Foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) have made great contributions to China’s export growth through direct exports and indirect spillover effects. Most of the literature focus on the role of FIEs in local exports and innovation based on knowledge spillover, while few studies focus on the trade activities of FIEs. From a global-local interaction perspective, this paper employs the data of the Chinese Customs in 2000-2016 to establish a three-dimension framework for local, destination, and local-destination interaction, examining the impact of the local embeddedness of FIEs on the diversification of FIEs’ export markets. In this paper, local embeddedness of FIEs is divided into three dimensions to explore its impacts on export expansion, namely, knowledge coupling, technology embeddedness, and other embeddedness. Descriptive analysis shows that the local embeddedness of FIEs in the eastern region is the highest, while that in the central region and in the western region is lower. Over time, the local embeddedness of FIEs in each region gradually increases. In addition, the number of new export destinations of FIEs in the eastern region is smaller than that in the central region and in the western region, but the number of countries which got comparative advantage is larger. The empirical results show that local embeddedness of FIEs in China has positive effects on the diversification of export markets. However, due to the trade particularity of FIEs, local embeddedness has different effects on the dual margin of exports. To be specific, local embeddedness plays a significant role in promoting comparative advantage of FIEs in exporting, but the promotion of the destination country’s expansion is restricted to general trade. Specifically, the knowledge coupling plays a major role in the promotion. Institutional distance and export spillover can promote the acquisition of comparative advantage of FIEs’ export, but they cannot promote the expansion of destination countries. This research helps FIEs in China to formulate localization strategy. On the one hand, FIEs have full motivation to initiative, strengthen their ties with local culture, society, and technology, and improve their coupling with local knowledge. On the other hand, the policy orientation should be shifted from direct cost incentives such as deductions and concessions to indirect policies, such as using industrial clusters to guide domestic and foreign enterprises in strengthening ties with each other. Besides, when formulating foreign trade policies, the government should fully consider the differences between general trade and processing trade, and develop specific trade policies.
Knowledge spillover is an important mechanism to improve the R&D efficiency. Based on the theoretical analysis, a multi spatial framework of knowledge spillover mechanism is constructed, and a spatial econometric model is established based on the panel data of 30 provinces in Chinese mainland from 2009 to 2017. The impact of knowledge spillover in different spatial scales on the R&D efficiency is investigated. We find that two-stage chain R&D activities in China show the characteristics of spatial heterogeneity and spatial dependence. The knowledge creation efficiency in coastal areas is relatively high, and the knowledge commercialization efficiency is relatively low, while the western region presents the opposite characteristics. In addition, interregional knowledge spillover has a significant positive impact on the overall R&D efficiency, and the overall R&D efficiency in the region is affected by the R&D externalities in neighboring areas. Finally, with respect to R&D value chain effects, we find that R&D value chain spillovers took place intra-regionally but not inter-regionally. However, the impact of international knowledge spillover on the efficiency of R&D activities is not significant. The conclusions allow us to fully capture the mechanism of knowledge spillovers and provide evidence for case studies in China.
The spatial evolution of industries is a simultaneous process with the spatial development of regional economy. This article applies spatial statistical methods to analyzing the spatial development and transformation of China’s industries. The research found that from 2003 to 2016, the spatial centers of the three industries in China all moved westward, and the secondary industry had the largest moving distance. The spatial dispersion of the primary industry is developing and the spatial aggregation degree is decreasing. The manufacturing industry is aggregating from coastal areas to inland, and its spatial aggregation degree is higher than that of service industry. The service industry is aggregating in coastal areas and its spatial centralization is increasing while its spatial aggregation degree increases unceasingly. At present, the secondary and tertiary industries of the economy both show east-west expansion and north-south contraction spatially, and the both sectors of the economy are more inland after 2011-2012. They jointly affect the spatial development and transformation of the national economy in China. The spatial optimization of industrial layout is an important means to promote the spatial transformation and development of economy. In the years of 2003 and 2010, the coordination feature of spatial coupling between the secondary and tertiary industries of the economy was high in east and low in west, while in 2016, the coordination feature of spatial coupling between the two was high in west and low in east. In 2003, the distribution of secondary sector of the economy was closer to the eastern seaboard than that of tertiary sector, and the spatial pattern difference between the two sectors was mainly in the southwest. In 2010, the spatial pattern of tertiary sector was closer to the coastal area than secondary sector and the spatial difference between the two sectors was mainly in the west and south. In 2016, the spatial pattern of secondary sector was more to the southwest, and its spatial difference with the tertiary sector is transferred to the northern part of the spatial ellipse. The Yangtze River Economic Belt has always been one of the most important industrial corridors in China. In particular, the proportion of the secondary industry in Chengdu-Chongqing region and major cities in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River has increased significantly, while the tertiary industry is also growing continuously. It is suggested to accelerate the development of service industry clusters in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river and Chengdu-Chongqing region where the secondary and tertiary industries are well developed, and vigorously promote the in-depth integration of manufacturing and service industries through the hub role of networked cluster organization.
This article explored the evolution characteristics and its causes regarding spatial network structure of China’s provincial tourism efficiency from 2011 to 2016 by applying Super-DEA model and social network analysis method comprehensively. The results show that: 1) From 2011 to 2016, the average value of China’s provincial tourism efficiency is 0.739, showing a slight decline as a whole, and the spatial distribution characteristic of ‘Eastern region>Central region>Northeastern region>Western region’ is roughly presented. 2) During the research period, the spatial correlation network of China’s provincial tourism efficiency is presented to be multi-threaded, dense and complicated, and the spatial network structure is not stable yet. The network density of tourism efficiency has decreased, but it still presents a rigid and hierarchical network structure. 3) Guangdong, Jiangsu and Shandong Provinces have the highest priority and play the role of leaders in the spatial network structure. However, Hainan Province is partial to a corner, which is at the end of the transmission of tourism production factors, and its connectivity with other provinces is weak. The core-periphery structure of the whole spatial network tends to be cohesive group. 4) Tourism investment level, the distance among capitals and informatization development level jointly drive the evolution and optimization of spatial network structure of China’s provincial tourism efficiency.
As important carriers of industrial development and economic growth, development zones are of great significance to realize China’s industrial transformation and regional coordinated development. China’s development zones are dominated by technology-intensive industries that account for more than 50%, with obvious advantages in agricultural and sideline products, equipment manufacturing, electronic information industry and biomedicine. Then the eastern, central and western regions are dominated by technology-intensive, labor-intensive and capital-intensive industries, respectively. The industrial agglomeration degree of the development zones shows a reverse trend of expanding as the scale shrinks, while urban agglomerations and central cities are their most important carriers. The agglomeration patterns of the three types of industries are similar at the regional and provincial scales, but the agglomeration patterns at the prefecture scale are becoming more complicated, especially in the northeast, southwest and northwest regions of China. In addition, the industrial agglomeration of the development zone has obvious spatial dependence, and the prefecture scale is stronger than the provincial scale. There is a significant co-agglomeration effect between the industries in the development zones, and the industrial attributes have a great impact on them. At the provincial scale, there is a wide range of co-agglomeration effect among industries. For example, there are strong co-agglomeration effects between textile & garment, petrochemical and other types of industries. However, the equipment manufacturing, electronic information and other technology-intensive industries have a strong co-agglomeration effect at the prefecture scale. Based on the above research findings, this paper further suggests the cultivation of labor-intensive and capital-intensive industrial clusters such as textile, clothing and petrochemical industries on a provincial scale. At the prefecture scale, we should focus on the development of technology-intensive industrial clusters such as electronic information.
Taking the urban agglomerations of the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta and the middle-south of Liaoning Province as examples, using the relevant data of cities at the prefecture level and above in each urban agglomerations from 2009 to 2018, and with the aid of social network analysis and spatial measurement methods, this paper empirically studies the influence of high-speed railway construction on the spatial correlation pattern and economic growth effect of urban agglomeration. The results show that in terms of spatial association form, through the construction of high-speed railway, the node center of cities under the jurisdiction of each urban group has been improved and the relationship between cities is more closely. However, the ranking sequence of cities in urban groups varies, forming a spatial association sequence structure with different characteristics In the aspect of economic growth effect, high-speed railway construction promotes the coordinated economic development of urban agglomeration, and the higher the economic development level and spatial correlation degree of urban agglomeration, the higher the positive economic growth power of high-speed railway construction; The spatial spillover effects of high speed rail on economic growth in the Pearl River Delta, central and southern Liaoning and Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone were significantly positive and decreased in turn.
Using DEA model, MI index, GIS spatial analysis and other methods, this article explores the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of poverty alleviation efficiency of the disabled in China in 2012 to 2016, analyzes the forms and optimization paths of poverty alleviation for the disabled, and it shows that: 1) Between 2012 and 2016, the high-efficiency poverty alleviation zones for the disabled were transformed from Guangdong and Guangxi, the Bohai rim region to southeast coastal region, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region as well as some areas that are in the middle of China, and the distribution pattern of the medium-efficiency poverty alleviation zones was transformed from ‘small clusters’ to ‘large dispersion’. 2) The spatial distribution of output change is uneven. Most provinces and cities have achieved a large increase in the number of people out of poverty, and the change in the distribution of the number of people with training disabilities as well as the regional clustering is significant. The number of poor disabled people supported by project loans varies greatly, high in the east and low in the west, and medium level accounts for most. The difference of the poor disabled people benefited from the renovation project of dilapidated houses is relatively average, and partial aggregation is obvious. 3) The forms and types of poverty alleviation efficiency are quite different. Qinghai, Jiangxi and Heilongjiang are potential type, with low poverty alleviation efficiency and diminishing marginal value. Fujian, Hainan, Ningxia, Shanghai, Mongolia, Yunnan, Tibet, Guizhou, Shanxi, Henan and Xinjiang belong to growing type, with low poverty alleviation efficiency and Increasing marginal value. Hunan, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Anhui, Chongqing, Hubei, Gansu, Liaoning, Jilin, Guangdong, Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and other places are in the gold type, with high poverty alleviation efficiency and increasing marginal value; Jiangsu, Shandong, Guangxi and Shanxi are in the recession type, with high poverty alleviation efficiency and diminishing marginal value. 4) Both the type of ‘Self-created blood’ poverty alleviation and ‘external transfusion’ poverty alleviation have positive effects on the actual poverty alleviation and between them, the method of ‘Self-created blood’ poverty alleviation is more closely related to actual poverty alleviation.
The symbiotic relationship between producer services and manufacturing leads to the co-agglomeration of two sectors. As most literature focuses on their functional connections, studies from a spatial perspective are limited. Relying on the firm-level data from tianyancha.com, this paper analyzes co-agglomeration patterns and characteristics between six manufacturing sub-sectors and five producer service sub-sectors in Guangzhou, China. We utilized kernel density, Moran’s I, and geo-detector to explore the spatial similarities between those sub-sectors and the underlying mechanisms. Kernel density was employed to visualize the collaborative agglomeration directly. Global and local bivariate Moran’s I statistics were employed to explore the spatial autocorrelation. By employing the geographic detector, we further examined the underlying mechanism of varying co-agglomeration patterns. Major findings are as follows: 1) Manufacturing in Guangzhou is more scattered relative to produce services, with several agglomeration centers in the peripheral regions. 2) The distributions of manufacturing and producer services are spatially similar. Such similarities also vary across sub-sectors. Among these six sub-sectors, technology service companies have the most similar manufacturing distribution, with a high level of polycentricity. On the other hand, financial companies have the lowest similarity to the spatial layout of manufacturing companies. 3) The high-high cluster areas of producer service and manufacturing are located near suburbs such as Panyu District and Baiyun District. The low-low cluster areas are concentrated in distant suburbs like Conghua District and Zengcheng District. The high-low and low-high clusters are located in central urban areas such as Tianhe, Yuexiu, and Haizhu districts, suggesting a spatial mismatch of producer service and manufacturing in Guangzhou’s urban center. 4) Technology service has the strongest impact on all six manufacturing sub-sectors’ spatial configurations, with the highest spatial similarity. In contrast, the cluster of financial firms is unlikely to leads to the agglomeration of manufacturing companies. This divergence is highly associated with the trajectory of the city’s industrial development, functional characteristics of service industries, and spatially varying flexibility of private enterprises.
The spatial decay of retail patronizing behavior in trade areas exists objectively, but there is a controversy about the power law and exponential law and no conclusion on the distance-decay mode has been reached to date. Exploring spatial decay modes and parameters will help to optimize urban commercial space structure and provide scientific advices. Taking examples of 14 commercial centers in Shanghai, this study aims to analyze and validate the distance-decay law and its coefficients of retail travel behavior, based on mobile phone signaling data in 2013. We compare and examine the distance decay modes and coefficients of varying scale commercial centers in different leisure time. The results show that both power and exponential distance-decay modes have high goodness of fits, the adjusted R2 is greater than 0.6 for most of commercial centers. In comparison, power law function fits better slightly, but the advantage is not significant, the goodness of fit of the former is only slightly higher about 0.05 than the later. Meanwhile, the distance is still a key factor affecting retail travel behavior of urban residents, and distance-decay coefficient decreases with the size of commercial centers increasing, especially on weekday. Power-law distance decay coefficient is between 1 and 2 for commercial centers, which has strong spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Such as, the distance decay coefficient of Zhenru commercial center is up to 2.084, while that of East Nanjing road commercial center is 1.010. So the radiation capacity of commercial centers will be too overestimate or underestimate if given coefficient 1 or 2 is adopted. Another conclusion of this research is that the constraint effect of leisure time on retail travel behavior cannot be ignored. Compared with weekend, the distance decay parameter on weekday is larger, and the smaller the commercial center size is, the more significant the distance decay is. The coefficient differences between weekend and weekday for East Nanjing road and Xujiahui commercial centers are smaller, which is less than 0.3. While there are significant differences in varying leisure time for Zhenru and Zhonghuan commercial centers.
According to different data sources and different technical routes, the land types and building heights of Guangzhou’s main urban areas in the large scale in the six periods of 1835-2017 were interpreted and restored. Focusing on the spatial differentiation of urban heights, the migration of height centers of gravity, and the rise of urban heights, the evolution of urban heights in Guangzhou’s main urban areas since 1835 was analyzed. Research shows that: 1) 1835-1907 belonged to the siege structure under the leadership of the king. The height is between 4 and 5 m, with little difference between the center and the periphery. The evolution of urban heights since 1928 has the characteristics of a modern city. 2) Although the scope of the main urban area, the geometric center, and the CBD center of each era have undergone major migrations, the height of the city has gradually decreased from 1928 to 2017, and can continue to strengthen. 3) In 1990, there was a difference in the building height of the land use type, and the land use types tended to be diversified. The difference in height between the function types increased the combination type of urban buildings. 4) During the eastward migration along the north bank of the Pearl River, the height of the center of gravity was small and the plane expanded prominently in 1928-1960; However, the subsequent 1990-2017 eras showed strong vertical uplift. The building enters the stage of modern high-rise buildings. The structure and evolution of Guangzhou’s urban building heights depend on the combined effects of the geographical pattern, urban planning, and market forces of the ‘near the mountain and by the river’ plain cities.
This article takes the main urban area of Taiyuan city as an example. Firstly, according to the ecosystem service theory, the positive and negative ecosystem regulation service values provided by different land use types in Taiyuan are measured and calculated respectively. Then, the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of urban complex ecosystem regulation services are analyzed comprehensively. Finally, from the direct cause (land use change) and the root cause (space urbanization, population urbanization, industrial space organization and location condition optimization, government policies and planning), the mechanism of urban ecosystem regulation service capacity change in Taiyuan is explained. The results showed that: 1) From 2004 to 2016, Taiyuan composite ecosystem presented inverted environmental Kuznets curve of ecological regulation service value, the overall urban ecology developed well, and the ability of environmental ecological regulation service gradually increased; Spatially, the value of ecological regulation services presents a pattern of patches and checkerboard. On the whole, the value of regional complex ecosystem regulation services gradually increases from the central urban area of Taiyuan city to the surrounding areas. 2) The main driving mechanism for the change of the regulation capacity of the complex ecosystem in Taiyuan: the change of land use attribute is the direct cause of the change of ecosystem regulation services; Space urbanization, population urbanization, industrial space organization and space planning, and relevant government policies are the root causes.
The county-to-district reform expands urban space and functions, accelerates the flow of factors and the allocation of resources, and thus affects the urban real estate prices. Using the propensity score matching method and difference-in-difference method to test and analyze the effect and mechanism of the county-to-district reform on China's real estate market. The study shows that: 1) The county-to-district reform has a significant restraining effect on real estate price, and the effect is short-term; 2) In terms of cities, Type I large cities and mega cities will have a more significant restraining effect on house price rises after the county-to-district reform; 3) The stronger the urban expansion is, the stronger the restraining effect on the real estate price is, while the population inflow and infrastructure construction reduces the restraining effect on the housing price.
City squares arise from the needs of social life and serves for the needs of residents. In the course of urban development in China, a city square has become an important leisure place that integrates publicity, artistry, vitality and other characteristics. In this study, CiteSpace information visualization tool is used to sort out the related research contents of urban square and human settlement environment at home and abroad. Based on web of science and CNKI database, with the help of keyword clustering, network atlas and other methods, the important literature in this field is analyzed quantitatively. The results show that: 1) As the epitome of urban human settlement environment, the research of urban square combines the perspectives of urban geography, planning, psychology, architecture and sociology. Comparison of domestic and foreign research: China and the United States make the largest contribution to their articles, but few articles deeply study the city square from the perspective of human settlements; foreign studies pay more attention to the city square and environmental pollution, air quality and other contents, and at the same time, the management policy research is more targeted. 2) Compared with foreign related research that focuses on the scope of various settlements, the research on the human settlement environment in China is more extensive and pays more attention to politics and economics. Different elements of landscape environment, ecological environment, artistic living environment, and social development environment will all have an impact on city squares. Among the keywords with high exposure, environment and residents’ satisfaction are mostly the categories. 3) The external “hard” environment of urban square can meet the needs of residents’ social life through internal facilities and external space, while the “soft” environment can meet the spiritual needs of residents through cultural atmosphere edification and ideological concept transmission. Both internal and external “soft” and “hard” environments play an important role in residents’ material satisfaction and spiritual absorption. 4) As a public space, the planning foothold and final destination of city square are residents and their related activities. The utilization and satisfaction of residents to the city square largely determines the effectiveness of urban public space utilization, and further reflects the rationality of urban planning and square planning. The change of research focus on the impact of urban square on human settlement environment is affected by the degree of social development and the concept of urban planning in different periods. However, from the perspective of development direction, it is the exploration of equal access to resources and enjoyment of healthy, comfortable and livable life for urban residents in different periods. Based on the new perspective of urban square “human settlement environment”, this article systematically analyzes the development trend and frontier hot spots of urban square and human settlement environment, expands the research content in this field to a certain extent, and provides theoretical support for the construction of urban square and livable city.
The complex ecosystem composed of nature, economy and society provides conditions for the existence and development of tourism resources. At the same time, rich tourism resources can not only promote the development of tourism, but also provide an important force for promoting economic development and natural environment protection. Using the methods of linear weight, coupling coordination degree model and trend analysis, this paper explores the current situation and obstacle factors of the coupling coordination development of tourism resources and ecological security in the sixteen areas of Yunnan Province. The results show that: ① Although 87.50% of the states and cities are in the stage of moderate coupling coordinated development of tourism resources and ecological security, the overall coupling coordinated development tends to be stable and presents a “core-periphery” structure with Kunming as the core. Thus, the coupling coordinated development needs to be improved. ② Except for the tourism areas in central and southeast Yunnan, the spatial differences of coupling coordinated development of the other four tourism areas are gradually narrowing from the local evolution characteristics, and the tourism development shows a certain “diffusion effect”. ③ The obstacle degree of 50% of the states and cities’ tourism resources have the characteristics of “combination degree > grade degree > type > abundance”. On the aspect of ecological security obstacle degree, the main factors that affect the coupling coordination development of the two systems are the low quality of tourism development and ecological environment, the insufficient driving force of tourism and socio-economic development, and the imperfect response mechanism of ecological security.
Sediment source study is one of the key aspects of soil erosion research, which is significant for the implementation of erosion control measures. The composite fingerprints, which has good utilization potentiality, is one of the most advanced approaches for sediment source study to data. However, particles sorting has significant influence on accuracy of sediment source discriminant based on the composite fingerprints. Additionally, the properties of soil (such as organic matter), using as fingerprints enrich or deplete in some grain size ranges, which further affect the correctness of sediment source classification and the discriminating accuracy of sediment sources. Thus, this study focused on sediment formed by water erosion, summarized the enriching or depleting characteristics of fingerprints, distribution of fingerprints in different grain size ranges, selection of particles size ranges for fingerprints, influence of aggregates on sediment source discrimination, and correction of particle sorting and organic matter content in the estimation models for sediment sources. This review is helpful for insightful understanding to the effect of particle sorting and organic matter on sediment source study using the composite fingerprints.
Spatial proximity is considered to be the first law of Geography. However, there are few quantitative studies on the interactions in neighboring destinations. This article, taking the neighboring destinations Huangshan, Xidi and Hongcun as cases, explores the relation by Granger causality test, and analyzes the spillover effects of neighboring destinations using the widely used DY spillover index (Diebold & Yilmaz spillover index) in current economic research. The results are shown as follows: 1) There is a bidirectional Granger causality both between Hongcun, Xidi and Huangshan, and there is only unidirectional Granger causality between Xidi and Hongcun. 2) In terms of spillover effect, there are positive effects of Huangshan’s spillover on Xidi and Hongcun and the positive effect of Xidi’s spillover on Hongcun, which is consistent with Granger causality test. 3) The time-varying characteristics of the spillover effect are more complex and rich. The spillover effects of the 3 destinations show a situation of mutual intertwining and complementing, not any destination has produced positive or negative spillover effect; The cross-spillover analysis of events shows that the conclusions of “replacement and complementarity” cannot reflect the complex dynamic process of the interaction of neighboring destinations which is actually full of mutual penetration and entanglement. This article takes quantitative research on the interaction of neighboring destinations from the spillover perspective, and to some extent compensates for the lack of quantitative measurement of tourism interactions. However, in general, quantitatively empirical research is still weak compared with the qualitative research on the interactions of neighboring destinations, and needs to be further deepened.
Based on the spatial scale of prefecture level cities, spatial clustering analysis method and geographically weighted regression model are applied to studying the spatial heterogeneity of poverty reduction effect of urbanization and the trends of spatiotemporal evolution with the data from 111 prefecture level cities of Hunan, Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi in 2006, 2011 and 2016. The results show that: 1) There is obviously spatial heterogeneity in poverty reduction effect of urbanization in Hunan, Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi. Among them, the increase of population urbanization rate has gradually increased the overall impact to farmers’ income, and the high impact coefficients are mainly concentrated in the central and western Hunan. 2) Industrial urbanization is generally beneficial to increase farmers’ income, but in some areas it shows the opposite effect. Besides, as the positive effects of industrial urbanization on the changing of farmers’ incomes gradually expanding, their differences in different regions also expand over time. In terms of space, the areas with lower poverty reduction effect of industrial urbanization which are gradually shrinking from Hunan, Guangxi and other prefecture level cities to northeastern Guangxi, eastern and southern Hunan, and the areas with low population urbanization poverty reduction effect and high industrial urbanization poverty reduction effect are overlapped. 3) The impact of land urbanization on farmers’ income varies greatly in different regions. However, the mean value of the regression coefficient is always negatively shows that it plays a role of constraining the growth of farmers’ income, and there is a trend of enlarging gaps between different areas, the high-value areas are concentrate in Guangxi, northern and northeastern Sichuan, northeastern Chongqing, and southeastern Guangxi, with an overall distribution pattern of “high in the south and low in the north”. 4) The quality of urbanization has a significant positive impact on farmers’ income, with a trend of rising as a whole, this impact also has a characteristic of inverted “U-shaped”. In terms of space, Hunan Province has a stronger effect than other regions. Lastly, this article puts forward suggestions such as accelerating the process of population urbanization, rationally optimizing the structure of the secondary and tertiary industries, formulating a scientific land acquisition compensation system, and promoting high-quality urbanization development adapt to local conditions.
The agricultural structure of the Naoli River Basin had been greatly adjusted with large amount of dry crops changed into rice. This resulted in a set of problems in the utilization of water resources. To reveal the water profit and loss situation of the rice in this river basin, we collected MODIS remote sensing sequence data, conventional meteorological data and rice growth period data from 2000 to 2018, and then on the basis of regional remote sensing evapotranspiration model and water profit and loss evaluation model, the water supply and demand characteristics and water profit and loss status of rice growth period in the Naoli River Basin were revealed from grid scale. The results showed that: 1) The characteristics of water supply and demand in different growth stages of rice were different in the Naoli River Basin. The effective precipitation in the whole growth period of rice reached to 291.81 mm, and the middle growth period accounted for 42.25%. The corresponding water demand in the middle growth period of rice was 673.88 mm, the effective precipitation of water demand in the growth and maturity period of rice were at a low level; 2) It owned a significant water supply and demand gap in the Naoli River Basin, which made the basin in a state of natural water shortage for a long time. The water shortage in the whole growth period was 382.08 mm, which was characterized by high water shortage in the West and northwest of the basin, and it also showed low water shortage in the East, South and north of the basin. The water shortage in the middle growth period accounted for 52.85%; 3) Drought was the normal state of rice water supply and demand in the Naoli River Basin, the whole growth period and the early growth period were dominated by the type of mild drought, and the middle growth period as dominated by the type of mild drought The area of moderate arid area increased by about 10.68%. The direction and polarization characteristics of moderate arid area were very prominent. However, in the growth and maturity period, the water shortage situation in the basin was more severely, and there were about 3.89% relative area ratio of severe arid area in the south central part of Baoqing county. 4) The Naoli River Basin should carry out different rice irrigation management according to the water supply and demand characteristics in different growth periods. Northwest and southeast of the basin should be guaranteed respectively based on the water demand, especially for the middle growth period and the mature period. The above statement shows that the water deficit of the rice in this river basin has been further intensified. These research results provide the references and consultancies for the paddy fields irrigation schemes in the Naoli River Basin and Sanjiang Plain.
Based on situ observational daily precipitation data from 1961 to 2018, the spatio-temporal characteristics of Shanxi summer graded precipitation and its influencing factors are analyzed by applying empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and atmospheric diagnosis methods. The results show that: 1) The total summer precipitation is mainly dominated by Heavy Rain (51.9%), however Light Rain occupies a leading position in precipitation frequency. There is a significant difference between Heavy Rain and Light Rain. The long-term mean Light Rain in summer increases from south to north, while Heavy Rain decreases from south to north. In addition, EOF analysis indicates that Uniformly Signed Mode is the dominant mode in all summer graded precipitation, but its distribution of eigenvector field is different among them, especially between Light Rain and Heavy Rain. 2) ENSO plays a leading role in influencing precipitation of Shanxi, especially in Heavy Rain. Relatively, NAO plays more prominent role in Light Rain. In cold (warm) ENSO phase, the monsoon water vapor originated from the tropical western Pacific and transported northward via South China Sea strengthens (weakens). Meanwhile, under the joint control of ENSO and middle- and high-latitude atmospheric activities, an anomalous anticyclone (cyclone) is established over East Asia and guides (restrains) monsoon water vapor to move further to Shanxi through the south (north) wind of its western flank. Finally, the Heavy Rain events in Shanxi increase (decrease); NAO exerts influence on precipitation mainly through a high-latitude path along the Western Europe-Eastern Europe-Ural-Mongolia Plateau. During the positive (negative) phase of NAO, the deep anomalous (anti)cyclone established in the Mongolian Plateau and even in Shanxi blocks the monsoon water vapor into Shanxi through the west (east) wind of its southern flank, and on the other hand, this anomalous wind enhances (weakens) the limited inland moisture supply. Consequently, the Light Rain events in Shanxi increase (decrease).
