growth pole nucleus represented by Xi'an High-tech Industrial Development Zone had gradually matured, laying a foundation for the multi-nuclear evolution of urban functional space. The spatial agglomeration of cultural industry in Xi'an was mainly based on the urban development axis of “Northeast-Southwest” and tended to the relatively mature southern area of the city. This feature had a high consistency with the spatial context and economic spatial evolution of Xi'an urban development. From the perspective of urban function types, the cultural industry in Xi'an had not been obviously concentrated in the traditional urban commercial and trade center, but was apt to be arranged in the urban integrated functional zone dominated by industry and science and education. The distribution hubs of traditional commercial trade, logistics and other elements also had an important impact on the spatial agglomeration of cultural industries. From the perspective of various departments within the cultural industry, the spatial distribution of cultural leisure and entertainment services for life services was relative equilibrium. The cultural creativity and design services for production services tended to be placed in industrial zone, business district, educational research zone or the composite functional zone based on the above functions, showed significant industry-related orientation and environmental atmosphere-oriented characteristics. The coupling relationship between the spatial agglomeration of cultural industry and urban functional pattern in Xi'an reflects the “space+function” dependence of cultural industry layout at this stage. The future development of Xi'an cultural industry, it should be through implementation of measures such as industrial linkage, atmosphere attraction, platform construction and policy encouragement, actively guide the cultural enterprises with high added value and innovation, such as advertising, media, information, design and cultural tourism, gathering in the new city growth pole of different types. This will make the spatial layout of cultural industry evolve from the current linear layout of the main development axis along the city, and gradually evolve into the group spatial structure of multi-core linkage.
This paper studied the spatial structure, pattern, characteristics and evolution trend of high-speed railway (HSR) network in Northeast China. The paper first measured intercity HSR connection intensity of Northeast China. Then by analyzing the network density, the small world effect, the cohesive subgroups, and three kinds of centralities using the network analysis software—University of California at Irvine Network (UCINET), this paper displayed the structure and characteristics of HSR network in Northeast China. Finally, the geographic information system (GIS) was used to simulate the pattern of the intercity HSR connection intensity and three kinds of centralities in Northeast China to reveal the characteristics and the differentiation of their spatial distribution. The results are as following: First, the HSR network of Northeast China is closely organized. And the small world effect of Northeast China’s HSR network is strong. However, HSR cities are still in a weak connection in the Northeast China’s HSR network. ‘Three HSR subgroups’, i.e., Changchun-Siping-Shenyang-Tieling-Fushun, Dalian-Liaoyang-Anshan-Yingkou-Panjin, Songyuan-Baicheng-Ulanhot, and ‘four HSR pairs’, i.e., Jilin-Yanji, Qiqihar-Daqing, Dandong-Benxi, Jinzhou-Huludao have emerged in the Northeast China’s HSR network and HSR ‘seven organization patterns’ have been formed. Second, HSR accessibility of the cities located at the southeast side with Harbin as its dividing line is higher than that of the cities on the northwest side with Harbin as its dividing line in Northeast China. HSR elements have developed into a ‘one core and three edges’ pattern. Changchun is the regional important HSR accessibility intermediary city. Third, connection intensity of different provinces and regions differs greatly as such: Liaoning>Jilin>Heilongjiang>East Inner Mongolia. Spatially, the HSR connection intensity of Liaoning province shows a “one shaft, two wings” spatial pattern. The HSR connection intensity of Jilin Province shows a ‘cross triangle’ spatial pattern. The HSR connection intensity of Heilongjiang Province shows a ‘shaft’ spatial pattern. The HSR connection intensity of East Inner Mongolia shows an “isolation” spatial pattern. Finally, the opening of HSRs in Northeast China accelerates the integration process of Harbin-Daqing-Qiqihar, Harbin-Changchun and Changchun-Jilin-Tumenjiang. It can also boost the growth and development of the HSR triangle skeleton in Liaozhongnan City Groups with Harbin-Dalian HSR, Shenyang-Dandong HSR and Dandong-Dalian HSR. The Northeast China’s HSR network mode will develop into the mode of ‘internal and external co-ordination, land and sea co-ordination’.
Taking the tourism safety of the Changbai Mountains as the research object, using fishbone diagrams, dynamic Bayesian network and GIS technology as the basic research methods, this article establishes the Changbai Mountains tourism safety risk evaluation model. It starts from the natural environment, social environment and human responsibility to screen disaster-causing factors of the scenic spot and construct the evaluation index system of tourism safety risk in the scenic spot. The article uses dynamic Bayesian network to synthetically construct the dynamic evaluation model of tourism safety risk in the scenic spot. The measured data and scenic statistical data were analyzed, and the whole day is divided into 4 dynamic periods of tourism safety risk evaluation to comprehensively realize the dynamic evaluation. The results showed that: 1) The middle risks and above are distributed in a strap-shape region; 2) The higher risk rigions are concided with the scenic spots; 3) The highest probability period of the Changbai Mountains scenic spot safety risk is in the third period (12:00-14:00). The higher probability occurs in the second period (10:00-12:00) and (14:00-16:00), and the lower probability occurs in the first period (8:00-10:00).
With the process of urbanization and motorization, lack of physical exercise has become a serious public health problem, which may cause a series of chronic diseases such as obesity, heart disease or diabetes. Therefore, health geography has become a research hotspot in foreign interdisciplinary studies, but domestic research has still been limited. By utilizing data of social survey, point of interest (POI), road network, land use and other data within the core urbanized area of Fuzhou, this thesis explored the impact of urban built environment on residents' moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) at community scale. In order to avoid uncertain geographic context problem (UGCoP), the spatial measurement range of dependent variable and independent variables was unified within a buffer of 500 meters around samples’ residence. The standard negative binomial regression results demonstrated that low-density land use showed significant positive relationship with physical activity duration, which was totally different from evidence in relative low-density North American cities. But like other international research, single urban function and adjacent main roads in Fuzhou had inhibitory effects on physical activity within community. Furthermore, there was no obvious distinctive in the impact of such 3D dimension of urban built environment on physical activity of various strata, which meant the health effects of urban density, functional mixing, and road network morphology had certain universality. Additionally, physical activity destinations had particular influence on different people. Sports land use and paid stadiums or sports venues could merely promote physical activities of middle-high hierarchy groups or middle-high income earners while had negative effects on vulnerable groups, so that health inequities problem between different classes have been exacerbated. However, the abundance of peripheral public sports facilities with small land occupation had more universal impact on all types of residents. In order to control the interference of self-selection mechanism, this analysis incorporated preference of sports and specifically focused on samples living in public house, unit communities and fanggaifang who nearly had no possibility to choose their housing location. It was proved that the above-mentioned built environment characteristics had independent and steady influence on residents' moderate to vigorous physical activity. Consequently, renovation and renewal of built environment can slow down or even reverse the decline trend in physical activity volume. In particular, the emphasis in western literature on evaluating the density of land use is not entirely applicable to Chinese cities. However, it is necessary to strengthen the functional mix of land-use properties and avoid blindly adopting wide streets. Urban planners should also focus on the value orientation of social equity, not only pay attention to the supply of sports land and paid stadiums, but also should emphasize the public goods attributes of sports land use and activity sites, and continuously improve and maintain public sports facilities around each community so as to meet physical exercise needs for all the people, especially for those who are difficult to obtain fitness services from market and let them share construction fruits of healthy cities. Lastly, some limitation of this research was put forward.
Under the support of spatial big data, urban haze disaster resilience evaluation from the perspective of residents' activities is of great significance to effectively reduce urban haze disaster risk. Through the interpretation of haze disaster resilience and the interaction between residents' activities and built environment, an evaluation index system is constructed. Taking the main urban area of Nanjing as a case, the spatial characteristics are analyzed, and then the space problems are identified. Finally, the strategy of targeted resilience promotion is put forward. The results show that: 1) The disturbance of residents' activities, the adaptability of built environment and the haze disaster resilience are in the middle, middle and low level respectively, the effect of built environment adaptability is limited now. 2) The residents' activity disturbance and the adaptability of the built environment show the spatial characteristics of the "multi core" circle agglomeration, the "strip" agglomeration, respectively, the imbalance of spatial matching between which causes the spatial differentiation of haze disaster resilience not significant, and low level resilience in most area. 3) The disturbance of residents' activities is directly or indirectly caused by the haze severity, the adaptability of the built environment is greatly influenced by haze reduction of ecological environment and haze avoidance of infrastructure, and haze disaster resilience is more affected by residents' activities. The construction of haze disaster resilience should be targeted to enhance the adaptability of the built environment and reduce the disturbance of residents' activities, and pay attention to the matching degree of the two in the spatial optimization measures.
Hunan Province in the central region is taken as the research area. The impact of external environment and carbon emission efficiency is focused on to pay attention to the coordination of internal space and seek effective energy saving and emission reduction path. The carbon emission efficiency and environmental efficiency of 14 cities (states) in Hunan Province are measured and the spatial differences are analyzed from 2010 to 2016 by applying Super-SBM-Nonoriented model and Malmquist index. The results show that: 1) From the point of time series evolution characteristics, the carbon efficiency and environment efficiency in the most of the cities (states) are generally low except in Changsha and Changde. Pure technical efficiency contributes more significantly, while technical efficiency and scale efficiency are inadequate. Carbon efficiency improved in parts of regions from 2010 to 2016, but all are below the 10% growth level. The reason lies in the insufficient utilization of the existing technology level and scale effect in various regions, such as the failure in rational allocation and development of economy scale and advantageous resources in the process of carbon emission control. 2) From the perspective of spatial pattern distribution, the differences of efficiency level in the 14 cities (states) in Hunan province are significant. The carbon emission efficiency is gradually transferred and improved from the central region to the marginal region. While the environmental efficiency is highly volatile, showing the trend of "decentralization-agglomeration-decentralization". Specifically, the technical efficiency of carbon emission of Xiangxi, Huaihua, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan in the Eastern Hunan is significantly enhanced, while the efficiency level of Shaoyang and Hengyang in the Central Hunan and the Southern Hunan is reduced. The efficiency level of Eastern Hunan in the five energy regions is relatively high, followed by the Northern Hunan. The Southern Hunan and the Western Hunan are spatial complementary regions, and the efficiency level of the Central Hunan is relatively lagging. 3) From the analysis of influencing factors, the effect of the second and third industries is found not significant. The ecological environment, industrial agglomeration and external dependence have negative effects on carbon emission efficiency, and technological progress shows positive effects. Finally, the suggestions as combining the existing policy guidance and technological development, giving full play to the economic scale effect of various regions, promoting the rapid flow of production factors between regions and promoting technological progress to be the main driver of energy conservation and emission reduction are put forward.
In the 21st century, China's Physical Geography has also entered a new period of development, and its pattern has undergone tremendous changes. The orientation of Chinese Physical Geography in international academic circles has undergone qualitative changes after half a century of development. Considering that previous studies only paid attention to whether the research content was in line with the international standards and whether it was ahead of the international research direction with little data support. This article designs a bibliometric analysis to explore the current status of Chinese Physical Geography in the international academic community. We takes the SCI-E of American scientific intelligence institution since 2000 as the data source, by using bibliometric method, analyzed the current situation of Chinese Natural Geography, status and problems in the field of international academic research, including the total volume of publications, the citation rate of papers, the distribution of first-class academic institutions and star scholars, the issue of popular periodicals and key words. The results show that: First, in the international status, since the beginning of twenty-first Century, Chinese natural geography has developed rapidly in the international academic circles. In the field of Physical Geography, we can give full play to our strengths and contribute to it and has made a measure of achievements. Second, in terms of literature results, consistent with the main trends in the development of international natural geography, the publication of relevant literatures on Physical Geography has been increasing since 2000. By the end of 2016, the total number of China's Physical Geography articles in authoritative institutions has accounted for 18.96% of the volume, and has become the second largest country, second only to the United States. According to the quantitative indicators of research results, since twenty-first Century, China has made good development and progress in the field of Physical Geography; The proportion of high-quality articles increased from 4.4% in the early twenty-first Century to 14.3%, and the cumulative cited amount of literature has jumped from 0 times to 20 thousand times now. It is proved that the development of Physical Geography in China is not only limited to the speed and output but also has quality assurance. Our research results are gradually recognized by the international academic community. Third, in terms of the research, the number of first-class institutions (eighth) and stars scholars (fourth) are among the world's top share. It is proved that the development of Physical Geography in China is not only limited to the speed and output but also has quality assurance. Fourth, on the road to internationalization, Chinese scholars are constantly trying to keep pace with the field of international research, following the trend of the world closely. At the same time, there is still some space for development of natural geography in China, such as there is still theoretical innovation and the study of global common issues, which needs to be improved. In the future, the impact of human activities on global change, urbanization process and its resource and environmental effects, and the research direction of special Physical Geography will be the research trend of Natural Geography in China.
The macro social security function of cultivated land resources and the livelihood maintenance function of micro farmers determine that the connotation and characteristics of the fragmentation of cultivated land are quite different in different spatial scales. In view of the fact that the connotation of cultivated land fragmentation is single, the spatial index measurement is limited, and few attention has been paid to the regional differences in land consolidation, such as the characteristics and spatial distribution of cultivated land resources. This study takes a case study in Jiangsu Province, and constructs an evaluation system of cultivated land fragmentation from aspects such as resource scale, spatial agglomeration and production convenience which based on the definition of spatial scale characteristics of the connotation of cultivated land fragmentation. The results show that: 1) The value of resource scale is generally low, showing a pattern of gradual decline from north to south in Jiangsu; The value of spatial agglomeration is generally high, but the regional differences are obvious, and the high value areas are mainly distributed in Xuhuai Plain and Lixiahe Plain; The value of convenience property was significantly higher in southern than that in central and northern of Jiangsu Province, and the regional differences are obvious; 2) At the township scale, the fractal dimension of cultivated land was coupled to form the index of cultivated land fragmentation in Jiangsu Province. The index showed a gradually increasing pattern from north to south under the provincial scale, which was characterized by the low value aggregation areas in the north and the high value aggregation areas in the southwest; 3) Combined with the characteristics of different attributes of cultivated land fragmentation, Jiangsu Province has been classified into six categories: the utilization efficiency improvement area, the intensive merging area, the facility reformation area, the scale circulation area, the resource optimization area and the comprehensive consolidation area. The study can provide a useful reference for identifying the problems of regional cultivated land resource, determining the key direction of land consolidation, and making the consolidation plans for the stage.
This study takes Hetao Plain of Inner Mongolia as the research area, based on the RS and GIS technical support and the field sample collection, and uses the China first national geoinformation survey data as the data source, constructs the inversion model through calculating the correlation between the salinity degree and the band, classifies it with expert decision tree, and carries out dynamic monitoring of cultivated land salinization-alkalization in 2006-2014, and analyzes the spatio-temporal characteristics of NPP in different salinization-alkalization degree of cultivated land. The results shows that: Between 2006-2014, the non-saline-alkali cultivated land and the light-saline-alkali cultivated land in the study area showed a decreasing trend, with a reduction of 6.23%, that accounts for 3.55% of the total area of cultivated land. During this period, NPP increases first and then decreases, with a reduction of 2.06%. The medium-saline-alkali cultivated land showed a trend of first decline and then increase, with a net increase of 22.40%, that accounts for 5.10% of the total area of cultivated land. During this period, NPP changed none first and then increased, with a increase of 6.73%. The severe-saline-alkali cultivated land showed a trend of increase first and then decline, with a net decline of 7.68%, that accounts for 1.55% of the total area of cultivated land. During this period, NPP continued to increase, with a increase of 3.81%. In general, although the area of medium-saline-alkali cultivated land increased in nine years because of natural and artificial factors, the available land area and effective cultivated land increased continuously, and the NPP in the improved area shows a trend of continuous growth. The results shows that the control of saline-alkali land has achieved success to a certain extent.
Objectively assessing the effectiveness of ecological restoration measures and analyzing effective ways to promote the efficiency of ecological management are important scientific and policy issues in the Weihe River Basin. Using an interdisciplinary approach, the aim of this study is to measure the control efficiency of the Sloping Land Conversion Program（SLCP）and terrace fields on soil and water loss by adopting the Bootstrap-DEA model and using a comprehensive dataset (including biophysical and socioeconomic data) from 39 counties in the period 2000-2015. Then, exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) was used to capture the spatial correlation in overall control efficiency. Finally, geographically weighted regression (GWR) was employed to identify the spatial heterogeneity and evolutionary characteristics in the relationship between control efficiency and natural conditions and socioeconomic development in each sample county.Results show that the control efficiency of soil erosion increased from 0.263 to 0.336 during the study period. The increase of the treatment efficiency for soil and water loss in the early stage was due to the improvement of pure technical efficiency; while later the scale efficiency played a leading role in promoting the treatment efficiency. In addition, the efficiency showed a stable spatial agglomeration. The hotspots of efficiency were concentrated primarily in Baoji City, while the cold-spot center was Lintong, the radius of which extended to the municipality districts of Xi'an, Gaoling, and Fuping. The difference in control efficiency is the result of a combination of multiple factors; the factors affecting control efficiency vary across counties, indicating that regional governments should consider full-scale initiatives.
Regional early-warning technical methods of the resources and environment carrying capacity are important application for comprehensive and regional geography theories. Under the influence of the scale effects, there are obvious differences in the controlling factors of resources and environment. The promotion of national technical methods should be combined with regional characteristics to improve. Taking Fujian Province as an example, the article forms a perfect plan for early-warning technical methods of the resources and environment carrying capacity suitable for mountainous hilly areas. The research methods adopted include literature research method, geographic comparison method, GIS spatial analysis, and mathematical model. Summarized the spatial heterogeneity and regional specificity of Fujian Province, that is, there are few mountainous areas and prominent contradictions between man and land in China's developed coastal areas. The research idea of program improvement is that the evaluation technology matches the provincial characteristics, the development threshold is coordinated with the main function, and the division result and the natural differentiation are unified. The conclusions are presented: 1) The characteristic elements of the mountainous hilly area are introduced in the evaluation model. Emphasis is placed on the adjustment of the impact factor scores such as slope, ecological protection red line and flood passage in land resource evaluation, the replacement of water resources assessment methods, and the adjustment of key ecological function zone integration methods. 2) In the case of complex and variable terrain and significant regional differences, it is advisable to replace the isolated point data with data with global coverage as much as possible. It is concentrated in the evaluation data of cultivated land quality used in the main producing areas of agricultural products, and the comprehensive impact index of geological disasters centered on the earthquake disasters.
This article uses a non-radiological and non-angled data envelopment analysis model based on non-desired outputs to measure the efficiency of maize production in 20 provinces in China during 2006-2016 and analyzes its temporal and spatial characteristics and influencing factors. The results showed that the maize production efficiency was higher in the Northeast, Huanghuaihai, and Mengxin district, but the efficiency values in Shandong and Liaoning were lower than 0.90, and the inter-provincial differences were small; the efficiency in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, southwest and northwest was low. However, the efficiency values in Anhui, Chongqing, Shanxi, and Gansu are higher than 0.90, and there are large differences among the provinces. The overall corn production efficiency showed a downward trend, with the polarities first shrinking and then expanding, and the number of low-efficiency areas increased significantly. In the past three years, labor input in Sichuan and Guizhou can be reduced by more than 15%, Liaoning can reduce the input of chemical fertilizers by more than 10%, and capital investment in Jilin and Heilongjiang can be reduced by more than 5%. Too high emission of total nitrogen and total phosphorus is the common cause of the decrease of maize production efficiency in each province. The proportion of total nitrogen in Hubei, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Sichuan can be reduced by more than 60%, and the total phosphorus in Ningxia, Shaanxi, and Hubei can be reduced by up to above 50%. Farm-scale fertilizer losses should be reduced through water and fertilizer management, and regional-scale fertilizer losses should be controlled through layout adjustment and structural optimization. Northeast China and Huang-Huai-Hai District should focus on controlling the loss of phosphate fertilizer-induced drainage losses and nitrogen fertilizer leaching losses. The Southwest and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River should focus on controlling the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus caused by heavy rainfall runoff. Northwest and Mengxin District should reduce fertilizers through water-saving irrigation.
