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  • 2018 Volume 38 Issue 9
    Published: 10 September 2018
      

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  • He Xingyuan, Su Yang
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    Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology(IGA), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), a comprehensive research institution and training base, specializes in geographical, agricultural and environmental sciences. IGA celebrated its 60th anniversary in 2018. During the past 60 years, IGA consolidated scientific goals, optimized discipline and research organization structures, promoted related scientific theories, attracted talented people externally and trained skilled people internally, and strengthened research teams and innovative abilities. The institute has made a large number of forward-looking research achievements in natural sciences and many creative technological achievements which were widely used in national ecological improvements and agricultural developments in Northeast China. In addition, effective performance evaluation, achievement transformation and collaborative innovation systems were developed and innovation culture was formed.

  • Sheng Yanchao, Li Hui
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    As an important representative of modern information and communication technology, the Internet's impact on technology diffusion, technology application and technological innovation is deepening, and has become a new engine of economic growth. In the 13th Five-Year Plan of China, it is clearly proposed to expand the network economy space, implement the strategy of network power and promote the deep integration of information technology, economic and social development. Using city-level panel data of 282 cities from 2003-2014, the article calculates the technical efficiency with stochastic frontier production function model, empirically analysis impacts and spatial spillover effects on technical efficiency from the internet scale in each region of China with spatial Durbin model. The empirical results indicate that, first, it is necessary to estimate the impacts and spatial spillover effects on technical efficiency from internet scale in each region respectively, because of their regional characteristics. Second, the impacts on technical efficiency from internet scale in each region are significantly positive, but still slight. Third, the cities in the eastern, central and western China acquire significantly positive spillover effects from the internet scale. Fourth, the cities in eastern and central China receive significantly positive spillover effects from the technical efficiency, but the cities in the western China receive negative. Fifth, it can provide effective references to deeply integrated internet and economic development that estimating the internet's impacts and spatial spillover effects on technical efficiency in every region respectively. According to these, some recommendations are put forward to improve the internet economy and promote the deep integration of information technology, economic and social development: First, improving internet's positive effect on enterprise's production efficiency. Second, strengthening the construction of internet infrastructure in the western and northeastern China. Third, strengthening the industrial integration and economic mutual promotion between cities in the northeast and western China by "Internet plus" and information technology.

  • Li Erling, Cui Zhizhen
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    The unidirectional driving relationship between regional innovation and economic development has attracted many scholars' attention, but their bidirectional coupling relationship has been neglected. By constructing the evaluation system of regional innovation capability and economic development level on the basis of their connotations, using the technologies of cointegration test and coupling coordination model, this paper analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and the difference regularity of the coupling coordination between regional innovation capability and the economic development level on different spatial scales. It shows that: 1) In the long run, there is a stable cointegration relationship between China's regional innovation capability and economic development level, while salutatory relationship in the short-term. Regional innovation cannot necessarily bring about economic development. There is a higher degree of coupling coordination between economic development and innovation ability to the regions with a perfect regional innovation system, that is, with heterogeneous innovation actors, efficient innovation networks and innovation environment, and China's innovation-driven strategy could play a greater role. However, it is found that, during the period of 2005-2014, the degrees of coupling coordination between the two is scale-sensitive and it is generally low on the municipal scale, although increased progressively over time. It is imperative to upgrade the equilibrium relationship between the two from low to high; 2) The regional differences of the degree of coupling coordination between the two increased with the reduction of the spatial scale, however, the differences are decreasing; 3) The high-value areas of the coupling coordination at the provincial level are Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Zhejiang and other South-East coastal areas in China with a scattered distribution. However, the high-value areas of the coupling coordination at the municipal level are more developed coastal cities, inland capital cities and their surrounding cities with a gathered distribution, preliminarily formed a national “coastal -hinterland” innovation-economic cooperation zone; 4) The key to China's innovation-driven strategy is to construct provincial and municipal innovation system, increase the innovation input, and promote the coupling docking and interaction feedback between the various links of government-industry-university-research cooperation.

  • Chen Guolei, Luo Jing, Zeng Juxin, Tian Ye, Dong Ying
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    In this study, 1 057 ethnic villages in China were selected as the research objects. GIS technology and methods were used synthetically to identify the spatial structure and distribution of the ethnic villages in China. The impact relevance were discussed between ethnic villages and the topography, water system, traffic, population, culture and national agglomeration regions. The result shows that: 1) The spatial distribution of the ethnic villages in China is cohesive, and the spatial variation is obvious; 2) Kernel density distribution centers on the junction of Hunan, Guizhou and Guangxi for the mononuclear aggregation, and it gradually decreases around sub-centers, featured with level distribution in epsilon-type structure; 3) The ethnic villages systems have obvious no-scaling range and the fractal features are significant. In the self-organizing and self-evolving areas, geographical areas and elements such as mount Wuyi, mount Emei and Changbai mountain are expanded and the fractal structure is complex; 4) The relevance of ethnic villages has significantly positive spatial correlation and high and low spatial agglomeration. The hot and cold spots are characterized by gradient distribution from "hot spot-sub-hot spot-sub-cold spot-cold spot" from west to east with strong stability and persistence; 5) Middle and high altitude mountains with varied topography, main water systems and upper reaches of rivers are the origins where distinctive villages develop endogenously; areas which are far away from city centers, high quality and highly skilled professionals, ethnic culture and ethnic distribution promoted the retention and development of ethnic villages. The ethnic villages are the symbol and carrier of minority culture in China. In the future development process of ethnic villages, the following aspects must be paid attention to. First, it is necessary to follow the theme of rural rejuvenation and actively carry out relevant theoretical research on ethnic villages. Second, it is necessary to improve the standard of identification and appraisal in the protection of ethnic villages. Third, it is necessary to construct an ethnic village development pattern that is classified for protection and key construction. Fourth, it is necessary to construct the "village-culture-environment" three-dimensional fusion organism. At the same time, it can be further studied from the following aspects: on the one hand, it can be studied from the architectural style of the ethnic villages, their internal structural features, the evolution of time series, cultural inheritors, folk customs and other things on the micro-level. On the other hand, it can be studied from the transitional ways and digital protection measures for the modernization of ethnic villages, the specific policies and development models for targeted poverty alleviation and poverty reduction and so on.

  • Feng Xinghua, Xiu Chunliang, Liu Zhimin, Ma Liya, Li Xiaoling
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    Traffic flow is a significant content to represent the social and economical ties of intercity, and is widely used in urban network research in large data age. This article analyzes the evolution of urban network in Northeast China from the three perspectives of network density, node role and network level based on OD data of railway passenger trips between cities in Northeast China in 2005, 2010 and 2015. And with the help of socio-economic factors, information network to explore the relevance. The results show that: 1) Regional network density has been significantly improved, spatial linkage is “core-periphery” pattern, the network level gradually led by the Pulai network gradually to the high-speed rail network-led change. 2) From the perspective of degree centrality, the regional cities has experienced the rising and developing process of unbalance-relative equilibrium-unbalance. The regional urban hierarchy system is in steady state, Shenyang has a strong monopoly position, Harbin, Changchun, Dalian and other regional major cities have a rapid promotion in external contact level. High level cities are concentrated along the Harbin-Dalian. However, in the view of the betweenness centrality, the urban hierarchy system changes greatly, regional urban network control tends to be balanced, the effect of passenger network on the path dependence of the core city is obviously reduced; and the high order cities appear the phenomenon of spatial “transition”. Degree centrality is a relatively comprehensive depiction of the role and position of the city in the development of the region, while betweenness centrality has a certain characterization on urban population scale. 3) The evolution of the multi-level network from the perspective of railway passenger transport is the expanding of regional core organizational structure, the birth and development of provincial association pattern, the degree of regional network perfection. The spatial and temporal compression effect of different “flow” factors affects the urban role and regional network structure in the network. Passenger and information core network have highlighted the strong resources gathering capability of Shenyang-Changchun-Harbin-Dalian 4 core cities and Harbin-Dalian spindle. The core passenger network has a certain cross regional nature, and the inter provincial cities have strong connections. The new element network represented by information is “hub-and-spoke” spatial organization form in space. Urban nodes are closely linked in the provincial space and have obvious “core edge” features. The cross-regional characteristics of passenger networks are significant, while the information network tends to be provincial scale.

  • Zhao Ziyu, Yang Ran, Wei Ye, Pang Ruiqiu, Wang Shijun
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    The spatial distribution of natural factors and social economic factors is not balanced, and the spatial interaction is the basic theory of geography, which has the characteristics of mutual strength and attenuation. Gravity model is widely used in the simulation of the relationship between geographic factors. The parameters of the gravity model are the important representation of the general characteristics of the specific geographic system. The parameter calibration is the precondition of the reasonable application of the model and the key step of the suitability of the model. Different modeling and estimation methods will lead to different parameter estimation and goodness of fit. However, a large number of studies at home and abroad have been based on the assumption that the model is too idealistic and simple, or it can be done in the opaque process. The calibration of the regression coefficients of the model requires a large amount of data to be used for empirical estimation, but the constraints of the relational data are led to the fact that most of the studies currently use the existing coefficient calibration results and assume their spatial homogeneity. Based on the relational data of the inter-provincial flow of 337 prefectures and above administrative divisions in China, the composite quality parameters of the 4 economic indicators of regional GDP, public finance income, total investment in fixed assets and total social consumption. The regression coefficients of the gravity model of the population in China are estimated, and the spatial heterogeneity of the coefficients is analyzed. The conclusion includes: 1) In the prefecture level administrative unit of precision, the regression coefficient Chinese population gravity model agent variables showing a spatial obvious heterogeneity, effects and unpredictable, so the study of accuracy improvement will increase the complexity of constructing the spatial interaction model, spatial heterogeneity also assumes that the gravity model of regression coefficient will lead to the convergence of simulation results spatial differences in trends; 2) The distance attenuation coefficient China interprovincial flow attenuation coefficient range 1.975 337 level and above administrative distance is 0.434-4.438. The value range of the provinces and the municipalities directly under the central government and the provincial capital cities have provided the basic reference data for the future model application; 3)There are spatial heterogeneity and gradient characteristics in the distance attenuation coefficient under the administrative unit of the prefecture level. The high value area is mainly distributed in the northeast along the Yangtze River, Xinjiang and the Pearl River Delta. The low value area is mainly located in the central and southwest China. Compared with previous research results, the spatial attenuation characteristics of inter provincial mobility of Chinese population are in a certain degree consistent with the achievable character of railway passenger network.

  • Xu Xin, Zhao Yuan, Zhang Xinlin, Zeng Tonggang, Xia Siyou
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    The spatial distribution of the elderly population is a reflection of the man-land relation in a specific historical context. However, the spatial pattern and driving factors of the elderly population in China were not clear yet. Therefore, this paper using the fifth and sixth population census data in 2000 and 2010 analyzed the elderly's aging coefficient in China and divided the 2 328 counties into four types, consisting of not mature, shallow aging, moderate aging and deep aging then discuss the spatial regional differentiation. Secondly, choose 5 natural factors indexes and use Partial Least Squares (PLS) method to quantitatively analyze the influencing factors of elderly's aging coefficient in the whole country and four regions. The results show: 1) The elderly's aging coefficient present the “The western China is sparse and the eastern China is dense” distribution pattern. The aging coefficient showed three-step terrain from the west to the east, the elderly's aging coefficient of plain, hilly area and basin are generally higher than the mountain and plateau area. The evolution of aging coefficient from “concave” shape to “East West uplift-north end collapse” pattern. 2).The spatial agglomeration of the elderly population is increasing constantly, and the regional differences are increasing gradually. 3) The hydrological index and climate index are the main factors affecting the agglomeration of the aged population in China, RDLS and AQI have no significant influence on the distribution of the elderly population, and the impact on the different types of areas is significant. Over time, vegetation index has a strong influence on the spatial distribution of the elderly population, and social and economic factors have a disturbing effect on the distribution of the elderly population.

  • Han Shunfa, Ji Xiaomei, Tao Zhuomin
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    Creative city is the inevitable outcome of urban development to the advanced stage, which emphasizes the important role of creativity and innovation in urban development. The practice of creative city development in the world shows that each city chooses its own development pattern according to its own economic foundation, resources and factor endowment. The existing creative city research theory distinguishes the development pattern of different creative cities, which is summarized as the creative classes oriented mode, the science and technology innovation oriented mode, the creative industry oriented mode and the characteristic resource oriented mode, and each development mode has their own development value concept. This paper constructs the comprehensive model creative index, selects the corresponding evaluation index with the development mode, and uses the coefficient of variation coefficient and the TOPSIS method to analyze the adaptability of the creative index of each city in Jiangsu Province. The empirical results show that: 1) The creative class oriented model is applicable to all kinds of cities.In addition to Nanjing, small and medium-sized cities such as Yangzhou and Zhenjiang also have the ability to develop creative class oriented cities. 2) Technology innovation-oriented modelneeds to have the base of high-tech industry, high-quality talents and long-term policy support of scientific and technological innovation.Only Suzhou and Taizhou have obvious advantages in Jiangsu Province. 3) The creative industry oriented model has a strong dependence on policy. Nanjing, Changzhou, Nantong, Lianyungang and Yancheng are suitable for promoting creative industry oriented model. 4) The characteristic resource-oriented model is applicable to the small and medium-sized cities with distinct regional cultural characteristics and rich historical and cultural resources, such as Wuxi, Suzhou and Xuzhou. 5) Integrated model creative city is suitable for large cities, such as Nanjing and Suzhou. Therefore, it can be seen that the integrated model creative index can evaluate the development of creative cities, and it has certain guidance and reference value for the selection of creative urban development mode in China.

  • Zhang Xianchun, Luan Xiaofan, Ma Xueguang, Lin Xiongbin
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    With the restructuring of global capital triggered by the financial crisis in 2008, the spatial fix of capital requires a new type of regional governance model to organize the capital-labor relations. Traditionally, the construction of cross-boundary industrial park heavily relied on the two-tier governance model, manifesting as explicit responsibility divison between provincial government and local government. Through in-depth interview and documentary analysis, this study reveals that the emergence of collaborative regional governance model in Shenzhen-Shanwei Special Cooperation Zone (SSSCZ) is an institutional innovation compared with the path dependence in the construction of cross-boundary industrial park. Three major findings were reported based on this study. First, this research explores the driving force of the new governance model, including industrial and economic force, policy and institutional force as well as the industrial park basis. It has been unveiled that these three integrative strands co-produce the SSSCZ as an inter-jurisdictional cooperation project. Second, this research analyzes the administrative system, spatial development policy and interests distribution mechanism of SSSCZ to explore the characteristics of collaborative regional governance. The essences of it are the provincial government's deregulation and resource injection and local government complement each other's advantages and collaborative each other. Third, this new type of regional governance will provide a better insight into regional industrial policy, spatial policy and the functional transformation of local government in China.

  • Li Ruzi, Liu Yaobin, Wang Wengang, Sun Dongqi
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    In this article, the Malmquist-Luenberger index based on directional distance function and ESDA method are used to study the characteristics of GTFP change stages, regional differences and spatial agglomeration patterns of 108 cities along the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2003 to 2014. Then the article divides the main types by GIS spatial superposition method to identify the problems of different areas. The results suggest the following findings: 1) The GTFP promotion considering undesired outputs of the Yangtze River Economic Belt is more obvious. The technological progress reflected by the pollutant reduction effect contributes to the improvement of TFP. 2) GTFP changes show great regional differences and significantly spatial clustering characteristics, and the GTFP promotions of the lower, the middle, the upper reaches of the Yangtze River Economic Belt decrease sequentially. The hotspot region distributes “dumbbell-shape”, and shifts from the lower reaches to the upper reaches. 3) The Yangtze River Economic Belt is divided into six types as GTFP growth lagging type, GTFP growth lagging due to technical change type, GTFP growth lagging due to efficiency change type, technical change lagging type, efficiency change lagging Type and GTFP steady growth type. Finally, the article puts forward the main ways to realize the coordinated development of protection and development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from the aspects of promoting regional coordinated development, clarifying the main function, strengthening the radiation function of urban agglomeration and speeding up the transformation of green development power.

  • Chen Ying, Li Fenying, Ma Bin
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    Chinese outward foreign direct investment to the United States (US) has achieved rapid growth since 2008 and reached $38.011×1010 in 2014, which has covered 46 states or districts by now. At present, the United States has become the largest foreign direct investment destination for China. Under this background, the study of the influencing factors of China's direct investment should be extended from the analysis of economic factors to non-economic factors. Chinese traditional business culture emphasized that personal networks should be established to reduce transaction costs and the uncertainty of the new market. After living abroad for many years, Chinese immigrants have a profound understanding on the local economy, culture, customs, law and politics and so on, and become a bridge between domestic and abroad. So they are the special resource for Chinese enterprises overseas. With the stable growth of the Chinese immigrants in the United States, their influence on the local economic, cultural and political development is in deepening, which has special significance to the transnational operation and location choice of Chinese enterprises. However the relevant research in this area is rare. Therefore, it is a question worthy of our in-depth inquiry that what the influence of Chinese immigrants on COFDI in the US have, and how to make full use of this kind of potential advantage to avoid the negative impacts from globalization and promote the economic development of economy of our country. This article takes the Chinese immigration as one of the factors that affect China's direct investment in the United States, firstly analyzed the impact of Chinese immigrants on the COFDI within the United States which attracts Chinese immigrants and direct investment, discusses how the Chinese immigrants influence the location choice of China's direct investment at the state level. It took 50 states and the District of Columbia as the research area and analyzed the evolution process, spatial pattern and spatial coupling by gravity model based on the data about Chinese immigrants and direct investment in the US. More over, the gray relational model is used to analyze the influence of immigration factors on China's direct investment in the United States. The results are as follows: The gravity center of Chinese immigrants and COFDI in the United States is mainly located in the Missouri-based Central and Eastern region of the United States. The track gravity center of Chinese immigration and investment entry times presented on the the Arc GIS space map respectively an "S" and a spiral line, and the track of investment intensity gravity center changed in a larger range with jumping characteristics. The regional distribution of Chinese immigrants in the United States tends to be stable, while the location choice of direct investment is still in changing. However, the overlapping of gravity center of Chinese FDI and Immigrant is higher and higher, and the spatial coupling is more stronger. The analysis results show that compared with other factors, the impact of the immigration on China's direct investment in the United States is at a moderate level with a relatively steady state.

  • Wu Yuanyuan, Song Yuxiang
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    Based on the panel data of tourism economy and related indexes in each prefectural-level city in China from 2005 to 2015, the exploratory spatial data analysis, spatial variability function and spatial econometric model are used to reveal the evolution characteristics and influencing factors of tourism economy spatial pattern of China's prefectural-level cities. The main results can be summarized as followes: 1) The spatial correlation of tourism economy between China's prefecture-level unit cities is significant, and it is significantly positive. Indicating that the level of development of China's prefecture-level unit cities tourism economy similar areas appear high or low concentration. Among them, the high value agglomeration area is located in the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, Bohai Rim and the eastern coastal areas of Fujian Province, and the low value agglomeration area is located in the western region and the northeastern region, such as Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia Province and the part of the region in northern Heilongjiang Province. And this agglomeration pattern is not the overall change, the local high value and low value of the agglomeration area has been expanded, tourism economy two levels of serious. 2) The spatial difference of tourism economy in China's prefecture level unit cities is decreasing under the combined action of randomness and structural factors. The spatial differences between tourism foreign exchange income and domestic tourism income show the characteristics of spatial differences in southeast-northwest and east-westward respectively. The reason is that the high income area of the inbound tourism income area is the largest in the southeastern coastal area, and the low value area has the largest spatial distribution pattern in the northwest region, The distribution range of domestic tourism high value income area is wider, mainly in the eastern region, and the low value area is the most widely distributed in the western region. And this spatial pattern is relatively stable during the study period. 3) The formation and evolution of the spatial pattern of tourism economy in China's prefecture-level unit cities is the result of the combination of various factors such as the level of social and economic development, tourism resource endowment, tourism service facilities, traffic conditions and scientific information level, all the factors have obvious effect on the development of tourism economy.

  • Feng Yanfen, Liang Zhongya, Wang Fang
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    Rurality is an important index to describe and identify the characteristics of rural. That means the rural has the characteristics of rural. It can indicate the differences between city and rural. The connotation of rurality is being to express from the perspective of land use. Land resources are the carriers of rural characteristics, which can be used to evaluate rural change by the way of land use. Rural has its special functions, such as rural production, rural life and rural ecology. So land use can be used to reflect changes in rural. The evaluation system of ruralilty in town based on land use had been established. The 11 indexes had been selected from 3 aspects. The farmland proportion, the change rate of cultivated land, the rate of cultivated land and household settlements, the change rate of forest were reflected rural production. The rural construction status, the scale of household settlements, the concentration degree of household settlements,the rate of length of household settlements joining with farmland were reflected rural life. The rate of water, wetland,forest were reflected rural ecology. The weight of the indexes were calculated by using Delphi and AHP methods. Main results for this study were as follows: 1) The index and intensity of rurality in 2000 and 2010 of Panyu District and Conghua District had been calculated. The results showed, the rurality indexes were decreasing in 10 years in the two districts.The average value of rurality indexes in Panyu and Conghua were 0.355 and 0.684 in 2000, and the average value were 0.260 and 0.540 respectively in 2010. That revealed the rurality indexes of Panyu District were obviously lower than Conghua District, and the differences of rurality indexes in Panyu's town were decreasing gradually, while the differences in Conghua's town were increasing. 2) The rurality indexes of Panyu and Conghua were divided into five grades: stronger, strong, medium, weak and weaker. In 2000, the weak level of rurality was the main type in Panyu District, but in 2010, the main type was the weaker. In Conghua District, the grade of rurality areas in Conghua District decreased significantly, only the stronger and strong levels appeared in 2000, 10 years later, the strong grade disappeared, and the weak grade appeared. 3) There had a significant correlation between the rurality index and some factors, such as elevation, the farming total output value, the proportion of the two and three industry, the road areas, the level of urbanization and so on. Panyu District belongs to the metropolitan area of Guangzhou, but Conghua District belongs to the ecological protection area, so the rurality is more significant in Conghua that in Panyu, the results matched the fact. It proved that the evaluation system of rurality based on land use could reflect the characteristics of rural in a right way, and it is a practical research method for rurality.

  • Liu Lulu, Cao Wei, Wu Dan, Huang Lin
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    In order to improve ecosystem services and protect national ecological security in China, national key ecological function zones (NKEFZ) were designated, and the policy of financial transfer payment was established to protect ecosystems and environment in those zones. In order to evaluate the ecological effects of financial transfer payment policy, this study analyzed the dynamics of ecosystem macrostructure and key ecosystem services quantitatively before (2000-2010) and after (2010-2015) the implementation of financial transfer payment policy based on remote sensing data, Geographic Information System and ecological models in the NKEFZ. Water regulation service was simulated based on precipitation storage method, soil conservation service was simulated by Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, and sand fixation service was simulated by Revised Wind Erosion Equation. The results showed that: grassland and forest were main ecosystem types in NKEFZ. After implementation of the financial transfer payment policy, the ecosystem condition of NKEFZ has been improved overall. Desertification has been effectively controlled, with an area decrease of 1 976.44 km2. Water and wetlands have been restored with an area expansion of 514.32 km2. However, ecological degradation still existed in some local NKEFZ. The area of forest and grassland ecosystems in NKEFZ have slightly decreased by 0.13% and 0.29%, respectively, and farmland and settlements areas have expanded significantly by 1.2% and 17.03%. In terms of ecosystem services, water regulation service has been improved, with water conservation volume increasing by 1.37%; Soil water erosion has been curbed and soil conservation service has been improved dramatically, with the soil loss and conservation volume changed by -9.06% and 10.78%, especially those NKEFZ located in the northeast and central regions of China; Soil wind erosion has also been curbed, with soil loss decreasing by 26.46%, however, the sand fixation service has declined by 26.59% overall. The threat of human activities on biodiversity maintenance remained relatively stable, with human disturbance index increasing 0.000 9. Under the joint effects of climate change and the implementation of financial transfer payment policy, the ecosystem conditions in the NKEFZ have been generally improved, which meant the policy has achieved ecological benefits to a certain extent. However, the increase of cultivated land and settlement area, reduction of grassland and forest area, the decrease of sand fixation service, and the acceleration of the increase of human disturbance all indicated that the ecological degradation still existed. In order to protect the NKEFZ effectively and realize the planning objectives, continuous efforts are still needed.

  • Yang Jianhui
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    This paper analyzes the decoupling relationship between chemical fertilizer input and agricultural growth by decoupling elasticity equation in China from 1980 to 2015.The effect of variable control of chemical fertilizer input, decomposes the influencing factors of chemical fertilizer inputs' change into output-scale effect, benefit effect and technological effect are evaluated by LMDI. With the rapid development of agricultural economy, the chemical fertilizer can be divided into "incremental control stage" and "reduction control stage". The growth rate of chemical fertilizer in reduction control stage was lower than that in incremental control stage, and the chemical fertilizer input in the Eastern China took the lead in reducing. The chemical fertilizer input and agricultural growth in, China has always been in a relatively decoupled state since 1981 to 2015. And the decoupling elasticity reached the highest value at the end of the delta control (1996~2000), after that it showed a gradual decreasing trend. The agricultural production has not been affected by the reduction of chemical fertilizer input. Nationwide, 8 regions showed expanded negative decoupling, and yet 6 regions showed expansive links at the end of the stage of delta control. The large increase of fertilizer input in each region of China was accompanied by rapid agricultural development. Each region was basically the same as the control direction of China's fertilizer input at the end of the stage of reduction control (2011~2015). The technology effect drove the reduction of chemical fertilizer input, and the effect was consistent in two control stages. The contribution rate of benefit effect was larger in Eastern China, where the absolute value of the technological effect's contribution rate was relatively high. To reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, on one hand, we should continuously improve the utilization efficiency of chemical fertilizer by using soil testing formula and variable control technology, so as to achieve the purpose of increasing agricultural production. On the other hand, we should replace the fertilizer input by developing agricultural mechanization, hydraulic and electrification and other agricultural external compensation means. Last but not least, more attention should be paid to the spatial difference of the external compensation for agricultural production, the Government should work out a favorable policy for the Central China, the West China and the Northeastern China where the output value are lower. In particular, we should guide Xinjiang, Henan, Yunnan, Ningxia, Jilin, Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia to vigorously develop ecological agriculture. Beijing and other Eastern areas should increase the input of chemical fertilizer and also ensure the red line of agricultural production so as to avoid the shortage of other technology elements.

  • Zhao Hongbo, Yu Difei, Miao Changhong, Li Guanghui, Feng Yuanbo, Bie Qianlong
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    In this article, taking the Point of Interest (POI) of cultural facilities serviced for residents as the research objects. We used the Standard Deviation Ellipse and Kernel Density Analysis methods to quantitatively analyze the spatial pattern evolution of cultural facilities of Zhengzhou between 2007 and 2017, and then investigate the location characteristics of five kinds of cultural facilities (museums, libraries, cultural centers, art galleries and theaters) from the view of macroscopic spatial figure and the microcosmic centralization centers. Residents' behavioral factors are introduced to explore the formation and impact on cultural facilities spatial pattern based on a large-scale survey data, and some relevant suggestions are put forward in the view of the development of cultural facilities planning in Zhengzhou. The results show that: 1) In the past 10 years, the cultural facilities in Zhengzhou have been growing rapidly, and the advantages of traditional cultural forms in 2007 have been changed into aesthetic and leisure culture in 2017. 2) From the analysis of spatial form and cluster center of five kinds of cultural facilities, compared with 10 years ago, different kinds of cultural facilities have developed in a balanced way. The agglomeration characteristics of various kinds of cultural facilities are related to their own characteristics and the actual development of Zhengzhou. 3) The population group factors such as residents' disposable time, consumption habits and residents' cultural level have important impacts on the distribution of cultural facilities, and the influence of these different factors on different types of cultural facilities is quite distinct. At the end of this article, we put forward several suggestions on the development direction of cultural facilities planning in Zhengzhou: 1) The construction of cultural facilities in the northeastern and southeastern parts of the city should been strengthened. 2) More attention should be paid to the construction of aesthetic art and cultural leisure facilities, in order to cater to the trend of people's changing spiritual needs and values. 3) The government can take comprehensive layout and multipurpose development of cultural facilities into account, which can help to improve the utilization efficiency of various facilities. 4) In the practice of urban planning, the demand and type of cultural facilities for different population groups should be taken into consideration.

  • Qin Zhiqin, Guo Wenjiong
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    The orientation of location selection of coal industry and the change of spatial agglomeration pattern are important driving forces for spatial reconstruction and functional transformation of coal resource-based areas. The spatial agglomeration of coal industry directly determines the development direction and transformation efficiency of regional spatial structure. Based on the employment data of the industry categories in the census data, this article takes Shanxi Province as the spatial unit, analyzes the pattern characteristics and evolution process of the spatial agglomeration of the coal industry in Shanxi Province in 1990, 2000 and 2010, and explains its driving mechanism with the Gini coefficient, concentration index, Kriging spatial interpolation and other methods. The conclusions show that: 1) The overall spatial distribution of the coal industry in Shanxi Province is unbalanced, and the spatial agglomeration pattern changes obviously. The evolution process from single-center point to multi-center plane agglomeration shows the change characteristics of local agglomeration and integral diffusion side by side. In this process, the old coal industry center gradually declined such as Datong, Yangquan and Taiyuan, and the new coal industry center gradually formed such as Xiaoyi, Gujiao, Jiexiu and other small and medium-sized cities. The regional function of coal production realized the spatial transfer from megacities and big cities to medium and small cities. 2) The coal industry of Shanxi Province has highly concentrated hot spot areas, and the hot spot areas present a balanced development trend. At the same time, the intensity and scope of spreading diffusion in the hot spots showed significant difference in time and space; The coal industry in Shanxi Province is mainly concentrated in cities where the proportion of employees is higher than the average, and the scale of employees at all levels presents a distribution model of location scale. The diffusion of coal industry in Shanxi Province from high level city to low level city is obvious and the spatial agglomeration pattern inclines to equalization. 3) The spatial and temporal differences of coal industry agglomeration in Shanxi Province are the outcome of combined action of multiple factors. Resource endowment is the basic reason of the coal industry spatial agglomeration, which lays the foundation for the regional difference of the coal industry agglomeration scale and spatial pattern; The path dependence effect causes the coal industry to develop from points to surfaces in space. At the same time, corresponding to the different development stages of the life cycle of coal resource-based cities, the coal industry shows the change rule of agglomeration, agglomeration and diffusion, and diffusion; The purpose of government policy implementation is to promote regional spatial reconstruction and functional transformation through regulating and guiding the spatial agglomeration of the coal industry to achieve the sustainable development of regional economy.

  • Liu Kai, Li Danli, Liu Guichun, Zhang Yaoguang
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    Studies on the development situation of producer service industry and its driving factors provide important theoretical and practical basis for the healthy development of producer services. Kernel density estimation and Theil index method were used to analyze the developmental stance of productive service industry in 11 coastal provinces and cities during the period of 2005-2015. And we used quantile regression method to explore influencing factors in the development of producer service industry. Our research showed that: 1) The producer service industry in China's coastal areas experienced a sustained growth from 2005 to 2015, showing a bimodal pattern. And the convergence trend at lower level slowed down. 2) The overall regional difference of producer service industry development was getting bigger and bigger year by year. The contribution rate of inner-regional differences is above 98%, which is the leading factor in the overall difference of productive services in coastal areas. The contribution rate of interregional differences is less than 2%, and the development of productive services between regions in the coastal areas is relatively balanced. 3) Overall, the drivers can effectively promote the productive services of the coastal areas. The nationalization and infrastructure symbols are contrary to the expected symbols, and the symbols for the other five drivers are consistent with expectations. In general, the significance level improved with the increase of the quantile, and the fitting effect of the model became better. The extent to which the industry is state-owned is directly correlated with the development of the producer service industry. Technology level played a far more important role than other factors in pushing the development of producer service industry. The pulling effect of manufacturing level, informatization and government function is comparatively weak. The role of human capital in the development of producer services needs to be improved. And infrastructure can not meet the needs of producer services development.

  • Xi Min, Sui Xiaomin, Kong Fanlong, Li Yue, Wang Xiaotong
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    Soil inorganic carbon (SIC) is a significant component of soil carbon, which is crucial for assessing regional SIC storage, exploring terrestrial carbon circulation, and alleviating global greenhouse effect. In order to analyzed the distribution of SIC content in typical estuaries and the effects of invasion of Spartina alterniflora and human aquaculture activities, we examined the SIC content, ion content, and soil physical and chemical properties in the Dagu River and the Yanghe River estuary wetland of Jiaozhou Bay. Soil samples were collected by stratified sampling in the mudflat paralleled to the coastal zone and the river flat perpendicular to the coastal zone. Duncan method and Pearson method were used for analyzing the significance of intragroup difference and correlation of the SIC content. The results showed that the scouring action of water bodies led to the lowest content of SIC in the river estuary of mudflat. The farther away from the estuary, the higher the content was. In river flat, the SIC content decreased first and then increased with the distance from the sea, which was influenced by human activities. Invasion of Spartina alterniflora made SIC content significantly decreased, with its root transformation being the main reason for such decreases. The farming activities changed the environmental factors of aquaculture pond, and then changed the distribution of SIC. The SIC content of the pond was higher than that of mudflat. Correlation analysis showed that SIC content was significantly positively correlated with soil salt content and soil dissolved inorganic carbon, and negatively correlated with soil pH.

  • Zhao Qiang, Zou Chunhui, Wang Shuang, Gao Qian
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    Based on the ArcGIS10.3 platform, the elevation, slope, aspect and the river distance of the Holocene settlement sites in the south bank of Laizhou Bay are analyzed, the temporal-spatial distribution and evolution characteristics of the settlement sites are obtained. Combined with the environmental background in the South Bank of Laizhou Bay, to explore the influence of Holocene environmental evolution on the distribution and evolution of settlement sites. The results show that: 1) The quantity, frequency and proportion of the number of settlements in the study area are firstly increasing and then decreasing in a V-type (asymmetric) trend. 2) The distribution of the site has a certain regularity, almost all the sites are located in the elevation of the range of 0-29 m in the area, while the Dawenkou culture period is 10-29 m. This difference is closely related to the Huanghua transgression of the middle Holocene. From the slope, the settlement sites are mainly distributed in the range of 0°-4° in the gentle areas; from the aspect, the ancients are mostly concentrated in the direction of south, southeast and southwest. From Houli culture to Longshan culture, the influence of river distance to settlements gradually decreased, and the ability of the ancients to adapt environment gradually increased. 3) 8.5-6.9 ka B.P., the climate goes into warm, and the cold and warm fluctuations, dry and wet alternately, thus Houli culture gets to be developed; 6.9-4.5 ka B.P. appears a brief cooling, but the overall more moderate, superior natural conditions promotes the growth of Dawenkou culture; 4.5-4.0 ka B.P., comparied with Dawenkou culture period, climate conditions are slightly drier, but Neolithic culture is still further development, and entering the peak stage in the Longshan culture period; around 4.0 kaBP, the climate suddenly changes and emerges violent cooling events. The range of change exceeds the human adaptation ability, leading to the decline of Longshan culture. 4) Seawater intrusion restricts human activities, but the formation of ancient lakes and rivers creates the natural conditions for the improvement of the quality of life for the ancients.

  • Sun Huajie, Zang Shuying, Sun Deyao, Zhang Ke, Sun Li
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    Grain-size evolution characteristics and their environmental significance of Hulun Lake sediments were investigated since 1865 to 2016. The sediment core with a length of 78 cm was collected in the center of the lake in August 2016. Mechanical compositions of grain-size and frequency distribution curves were measured by the grain-size analyzer “Mastersizer 2000”. Based on accurate dating by 210Pb, the regional environment and climate changes of the Hulun Lake according to the vertical profile of sediment grain sizes, which provides a new effective way for recovering the century-scale climatic changes. The results indicate that: sediments were mainly composed of silt and clay, and significant positive correlation were found between the contents of median grain-size and coarse silt and sand. Contents of median grain-size showed the changes of decrease, fluctuation and increase from the bottom to top of the sediment core. Three environmental sensitive components of atmospheric dust, eulimnetic facies, dust storm were identified by the method of log-normal distribution. Good agreements were found among the changes of grain-size, sensitive components, lake water levels, precipitations, and dust events. The results indicated that the current study well reconstructed the history of dry and wet climatic changes and wind-sand activities characteristics.