Based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud computing platform, this article explores a method to rapidly batch process remote sensing data and obtain glacier area changes based on the Purog Kangri Icefield on the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as an example. A pixel-by-pixel synthesis algorithm is used to acquire cloud-free images of the study area, which improves the utilization of image data. By calculating the NDSI of the study area and performing the minimum value synthesis, the glacier extent of the Purog Kangri from 1988 to 2020 was extracted to study the changes of the glacier area of the Purog Kangri in the past 33 years. The results show that the GEE platform combined with image-level image synthesis and the minimum NDSI algorithm can be used to rapidly acquire annual synthetic images and extract glacier boundaries. The glacier area change characteristics were obtained from 1988 to 2020 by synthesizing 512 remote sensing images from 1988 to 2020, and the glacier area decreased by 31.08 km2 in past 33 years, with an average annual retreat rate of 0.23%/a. The glacier area retreat mainly occurred at the end of the glacier, and some of the ends retreated 1506 m in 20 years. In comparison with the results of other related studies, the absolute error between the results of this paper and the reference value is within 5.6 km2 and the relative deviation is within 1.4%, which proves that the minimum NDSI synthesis method based on the GEE platform is feasible and reliable to extract the glacier area. Compared with field observation of glaciers or traditional remote sensing monitoring methods, this method improves image utilization and data processing efficiency, and can quickly realize long time series analysis of glacier area change, which provides a new way for modern glacier change research.
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is known as the "Water Tower of Asia" and the characteristics of its water system are of great concern to society. Based on the GRACE gravity satellite, vegetation index, evapotranspiration, temperature, and precipitation data, we analyze the spatial and temporal patterns of water storage changes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and interpret the response characteristics of water storage changes to vegetation changes. The results show that: 1) Terrestrial water storage changes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau can be divided into 2 stages: in 2003—2012, the water storage changes were relatively stable; in 2012—2016, the water storage showed a decreasing trend (–8.04 mm/year, P<0.01). Spatially, it shows a significant deficit in the southern outflow area (–12 mm/year in some areas, P<0.01). In contrast, a significant surplus in the north-central Qiangtang inflow area (6 mm/year, P<0.01), however, the trend of surplus water storage in the instream zone was reversed in 2012 from a surplus to a deficit. 2) During 2002—2016, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau showed a greening trend (0.002/year, P<0.01), 61% of the gridded vegetation showed a greening trend, and 39% of the gridded vegetation browned (located in the southern, northern and northwestern regions of the plateau). 3) The direct relationship between the vegetation index and terrestrial water storage on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is not obvious because the plateau vegetation is mainly located in the southeastern part, and other regions are sparsely vegetated. However, vegetation significantly indirectly affects terrestrial water storage through transpiration. The greening of vegetation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau increases vegetation transpiration (R=0.62, P<0.05), leading to soil water storage deficit (R=–0.49, P<0.1), which in turn affects regional terrestrial water storage changes (R=–0.63, P<0.05). The study results contribute to deepening the understanding of the atmosphere-biosphere-hydrosphere interactions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the context of warming.
The alpine hypoxia on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has brought enormous challenges to human survival. The history of the settlement and spread of ancient humans on the plateau has always attracted the attention of the academic community. The microblade technology is a complex stone tool technology that appeared in the Upper Paleolithic period, which is highly recognizable and representative. At present, the relics of this technique are all over the whole plateau, which provides important materials for exploring the migration and diffusion process of ancient people in this area. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau covers a vast area, including multiple geographic regions, with huge differences in climate and geomorphological environment, which have different impacts on human survival. This paper draws on the research results of the geographical regionalization of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, observes the distribution of different microblade technology relics on the plateau from the perspective of natural divisions. In the geographical regionalization of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the remains of microblade technology have been found in seven regions. Each region has relatively clear boundaries. We discuss the distribution characteristics of microblade technology on the plateau by combining the natural characteristics of the natural geographic divisions and the characteristics of microblade technology, and then analyzes the adaptation process of the microblade technology population on the plateau. It lays the foundation for discussing the spread of microblade technology on the plateau.
Since the mid-1990s, Human Geography research has witnessed a significant turn towards a relational approach, giving rise to Relational Geography as an influential and cutting-edge disciplinary perspective that challenges traditional geographical paradigms. This paper aims to explore the academic connotations, theoretical propositions, research paradigms, and current hot topics within Relational Geography. It argues that the core focus of Relational Geography is on the subject of action, emphasizing not only the analysis of international mobility, connectivity, and social relations but also the exploration of individual experiences, cognition, and agency. This approach encompasses not only the extensive impacts of globalization on local societies, economies, and institutions but also the examination of localization, cultural reconstruction, and differential production, revealing clear tendencies towards de-territorialization and de-scaling. Rather than merely summarizing patterns or laws, the interpretation of regional policies or social events within Relational Geography is predominantly based on actor networks and adopts a de-anthropocentric perspective, focusing on the analysis of situations, interactions, interpretations, and contingencies. Relational Geography highlights that the complexity of the present era cannot be adequately explained by a single theory or dominant ideology. Through a decentralized, heterogeneous, dynamic, and multi-dimensional approach, it embodies the diversity, inclusiveness, and profound nature of geographical thinking. This shift towards relational thinking represents a critique of long-standing Western academic hegemony associated with substantialism (the belief in discovering objective social facts), positivism (the search for objective laws of human society), dualism, and other prevailing trends. By surpassing the limitations of human and physical geography and reflecting on essentialist and structuralist static analyses, Relational Geography incorporates events and realities into the perspectives of political economy, power relations, gender identity, spatial justice, and social inequality. Its epistemological shift towards more open, fluid, and complex spatial relational thinking significantly reshapes people's understanding of key geographic concepts such as space, place, and scale. As a new research trend and paradigm, Relational Geography needs to effectively incorporate and apply its principles when examining Chinese experiences. China's traditional concept of "connection," the "Belt and Road Initiative", and the idea of "a community with a shared future for mankind" serve as prime examples of how Relational Geography can be applied and connected in practice.
Through the research methods of comparison and category, this article generalized the existing theoretical concepts to define four ''base'' of landscape genes, and analyzed its genetic expression mechanism. Based on the theory of landscape gene base, this research team carried out an empirical study on the restoration of landscape gene in Yongfeng Village, Rucheng County, Chenzhou City, Hunan Province. The research conclusion verifies the scientificity and applicability of the theory: 1) The landscape genes of traditional villages are composed of the arrangement of four bases: Differentiation base, form base, response base and iteration base, which sequence arrangement can determine the genetic information such as landscape morphogenesis, information translation and information inheritance in the cultural landscape of traditional villages. 2) In the horizontal direction, one base in the landscape gene sequence is paired with another fixed base, which shows that the landscape gene bases also satisfy the pairing law as biological gene bases. In the vertical direction, the order of landscape gene bases can reflect the diachronic and process of the evolution of traditional village cultural landscape. 3) Through the determination and deduction of landscape gene sequence, this research summarized the differentiation characteristics of cultural carriers in Yongfeng Village, which were used to restructure the missing differentiation bases of local landscape gene. 4) The cultural environment can be restored through the formation of place attachment and the establishment place identity, and the restoration of the cultural environment can be conducive to reestablish the balance between gene response and environmental effects in Yongfeng Village, which is the key to activate the response base. 5) The traditional village landscape gene extraction work often faces the situation that the traditional village landscape is seriously damaged. At this time, the deduction of landscape gene sequence and the restoration of the transmission path of genetic information can be achieved through the DFRI base theory, and finally reconstruct the broken cultural landscape of traditional village.
Focusing on the development trend of substantive cross-border higher education, and using international branch campuses to represent international cooperation in higher education. This paper explores the spatial and temporal characteristics of the development of international cooperation in higher education at the national and urban scales from 1966 to 2020 and its spillover effect on knowledge collaboration between countries (regions). The study finds that: 1) The distribution of the parent schools of international branch campuses shows a stable feature dominated by the United States and Western Europe, and Paris, New York and Moscow are the three major supply centers of international cooperation in higher education; 2) The distribution of international branch campuses shows a shift from Canada-West Europe-led to East Asia-Middle East-led, and Dubai's position as the center of international branch campuses has been strengthened; 3) The network of international cooperation in higher education has evolved from the radiation network structure with the United States as the single core to the multi-core radiation network structure with the United States, Britain and France as the core. The United States has been the largest supply center for international branch campuses, and developing countries (regions) are accelerating their integration into the network of international cooperation in higher education; 4) The regression model results under the framework of multidimensional proximity analysis show that international cooperative education has a significant and stable positive spillover effect on knowledge collaboration among countries (regions), and the main channel of spillover is the collaboration between international branch campuses and parent schools.
Metro TOD development is an urban development model that integrates the metro traffic arrangement with the urban development. It's expected to greatly help achieving high-quality development of the urban space. The spillover effects from the Metro TOD development are widely observed within and among TOD station zones. Researches are highly demanded to offer significant support of decision for evaluating urban benchmark land price rationally, and evenly formulating interest compensation mechanism in the development of public resources. The objectives of this paper is to find out to what level the spillover effects are on the benchmark land prices in Chinese great metropolitan such as Guangzhou, and find out what will be the key factors to delivery these effects on different land use purposes. Based on the 5D principles invented by Robert and Ewing, 17 indexes are carefully designed and computed to measure the development degree of each metro TOD zone.These variables are test by stepwise regressions to find out whether they affect the land prices or not. Then spatial regression strategies are put forward to evaluate the spillover effects of TOD development among the 220 metro TOD zones and within each zone. The models are conducted to testing all 4 kinds of land use purposes—commercial, residential, industrial and office land use. We would argue that the 5D principle of TOD development is translated into calculable variables, which provide a theoretical basis for the influence factors of land price. It is an effective way to measure total spillovers of metro TOD zones by using spatial regression model to capture the spillover among the metro TOD zones, into which introducing dummy variables to capture the spillover in the metro TOD zone. For the case of Guangzhou, the spatial distribution of land prices with the metro TOD zone as the spatial unit appears the circle structure and follows the distance attenuation law on both the urban and TOD zone scales, but the spatial distribution pattern of land price by type is different in different TOD zones. From 2010 to 2019 in Guangzhou, there are positive spillover effects between and within TOD zones for commercial, residential and industrial land prices, except for office land prices where there is no spillover effect within TOD zones. 2019 relative to 2010, the spillover between TOD station zones is weakening; the spillover within TOD station zones is increasing. Based on the research conclusions, the planning TOD corridor is proposed. Determine the reasonable proportion of each type of land according to the function of the TOD zone; Prioritizing the development of commercial and residential land near metro stations; Considering the spillover effect of station development, establish a benefit compensation mechanism for TOD zone development and other policy suggestions.
Based on airport location, air passenger and regional economic data from 2000 to 2019, considering the difference of air transport demand and supply, the article analyses the evolution characteristics of national air passenger transport and airport pattern, explores the evolution characteristics of regional air passenger transport pattern using standard deviation ellipse method, then, identifies the factors influencing the evolution of air passenger transport spatial pattern in China using spatial pattern similarity analysis method. The results show that: 1) From 2000 to 2019, Chinese air passenger transport pattern showed a trend of spatial expansion and northwest movement; Compared with the distribution of civil airports in China, the pattern of air passenger transport is significantly concentrated in eastern China, showing a northeast-to-southwest trend, indicating that the regional distribution of air passenger transport in China is more uneven. 2) The outward expansion of air passenger space structure and space-time evolution trend in China mainly comes from the contribution of central, western and northeast regions. The evolution of the center of gravity and area of air passenger transport in eastern China is not consistent with the characteristics of the whole country, which inhibits the spatial expansion of air passenger transport and the center of gravity moving to the northwest. 3) Tourism, economy, income and scale have a significant positive impact on the evolution of air passenger traffic pattern in China, the opening factor has no significant impact, while the market factor has a certain negative impact on the evolution of air passenger traffic pattern. In addition, the distribution of air passenger transport pattern is more southerly than that of the influencing factors, indicating that there is still a large space for optimizing the development of air passenger transport pattern. Finally, based on the research results, some suggestions are put forward to promote the healthy development of air passenger transport, such as building new airports and optimizing the capacity and operation level of the current airports in the central and northern regions, strengthening the capacity scale and service quality of the existing airports and optimizing the comprehensive transport system.in the eastern region.
Studying the spatiotemporal evolution of vegetation and its influencing factors is conducive to in-depth understanding of the relationship between vegetation, climate change and human activities, and is of great significance to guiding the scientific management of the regional ecological environment. This study uses data such as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) from 1998 to 2019, based on Mann-Kendall trend test, correlation analysis and other methods to study the spatiotemporal changes and driving factors of NDVI in the Yangtze River Basin. The results showed that the annual growth rate of NDVI in the Yangtze River Basin was 0.0042/a, and the area of vegetation improvement and degradation accounted for 88.12% and 10.09% of the total area, respectively. In the basin, the SPEI decreased in 71.68% of the area, showing an insignificant drought trend. The destruction of vegetation by human activities is mainly reflected in urban expansion, and the restoration of vegetation is mainly reflected in the increase of forest land. With the increase of elevation and slope, the correlation between NDVI and SPEI gradually increases, indicating that the impact of climate on vegetation gradually increases, indicating that the impact of climate on vegetation gradually increases. However, when the elevation is between 3400 m and 5300 m and the slope is greater than 30°, the impact of climate change on vegetation gradually decreases due to the joint influence of plateau climate and human activities.
To accelerate the improvement of the efficiency of industrial green water resources can effectively alleviate the biggest contradiction between ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, and can also solve its biggest problem. The SE-SBM model considering unexpected output is used to calculate the industrial green water resource efficiency of 77 prefecture level cities in the Yellow River basin, and the characteristics of the spatial network correlation structure of efficiency are comprehensively evaluated by using the modified gravity model and social network analysis method. The results show that: 1) The efficiency of industrial green water resources in the Yellow River basin has been significantly improved as a whole. The internal efficiency of the basin presents a pattern of "downstream>midstream>upstream". The local dynamic characteristics and heterogeneity characteristics coexist, and the horizontal difference of efficiency in the basin has expanded significantly. 2) The internal network density of the Yellow River basin is significantly different from the regional network linkage development, showing a gradual decline from the lower reaches to the middle reaches and then to the upper reaches. 3) The node characteristics of industrial green water resource efficiency network in the Yellow River basin are obviously regional heterogeneity, and the four level network has become the basic framework of the industrial green water resource efficiency network in the Yellow River basin. 4) The spatial correlation plate of industrial green water resource efficiency is specifically divided into two-way spillover, net spillover, broker and net beneficiary plates, but a good circular transmission framework has not been formed between the plates. The K-core structure of the industrial green water resource efficiency network shows a pyramid distribution feature, and the sub cluster cities have obvious location orientation and preference characteristics, which is not conducive to narrowing the development gap between cities.
The cluster of tourism specialized villages is the research content that needs to be expanded urgently to realize the coordinated innovation and development of rural tourism, studying the agglomeration and evolution mechanism of mountain tourism specialized villages (TSVs) is of great significance for promoting the spatial reconstruction of mountain villages, as well as promoting tourism to recreate the beauty of mountain villages and realize the revitalization of mountain villages. Using the methods of field investigation, spatial analysis and regression analysis, this paper analyzed the agglomeration and evolution characteristics and process of TSVs in Chongdugou Management Committee, and discusses the agglomeration evolution mechanism of TSVs in the case area. 1) Specialized tourism households are the carrier of tourism project implementation. The spatial diffusion of tourism projects is the premise of the formation and diffusion of TSVs. The formation, diffusion and agglomeration of TSVs are developed on the basis of the spatial and temporal diffusion of tourism projects. 2) Chongdugou TSVs have evident agglomeration characteristics, with obvious agglomeration distribution along rivers and along transportation lines. Since 1999, the TSVs have shown the change characteristics from single core agglomeration to dual core agglomeration. 3) The agglomeration evolution of Chongdugou TSVs is the result of the combined effects of micro-factors within the village, meso factors among villages and macro factors outside the village. These factors have significant differences in the size and direction of the influence of agglomeration evolution. The tourism market environment, village committee, policy support and resource endowment have obvious effects on the agglomeration evolution speed. Transportation conditions, geographical proximity and kinship conditions have important driving effects on the intensity of agglomeration evolution.Some new findings are obtained from the analysis of the agglomeration evolution mechanism of Chongdu tourism specialized villages (TSVs). Firstly, the market environment provides a strong macro driving force for the formation and development of the agglomeration core of TSVs. Secondly, it avoids the limitation of focusing on agricultural and industrial specialized villages in the previous studies and makes a beneficial supplement to the previous research. Thirdly, the network analysis method is introduced to analyze the spatial diffusion process of specialized projects and specialized villages, which is an attempt to explore the research method of the spatial diffusion process of specialized villages to a certain extent.
Cultural landscape is one of the important objects in geographical research, and settlement is an important component of cultural landscape. On the basis of analyzing the gene connotation of cultural landscape, combining with the morphological composition and perceptual structure of traditional settlements, this study believes that the landscape morphological genes of traditional settlements can be analyzed from six aspects: environment, layout, boundary, marker, road and house. In this paper, the Xiangjiang River Basin is taken as the research area, through extracting, translating and comparing the morphological genes of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the case settlements, the paper forms morphological gene map and coding sequence map of cultural landscape. In the comparative analysis of coding sequence maps, the results are as follows: 1) The same landscape morphological genes. Most of the traditional settlements in the river basin are built on side of the mountains, and there is often a pond in front of the village, which is often bordered by the water body. There are many ancestral halls and folk traditional beliefs constructions, bridges, gate towers, wells, and ancient trees are common in the villages; 2) Different landscape morphological genes. Most of the settlements in the middle and upper reaches are in the form of agglomeration, with clear water boundaries. Single traditional study houses or academies are common in the village. The upstream and downstream settlements are often enclosed by walls, and the dwellings mostly extend longitudinally, and form multi-entry dwellings. In terms of uniqueness, most of the upstream settlements have small hill before the village as a barrier. The layout of the settlements expands in an "arc" shape in accordance with the mountain situation, and the road network is also varied, and many Feng-Shui pavilions or pagodas are built to pray for the prosperity of local civil and military. The middle reaches' settlements often have square layout, the main road network is also in the shape of a "grid", mostly set up shop streets. The downstream settlements are discretely distributed, and the roads are branched and connected to the houses everywhere, and there are many large residences called "South Large House", inside which courtyards are arranged, and horizontal houses are arranged on both sides. On the whole, this study presents the spatial distribution of multiple morphologic genes in the traditional settlement cultural landscape in the Xiang River basin through the two maps.
The development of rural territorial functions is closely related to the realization of the strategic goal for rural revitalization. The rural territorial functional structure system is constructed from the 5 dimensions: Agricultural production, non-agricultural production, life support ecological conservation and cultural landscape. Based on functional value method, the rural regional functions at county scale in Yunnan Province is calculated, and its spatial differentiation characteristics are analyzed. Then using the stepwise regression model and geographic weighted regression model (GWR), the influencing mechanism of the rural territorial functions is explored. On this basis, the self-organizing feature map (SOFM) neural network and the geographical detector model are used to identify the functional regionalization and propose the rural revitalization path. The results show that: 1) The rural territorial functions in Yunnan Province were great differences in comprehensive functional values and each dimension functions values among different counties (districts and cities). High-value regions were gathered in central, eastern and southwest Yunnan, and low-value regions were gathered in northwest and northeast Yunnan. 2) Population urbanization and scale industrial enterprises were the external driving forces of Yunnan's rural regional functions. Within the rural regional system, there were positive effects of rural labor, cultivated area, rural road network construction, health and medical services, and inhibitory responses of internal heterogeneity. There were spatial gradient differences in the intensity of the internal and external dual effects. 3) The rural regional functions of Yunnan Province were divided into five categories by using the best classified marginal benefits, and then the development directions of rural areas were clarified. Based on the influence mechanism of regionalization, multiple paths of rural revitalization were put forward, which were consolidation, development, promotion, deepening and leading. The development direction of rural revitalization was clarified by functional structure classification, and the implementation path of rural revitalization is analyzed by functional mechanism difference, which can provide beneficial enlightenment for rural revitalization of ethnic regions in Southwest China.
The Landsat MSS dataset is an important historical dataset in the early development of remote sensing and almost the only earth observation remote sensing dataset in the 1970s. However, due to the difference between the Landsat MSS sensor and subsequent Landsat TM sensor, their observation results have systematic bias. It is necessary to study the consistency of surface reflectance and vegetation indices of Landsat 5 MSS and TM. Based on PROSAIL model simulation data, this paper analyzes the consistency of Landsat 5 MSS and TM surface reflectance by resampling the hyperspectral reflectance to broadband reflectance with the relative spectral responses. This article also calculates four vegetation indices (NDVI, EVI2, SAVI, and OSAVI) by the above broadband reflectance. Because the MSS sensor has two NIR bands, three correction methods are proposed. The first is to calculate the vegetation indices by MSS Red and NIR-1 reflectance and correct it with the linear regression model. The second is to calculate the vegetation indices by MSS Red and NIR-2 reflectance and convert it with the linear regression model. The third is to calculate the vegetation indices by the corrected Red and NIR reflectance. This paper finally validates the three correction methods by the real MSS and TM data of Landsat 5. This paper further discusses the influence of atmospheric factors on the consistency between the vegetation indices by the Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum (6S model). The results show that for the consistency and correction of reflectivity, the linear regression model and multiple linear regression model can correct the Landsat MSS equivalent reflectivity data calculated based on the simulated data to the Landsat TM band, but for the real MSS remote sensing data, the effect of the reflectance correction model is not as apparent as in simulated data. For the consistency and correction of vegetation indices, the MSS red light band and NIR-1 band are used to calculate the vegetation indices first, and then the linear regression model is used to correct it, which has achieved the best results in both simulated data and real data; Vegetation indices are easily affected by the estimation error of aerosol optical thickness in atmospheric parameters, but not by the estimation error of column water vapor. The method is sensitive to the input AOD of the atmospheric correction model and insensitive to the input CWV.
In this paper, the urban agglomerations in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River (UAMRYR) was considered as a case study and an evaluation index system of county Eco-efficiency (EE) was constructed based on multi-source remote sensing data. The values of county EE in 2009—2018 were measured by a super slack-based measure (Super-SBM) model, and Dagum Gini coefficient and its decomposition, optimized Getis-OrdGi* index, dynamic kernel density estimation and spatial Markov chain were used to reveal the spatial-temporal pattern and multi-dimensional dynamic evolution characteristics of county EE of UAMRYR. The results show that: 1) During the study period, the values of county EE increased overall but the overall difference gradually increased, which was determined by both inter-provincial difference and intra-provincial difference, among which, the size of intra-provincial difference showed the characteristic of 'Hubei>Hunan>Jiangxi', while the inter-provincial difference showed the trend of 'the Difference of Hubei-Hunan were smaller, and the Hubei-Jiangxi and Hunan-Jiangxi increased overall'; 2) In terms of spatial distribution, the counties in the low-value zone of county EE gradually achieved grade leap but hardly changed by leaps and bounds, the number of high-value zones of county EE kept increasing, and the phenomenon of spatial agglomeration gradually came to the fore, reflecting the characteristics of 'low-value zones of county EE were scattered, medium-low-value zones and medium-high-value zones were interspersed, high-value zones were distributed in municipal districts', gradually evolved into the spatial distribution structure of 'the city clusters around Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Metropolis and Jingzhou-Jingmen-Xiangyang-Yichang City Belt were double hot spots, and the city cluster around the Poyang Lake City Group was cold spots', forming a multi-level differentiated spatial pattern; 3) At present, the county EE of UAMRYR is in a low-level and stable promotion stage, with the characteristics of persistent low-low agglomeration. However, over time, the high-low clustering became apparent and the intensity of the 'siphon effect' increased. 4) The instability of county EE in the UAMRYR has increased. Specifically, inT1 and T2, county EE possessed the characteristics of great stability, poor mobility, and persistence, and was not prone to rank jumping and almost did not undergo cross-over changes. In T3, the number of counties with rank jump in EE increased and crossover changes occurred. In addition, the EE levels of counties in different neighboring regions had different effects on the stability of EE in low-low, medium-low-mid-low, and medium-high-mid-high counties, while the stability of EE in high-high counties was not easily affected by external conditions. Based on the above results, three policy recommendations has been put forward, which are accelerating the construction of central cities, adjusting the industrial structure step by step and establishing a mechanism for collaborative development of regional green industries, respectively.
Pingtan of Fujian Province is one of the main distribution areas of neolithic island-type sites in the South of China, and a key area of the spread of Austronesian civilization from Fujian to the South Pacific islands. Pottery from typical sites of this period, as the direct cultural remain, plays an important role to analyse the process of cultural exchange of the study area. Based on principal component analysis and cluster analysis, the geochemical elements of 10 piece of pottery and 52 soil samples from the Keqiutou site, Donghuaqiu site and Guishan site in the northern Haitan Island in Pingtan, Fujian Province were examined to analyze the characteristic of prehistoric cultural exchange in different cultural periods. Meanwhile, combining with the environment evolution and prehistoric human activities in Fujian coastal zone, this study discussed causes of the cultural exchange. The results showed that: 1) The dispersion of the chemical element composition of pottery was weak among three sites, which mean the similarities in material and source of pottery. However, the chemical element composition of pottery sample D01 in Guishan site is different from the remaining pottery and site soil samples. 2) The results of principal component analysis and cluster analysis indicated that the range of human activities and cultural exchange increased from Keqiutou culture period to Huangguashan culture period in Pingtan area. 3) Sea level fluctuation, the continuation of prehistoric human culture and the spread of pottery firing technology are causes of the increase of cultural exchanges in Fujian coastal zone.
In this article, hourly temperature during 1961—2019 and socio-economic data from 2000 to 2019 in 6 cities of Qinghai province were analyzed to evaluate the effect of climate change and urbanization on cooling degree hours, aiming at determining the requirement of air-conditioning in summer in response to the climate warming in plateau region of Qinghai. The results show that the cooling hour degrees significantly increase in all the selected cities with climate change, with the increasing rates from 1.1(℃·h)/10a (Yushu) to 124.2(℃·h)/10a (Ledu). Moreover, the increasing rates decrease with the rising of elevation. Except for Qilian and Yushu, the cooling degree hours mainly exist at 11:00-18:00, with significant increase in recent 10 years in Golmud, Gonghe, Sining and Ledu. For the duration of hourly temperature over 26℃ in a day, it could last 1-2 hours in Qilian, Yushu and Gonghe, much less than the duration of 11-14 hours in Sining, Golmud and Ledu. Additionally, cooling degree hours are associated with the scale of city development, i.e., the more dwellers, the larger cooling degree hours, and vice versa. This study reveals that climate warming has exactly led to an increase in the number of cooling degree hours in some cities of the Qinghai Plateau, which has a certain demand for summer air conditioning. Climate characteristics and urban development both affect the summer air conditioning in the Qinghai plateau region.
By constructing an industrial ecological index, the industrial ecological level could be measured in 57 counties in the Gansu section of the Yellow River Basin from 2005 to 2020. The spatial Dubin model is used to verify the spatial overflow effect and explore the spatial transmission mechanism. The results were as follows: The spatial differentiation pattern of ''center-peripheral'' gradient diffusion is significant. Industrial ecologization has significant spatial relevance, and the overall trend is transitioning to balance. The spatial radiation range of industrial ecologization is expanding, and the self-organization and spatial variability of industrial ecological space among counties continues to increase. The stepped terrain pattern gradually transitions to a gentle trend surface, whereas the radiation effect shows a decreasing characteristic in all directions of the geographical space with the expansion of the distance from the central area; There are significant positive spatial spillover effects on industrial ecologization, among which the development level, structural upgrade, and vitality of the industrial system and the environmental governance of the ecological environment system have obvious positive promoting effects, while the resource consumption and pollution emission of the ecological environment system have a certain inhibitory effect. The result of the interaction and effect of various factors and dynamics finally forms its spatial transmission path and mechanism.
