Based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud computing platform, this article explores a method to rapidly batch process remote sensing data and obtain glacier area changes based on the Purog Kangri Icefield on the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as an example. A pixel-by-pixel synthesis algorithm is used to acquire cloud-free images of the study area, which improves the utilization of image data. By calculating the NDSI of the study area and performing the minimum value synthesis, the glacier extent of the Purog Kangri from 1988 to 2020 was extracted to study the changes of the glacier area of the Purog Kangri in the past 33 years. The results show that the GEE platform combined with image-level image synthesis and the minimum NDSI algorithm can be used to rapidly acquire annual synthetic images and extract glacier boundaries. The glacier area change characteristics were obtained from 1988 to 2020 by synthesizing 512 remote sensing images from 1988 to 2020, and the glacier area decreased by 31.08 km² in past 33 years, with an average annual retreat rate of 0.23%/a. The glacier area retreat mainly occurred at the end of the glacier, and some of the ends retreated 1506 m in 20 years. In comparison with the results of other related studies, the absolute error between the results of this paper and the reference value is within 5.6 km² and the relative deviation is within 1.4%, which proves that the minimum NDSI synthesis method based on the GEE platform is feasible and reliable to extract the glacier area. Compared with field observation of glaciers or traditional remote sensing monitoring methods, this method improves image utilization and data processing efficiency, and can quickly realize long time series analysis of glacier area change, which provides a new way for modern glacier change research.

This paper starts from the realistic needs of implementing the Rural Revitalization Strategy, the modernization of the national spatial governance system and governance capacity. Based on the balanced development of urban and rural space and the special location characteristics of the metropolitan fringe, this paper scientifically analyzes the concept and characteristics of rural spatial governance in the metropolitan fringe, constructs the development process of rural spatial governance driven by socio-economic evolution, builds a logical analysis framework of rural spatial governance in the metropolitan fringe, and studies systematically the mechanism and model of rural space governance in the metropolitan fringe. The following conclusions are drawn: 1) With the implementation of the Rural Revitalization Strategy, urban and rural elements flow frequently. The rural areas in the metropolitan fringe have the characteristics of functional diversification, complexity of social structure and systematization of organizational structure, which correspond to material space governance, social space governance and space rights governance. 2) Governments, village collectives, enterprises and other social subjects constantly participate in the process of rural space governance, and each subject has its own unique governance behavior mechanism in rural physical space governance, social space governance and space rights governance. 3) Based on the different power allocation relationships of multiple subjects, this paper abstracts five governance models of rural space governance in metropolitan fringe, which are respectively government-led, government enterprise-joint, endogenous-driven, village enterprise-joint, and diversified-cooperation. Each space governance model has corresponding advantages and defects. Through the above studies, this paper aims to provide theoretical support and decision-making basis for sustainable development of rural space in this special region of metropolitan fringe.

Based on the data from the third national land resource survey of Hainan, a comprehensive analysis was conducted using kernel density estimation, buffer and overlay analysis, logistic regression model and ridge regression model to explore the spatial pattern of villages in Hainan Island and their response to natural and socio-economic factors, and further classify the villages into different types. The study found that: 1) The distribution of villages in Hainan Island presents a spatial pattern of "dense in coastal areas, sparse in inland areas" and "intensive in eastern areas, dispersed in western areas". The village scale is generally small, and the spatial differentiation of construction land and cultivated land is overall consistent with the natural geographical differentiation base shaped by the central mountainous area and peripheral coastal area. 2) Under the background of rural transformation, the spatial distribution of villages is mainly influenced by natural environment such as altitude and slope, and economic location represented by traffic accessibility to townships, while the spatial scale of villages is more externally driven by social and economic factors such as population and GDP; relatively speaking, the distribution and expansion of construction land are strongly influenced by social and economic factors, while cultivated land still has higher dependence on natural environment. 3) Based on above, five village types were identified in Hainan Island using cluster analysis, which are mountainous ecological characteristic villages, coastal resource substitution villages, urban-rural spatial integration villages, urban-rural functional integration villages, and wide-ranging comprehensive development villages, and the corresponding development suggestions were put forward. We hope this can offer a scientific basis for "one village one policy", so as to promote rural planning and revitalization in Hainan Island, and to promote human-land harmony and high-quality regional development.

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is known as the "Water Tower of Asia" and the characteristics of its water system are of great concern to society. Based on the GRACE gravity satellite, vegetation index, evapotranspiration, temperature, and precipitation data, we analyze the spatial and temporal patterns of water storage changes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and interpret the response characteristics of water storage changes to vegetation changes. The results show that: 1) Terrestrial water storage changes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau can be divided into 2 stages: in 2003—2012, the water storage changes were relatively stable; in 2012—2016, the water storage showed a decreasing trend (–8.04 mm/year, P<0.01). Spatially, it shows a significant deficit in the southern outflow area (–12 mm/year in some areas, P<0.01). In contrast, a significant surplus in the north-central Qiangtang inflow area (6 mm/year, P<0.01), however, the trend of surplus water storage in the instream zone was reversed in 2012 from a surplus to a deficit. 2) During 2002—2016, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau showed a greening trend (0.002/year, P<0.01), 61% of the gridded vegetation showed a greening trend, and 39% of the gridded vegetation browned (located in the southern, northern and northwestern regions of the plateau). 3) The direct relationship between the vegetation index and terrestrial water storage on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is not obvious because the plateau vegetation is mainly located in the southeastern part, and other regions are sparsely vegetated. However, vegetation significantly indirectly affects terrestrial water storage through transpiration. The greening of vegetation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau increases vegetation transpiration (R=0.62, P<0.05), leading to soil water storage deficit (R=–0.49, P<0.1), which in turn affects regional terrestrial water storage changes (R=–0.63, P<0.05). The study results contribute to deepening the understanding of the atmosphere-biosphere-hydrosphere interactions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the context of warming.

As a trunk railway in Southwest China, Sichuan-Xizang Railway has improved the transportation infrastructure in the western China, and is of great significance to the integration and coordinated development. This paper takes Sichuan-Xizang Railway as the research object, and calculates the accessibility of cities along the railway based on the network of roads and railways. Combined with the particularity of Sichuan and Xizang, the influence of Sichuan-Xizang Railway on urban accessibility and regional development is analyzed from the national scale, in order to provide reference for the coordinated development of China's trans-regional transportation infrastructure and regional development. The research results show: First, the construction of the Sichuan-Xizang Railway has notably enhanced accessibility for cities along the route. The once scattered circular layout has evolved into a corridor structure running parallel to the railway. Second, in comparison to Sichuan, the Sichuan-Xizang Railway has a more profound impact on the accessibility of cities in Xizang, particularly in the central locations like Linzhi and Changdu. Moreover, this impact extends beyond the railway route, enhancing connections between cities in Xizang and the rest of the country, particularly with the southwestern and southern regions. This suggests that the influence of the Sichuan-Xizang Railway extends throughout the entire Xizang. Third, Sichuan and Xizang are characterized by its concentration of economically disadvantaged counties and a diverse population of ethnic minorities, all while boasting abundant tourism resources. The railway significantly improves accessibility to border regions, impoverished counties, and autonomous counties inhabited by ethnic minorities. This has considerable implications for national security, ethnic unity, and regional integration and development. Finally, when viewed from an organizational network perspective, the introduction of train services along the Sichuan-Xizang Railway has enhanced the structural characteristics of the national high-speed rail network, with particular benefits for the southwest region. As the coverage of direct train services expands, cities in Xizang and Sichuan become more closely interconnected. In summary, the construction of the Sichuan-Xizang Railway is instrumental in facilitating connections between the southwest region, and eastern and central regions, with significant implications for national security, ethnic unity, and the promotion of regional integration and development.

Based on the meteorological observation datasets including daily maximum temperature, daily minimum temperature and precipitation, etc. at 61 stations in the hinterland of deserts and sandy fields and surrounding area in northern China, temporal and spatial variations of climate extremes were analyzed from 1961—2019 by 24 different extreme climate indices, and their influential factors were discussed. The results show that: 1) During 1961—2019, obvious warming trend has been found in these deserts and sandy fields. Extreme temperature indices have significant changing trend with small spatial difference. The frost days, cold nights and other extreme cold events have decreased significantly, while the number of summer days, warm days and other extreme warm events have increased significantly. 2) Extreme precipitation indices have large interannual fluctuations, and they mostly increased in western deserts and decreased in eastern sandy fields. The annual precipitation in western deserts has a significant increasing trend at the rate of 5.11 d/10a, and other extreme precipitation indices such as daily maximum precipitation, moderate rain days and heavy precipitation also have also increased significantly. The annual precipitation and other extreme precipitation indices in eastern sandy fields show an obvious decreasing trend, indicating the drying trend in this region. 3) The changes in extreme temperature indices in the deserts and sandy fields of northern China show consistency with other parts of China, while the rates exceed that of most part of global land such as North America, South Africa, Australia, etc. 4) The changes in extreme low temperature and extreme cold events in eastern sandy fields are significantly correlated with the Arctic Oscillation. The weakening of East Asian summer monsoon during recent decades is the main cause for the decrease in extreme precipitation in eastern sandy fields, while the increase in extreme precipitation in western deserts may be affected by multiple factors including the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation.

Based on the population change rates of municipal districts of cities in Northeast China from 2010 to 2018, this study first identified shrinking cities in Northeast China, and redefined urban vitality to construct its multi-indicator evaluation system, then characterized the spatial-temporal and evolutionary patterns of urban vitality of shrinking cities, and finally analyzed the influencing factors of these cities. The results showed that: 1) Based on the population data, there were 16 shrinking cities and 7 growing cities in Northeast China, which exhibited the spatial characteristics of "the coexistence of shrinkage and growth" and "the significant concentration of shrinkage". 2) The urban vitality of cities in Northeast China has improved as time went by, showing a spatial pattern of "core-edge" and a provincial spatial difference of "lower in the north and higher in the south". 3) The urban vitality of shrinking cities was generally lower than that of growing cities. From the perspective of different subsystems of urban vitality, the economic vitality of shrinking cities was generally low, but the performance of environmental vitality, cultural vitality and social vitality of certain shrinking cities was better than that of growing cities. 4) The evolutionary trends of urban vitality coordination degree of shrinking cities were not so characteristic. The original vitality foundations and background conditions of a city may have important influences on the change of urban vitality, and maintaining a high-level and coordinated urban development structure can play an important role in promoting urban vitality. 5) The main influencing factors of urban vitality were the degree of urban functionality mix, the proportion of tertiary industry in GDP and the treatment rate of urban domestic sewage. For shrinking cities, optimizing the environment quality of the built-up areas and ecological environment, improving the diversified accommodation degree of urban space, and speeding up the industrial transformation and upgrading are the keys to improve urban vitality. Two important contributions of this study are that it provides valuable insights into enhancing urban vitality and achieving high-quality development in shrinking cities, and it also offers guidance for effectively implementing the Northeast Revitalization Strategy and overcoming the challenges of regional decline in Northeastern China.

Comprehensively using multi-source remote sensing satellite data, the interannual trends in the area of water bodies in the Tarim River Basin and its various water systems from 1989 to 2019 and the impact of surface water changes of each water system on groundwater in a typical area (Lop Nur) under the influence of climate change and ecological water diversion were analyzed. The results of the study show that: 1) The surface water area of the Tarim River Basin has been increasing in a significant trend the surface water area of the Tarim River Basin has been increasing significantly in the last three decades; 2) Precipitation is the main climatic factor causing changes in surface water area in the basin, while ecological water transfer affects the spatial distribution pattern of surface water in the basin; 3) The changes in the growth of surface water in each water system in the basin have a significant effect on the recovery of groundwater reserves in the Lop Nor area. The research results of this paper are of great significance for understanding the long-term changes of the surface-groundwater system in the Tarim River Basin and formulating a scientific and reasonable water resources development and utilization strategy.

It is of great significance to explore the formation of water resources and the water balance in Tianchi area for the protection of water resources and ecological environment. Based on the topographic and geomorphologic conditions, the special geological lithology and ring-radial fault structure characteristics of Tianchi area, the water circulation conditions and hydrodynamic characteristics of Tianchi Lake were analyzed. The "hydraulic peak elimination" effect of the ring fault structure and the water conduction effect of the radial fault are clarified, and the possibility of groundwater divide expansion in Tianchi recharge area is demonstrated. Based on the analysis of water circulation and hydrodynamic conditions in Tianchi area, and meteorological and hydrological monitoring data of Tianchi area from 2003 to 2020, the water balance of Tianchi Lake was calculated and analyzed based on the water balance method. The results show that the precipitation conditions in Tianchi area can maintain the water level balance of Tianchi Lake. The water balance of annual excretion of 3.6×10⁷m³ of Tianchi Lake can be maintained when the precipitation is within 850-2 200 m from the outside of the surface watershed around Tianchi Lake. The average surface elevation of the water balance area is 125 m higher than that of Tianchi water surface (2 189.7 m). many ring faults and radial faults in Tianchi area. All the above faults are tensile faults. The ring faults all inclined to Tianchi which provided favorable conditions for groundwater recharge to Tianchi Lake. The formation above 1700 m in Tianchi area is mainly composed of pumice rock and pyroclastic rock, mostly of porosity structure and strong permeability. The special geological structure conditions and stratigraphic lithology in Tianchi area make the surface divide around Tianchi not coincide with the underground watershed in the groundwater recharge area. The dominant seepage conditions of the fault structure around Tianchi constitute the "peak elimination" effect of groundwater potential energy. The ring-radial fault structure and the good permeability of the stratum lithology in Tianchi area make it possible to expand the groundwater watershed. Combined the synthetic analysis result of the of water circulation and hydrodynamic conditions in Tianchi area, and meteorological and hydrological monitoring data of Tianchi area from 2003 to 2020, the water balance of Tianchi Lake was calculated and analyzed based on the water balance method. The results show that the precipitation conditions in Tianchi area can maintain the water balance of annual excretion of 3.6×10⁷ m³ of Tianchi Lake. The distance of the water balance zone boundary is within 850-2 200 m from the outside of the surface watershed around Tianchi Lake. The average surface elevation of the water balance area is 125 m higher than that of Tianchi Lake water surface (2 189.7 m). The factors that may affect the calculation result of water balance, such as precipitation, runoff of Tianchi Lake water, calculation parameter value, condensation water amount and evaporation amount, are analyzed and discussed.

Resilience is the basic attribute of the rural system, which reflects the rural system's response to external disturbances and shocks. High resilience rural has the ability to maintain system stability, minimize losses, and make comprehensive transformation and development. Rural resilience is the frontier direction of rural study. This article uses the CiteSpace to analyze papers on rural resilience domestic and abroad that has published before January 28, 2022. By drawing knowledge map, this paper aims to show the rural resilience study development process, research hotspots, latest directions and trends of future research. The study found that: 1) Foreign rural resilience study has established a complete knowledge system, which extends from basic concepts, theories and empirical studies to climate change, environmental protection, biodiversity and other fields. All these investigated rural resilience under different shocks. 2) The research on rural resilience domestic is still in initial stage, whose topic is few and scattered. The article indicates that future research should make full use of big data and simulation technology to reveal the evolution of rural systems, resilience thresholds and development shortage as well as rural resilience building under multiple stressors for rural revitalization and high quality development.

Due to the influence of rainfall, vegetation, tectonic movement and many other factors, the evolution characteristics of loess small watershed are very complicated and have not been effectively revealed. Although many previous studies have been carried out on the morphological, erosion and development of loess small watershed geomorphology, there are few studies on the spatial-temporal evolution of loess small watershed geomorphology based on watershed geomorphic entropy. Therefore, based on watershed geomorphic entropy and DEM data of geomorphic evolution in a loess small watershed simulated in 9 periods under the condition of indoor artificial rainfall, the basin geomorphic entropy variables and their spatial differentiation were studied at three scales of small watershed, sub-watershed, slope and gully, and to some extent, the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of geomorphic evolution in a loess small watershed were illustrated. The results show that: 1) In the process of loess geomorphic evolution under artificial rainfall, the local entropy increase of watershed geomorphic entropy in the basin is the process of loess accumulation or loess accumulation. 2) In terms of time, the change rate of entropy variable in the juvenile period was higher than that in the adult period, indicating that the loess erosion rate in the juvenile period was faster than that in the adult period. 3) In terms of space, slope erosion is gradually enhanced in childhood and gradually weakened in adulthood. Gully erosion plays a dominant role in loess erosion process, which is characterized by gully edge erosion in juvenile stage and gully head erosion in adult stage. 4) The loess small watershed has the evolution characteristics of stronger erosion capacity of sub-basins located in the lower reaches and similar erosion capacity of sub-basins located in the same position on the left and right sides of the main gully.

Quantitative evaluation of the human travel activity intensity (hereinafter referred to as "human travel intensity") is a fundamental element of human disturbance research, which is of utmost importance for the preservation of biodiversity. Taking the difference between urban areas and non-urban areas into account, in order to improve the response of human travel intensity to each type of environmental variable, this paper focuses on the non-urban areas of Yunnan Province, based on the Tencent location big data, using the geodetector and maximum entropy model to investigate the impact of environmental variables on human travel intensity. The results of the paper reveal that the environmental variables affecting the human travel intensity in the non-urban areas of Yunnan Province present a nonlinear enhancement or bivariate enhancement type under the interaction, and the combination of the distance to residences and the land cover type has the largest explanatory power for the human travel intensity. The prediction accuracy of the maximum entropy model meets the "good" criterion according to the standard (Area Under Curve, AUC= 0.855), and the human travel intensity in the non-urban areas of Yunnan Province shows a general pattern of "high in the east and low in the west". Among all the environmental variables, distance to residences, land cover type, distance to roads, and slope are the main influencing variables, and the cumulative contribution of these four environmental variables exceeds 90%. As a whole, human travel intensity in the non-urban areas of Yunnan Province is concentrated near residences that have gentle topography, a mild climate, moderate precipitation, and easily accessible transportation. The findings of the paper can be utilized to gain an understanding of the factors that are influencing the heterogeneity of human travel and can be a source of guidance for species protection and development in Yunnan Province.

In the context of transboundary river basins, the water-energy-food nexus is of great significance for water security and ecological security, as well as for maintaining the geopolitical security and sustainable development of transboundary countries. The present study systematically reviewed the frontier progress of the water-energy-food nexus research in the transboundary river basins. These studies can be grouped into four categories: research on the internal core nexus, research on the nexus between coupling internal and external systems, research on the nexus of response measures caused by future uncertainty, and research on transboundary cooperation considered water benefit sharing. We recognize the types, characteristics, and challenges of current quantitative assessment methods, and point out the future development trends from the perspective of actual needs of transboundary basins, i.e., promoting information sharing and data mining, revealing the coupling and feedback mechanism of the water-energy-food nexus, enhancing the development and application of quantitative assessment model of the water-energy-food nexus, strengthening the researches on future uncertainty of the water-energy-food nexus, and promoting multi-stakeholder cooperation. This review will facilitate the rational development and utilization of water resources in the transboundary river basins and realize deeper international cooperation.

Base on the field investigation in the Zoige Basin, the typical first terrace sedimentary sequence of the Yellow River outlet at the western of the basin was selected as the research object. Through the analysis of sediment grain size, end-member and OSL dating, the study result showed that the bed facies sand and gravel and the floodplain sand layer at the bottom of the terrace constitute a binary structure sedimentary layer, in which a layer of shallow depression bog mud deposits accumulated during 5.0—4.2 ka B.P. was lenticularly sandwiched, these results suggest that the first terrace of the Yellow River in this reach began to form from 5.0 ka B.P. The river floodplain sand layer was covered with aeolian sand layer, and the paleoflood slackwater deposit layer was sandwiched in the aeolian sand layer, indicating that the Yellow River experienced several catastrophic flood events during 4.2—4.0 ka B.P. during the period of 4.0—2.8 ka B.P., the climate was humid, the bog mud deposits was formed on the shallow depression of the terrace surface. Then the sandstorm carried the coarse silt to the terrace and formed aeolian loess layer. The upper part of aeolian loess layer was transformed by biological weathering, and developed into modern subalpine meadow soil layer with granular structure. The results revealed the development process of the first terrace in the outlet section of Zoige Basin, which was of great significance for understanding the environmental changes and surface processes in the source area of the Yellow River since the middle Holocene.

The number and direction of China's population movements have changed substantially in the last few decades, which caused constant spatial restructuring. Migration is often a multi-stage process that migrants that migrantes may continue an onward migration after their fiyst spatial movement. However, existing studies have paid little attention to such dynamic processes. To fill this research gap, this paper analyzes the dynamic trajectory of migration and the network features of the spatial pattern, and further explores the influencing factors of the spatial choice of the onward migration by using social network analysis and the nested Logit model. The main findings are as followings: 1) The onward migration often occurs within ten years after the primary migration, with a decreasing migration distance. The majority of these onward migrants are married and tend to mirgate with family when they move again. It is also important to note that the onward migration does not always involve movement from cities in a lower hierarchy to a higher one, but presenting diversified patterns; 2) The primary migration network shows a very obvious cross-shaped diamond structure with the center of gravity to the east and south, while in the onward migration, the horizontal linkage becomes weaker, showing fewer pair cities with flows; 3) Spatial choices of onward migration are influenced by both individual and urban factors, among which the average wage in the destination city has the most significant influence, followed by individual characteristics and other urban factors. The higher the education level, the higher the administrative rank of migrants' place of origin, and the younger the onward migrants are in occupations requiring higher professional and technical knowledge and within the working age, the more they tend to flow to a Tier-one city. Based on the above empirical findings, the study further proposes relevant recommendations for different types of cities considering the characteristics of migration process: First, the cities with strong population attractiveness should actively improve facilities, public service conditions and enhance governance to increase the carrying capacity of the population. Second, different cities should be clear about the differences between themselves and other popular cities where the migrants tend to move. Given that migrants are more likely to choose destinations within the urban cluster in onward migration, the cities belonging to the cluster should utilize the population spillover effect of the core cities. They should actively adjust the industrial structure to promote the development of industries with obvious income pulling effect, strengthen the comprehensive urban governance capacity, and create ample urban amenities to attract the population. In view of the visible trend of family migration, cities should introduce corresponding policies in public services.

Evapotranspiration is the process by which water is dispersed to the atmosphere through the soil and vegetation surfaces, and it has an important impact on water resource consumption in the watershed. It is important to study the evapotranspiration process under the changing vegetation conditions to understand the water balance and water cycle in the watershed. Google Earth Engine (GEE) is a planetary-scale cloud platform for remote sensing imageries, it axiomatically has a primal advantage (e.g., premium communicating ecosystem and opening sources) in earth-science research. In this paper, the Loess Plateau was selected as the study area, on the platform of GEE, PML_V2 (2002—2017) and NDVI (1990—2020) datasets were applied, and linear regression, Mann-Kendall nonparametric test were used to quantitatively analyze the change of evapotranspiration components under the influence of vegetation changes on the Loess Plateau at a long-term scale. The results showed that: 1) The vegetation on the Loess Plateau showed a significant increasing trend (P<0.05) from 1990 to 2020, and the overall vegetation change was dominated by the trend of basic unchanged (31.2%) and slightly improved (59.4%), and gradually decreased from southeast to northwest spatially; 2) The vegetation transpiration on the Loess Plateau from 2002 to 2017 showed a significant increasing trend in vegetation transpiration and canopy interception evaporation (P<0.05) and with a non-significant decreasing trend in soil evaporation (P>0.05); 3) The increase in NDVI led to a decrease in soil evaporation (P<0.05) and increased vegetation transpiration and canopy interception evaporation (P<0.05). This study is beneficial to quantitatively clarify the impacts of the vegetated growing process and seasonal variations on the components of evapotranspiration, and provide scientific references for understanding the reciprocal feedback between vegetation changes and watershed eco-hydrological processes.

Based on the non-expected Super-SBM model, this paper measures the transformation efficiency of resource-based industries in 30 provinces from 2010 to 2018, and analyzes the evolution of the spatial-temporal pattern and influencing factors. The results show that: 1) the efficiency of resource-based industries in China has been continuously improved at an average annual growth rate of 6.26%, but there is still a big gap from effective development. Technological innovation is the main driving force to promote industrial efficiency, the optimization rate of scale efficiency has slowed down, and the motivation for continuous improvement is insufficient. 2) The transformation efficiency of resource-based industries in the country showed a ladder pattern of "the highest in the eastern China, followed by the central China, and the western and northeastern regions of China were relatively backward". The eastern and central regions of China maintained a rapid upward trend, while the western China slowly improved, and only the northeast China experienced a serious decline after 2014. 3) The transformation efficiency of resource-based industries in each province has a positive spatial correlation, and the agglomeration effect is increasing. At present, it is in the stage of high-level agglomeration, and the low-level agglomeration is basically solidified. 4) Industrial scale and environmental regulations have a significant promoting effect on the improvement of the transformation efficiency of resource-based industries, while institutional mechanisms and energy intensity inhibit the improvement of industrial transformation efficiency. Technology research and development only has a certain promoting effect in the eastern China, and the driving force of technology transformation in other regions is weaker.

Excess commuting analysis is of great practical significance for improving urban commuting efficiency and optimizing the spatial relationship between employment and housing. There are few studies on intraurban variations of excess commuting, and also from the perspective of educational attainment. Based on the Shanghai 1% population sample survey data at sub-district level in 2015, we analyzed commuting efficiency differences among different educational groups and their intraurban variations, using a spatially disaggregated approach. The results show that 52.14% of commuting trips were excess commuting, and 26.14% of commuting potential was utilized, which still has great potential for commuting optimization. From the perspective of educational attainment, there are significant group differences in commuting behavior and its efficiency. The degree of jobs and housing separation of low educational groups is lower but has more obvious decentralized characteristics, and its commuting efficiency is much higher than that of high educational groups. In term of spatial distribution, workers travelling from homes located in job-rich areas make the shortest minimum commute, whereas workers living in housing-rich areas make the longest minimum commutes. The lowest commuting efficiency is found for job-rich areas and the highest for housing rich areas. The commuting efficiency of edge workers (employers) is higher than central workers (employers). From the perspective of influencing factors, in addition to the job-housing balance at the micro level, the job-housing spatial relationship at the macro level is also an important influencing factor of commuting behavior of residents. For the well-educated group, their selection of residential location follows patterns of average job location rather than that of the closest available job location.

The study of impacts of drought on vegetation is one of the important ways to assess the impact of extreme climate on ecosystems. The dynamic pattern evolutions of drought has spatial and temporal characteristics. It is of great significance to analyze the impact of dynamic development of drought event on vegetation ecosystem in order to deeply understand the mechanism of drought and vegetation interaction. Based on a 3-dimensional drought clustering algorithm, we proposed a new method for quantitatively analyzing the vegetation response mechanism to droughts by accurately describing temporal continuity and dynamic extensibility of drought events. We investigated the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of meteorological drought events and vegetation response to meteorological drought events on the Loess Plateau from 1982 to 2018 by identifying the 3-dimensional continuum of meteorological drought events. Results showed that: 1) The 3D drought events identified by the clustering algorithm on the Loess Plateau were convincible and reliable by the comparation with documented historical drought events. 2) We found that the NDVI value of drought affected area during drought period tended to be lower than that during pre-drought period by comparing the NDVI value in two periods and a good correlation was found between the NDVI reduction and meteorological drought events severity (R²=0.4389, P<0.05). 3) Further study showed that the NDVI cumulative reductions response quickly to SPEI cumulative reductions on the Loess Plateau. Grassland was the most sensitive and vulnerable to drought events which had the worst drought resistance by comparing the response characteristics of different land use types (cropland, grassland and forest) to drought events; However, cropland had suffered worst during severe drought events. Our findings provide crucial insights into scientific and reasonable understanding of the dynamic pattern evolution of 3D drought events and its influence mechanism on vegetation ecosystem.

Since the mid-1990s, Human Geography research has witnessed a significant turn towards a relational approach, giving rise to Relational Geography as an influential and cutting-edge disciplinary perspective that challenges traditional geographical paradigms. This paper aims to explore the academic connotations, theoretical propositions, research paradigms, and current hot topics within Relational Geography. It argues that the core focus of Relational Geography is on the subject of action, emphasizing not only the analysis of international mobility, connectivity, and social relations but also the exploration of individual experiences, cognition, and agency. This approach encompasses not only the extensive impacts of globalization on local societies, economies, and institutions but also the examination of localization, cultural reconstruction, and differential production, revealing clear tendencies towards de-territorialization and de-scaling. Rather than merely summarizing patterns or laws, the interpretation of regional policies or social events within Relational Geography is predominantly based on actor networks and adopts a de-anthropocentric perspective, focusing on the analysis of situations, interactions, interpretations, and contingencies. Relational Geography highlights that the complexity of the present era cannot be adequately explained by a single theory or dominant ideology. Through a decentralized, heterogeneous, dynamic, and multi-dimensional approach, it embodies the diversity, inclusiveness, and profound nature of geographical thinking. This shift towards relational thinking represents a critique of long-standing Western academic hegemony associated with substantialism (the belief in discovering objective social facts), positivism (the search for objective laws of human society), dualism, and other prevailing trends. By surpassing the limitations of human and physical geography and reflecting on essentialist and structuralist static analyses, Relational Geography incorporates events and realities into the perspectives of political economy, power relations, gender identity, spatial justice, and social inequality. Its epistemological shift towards more open, fluid, and complex spatial relational thinking significantly reshapes people's understanding of key geographic concepts such as space, place, and scale. As a new research trend and paradigm, Relational Geography needs to effectively incorporate and apply its principles when examining Chinese experiences. China's traditional concept of "connection," the "Belt and Road Initiative", and the idea of "a community with a shared future for mankind" serve as prime examples of how Relational Geography can be applied and connected in practice.

Based on airport location, air passenger and regional economic data from 2000 to 2019, considering the difference of air transport demand and supply, the article analyses the evolution characteristics of national air passenger transport and airport pattern, explores the evolution characteristics of regional air passenger transport pattern using standard deviation ellipse method, then, identifies the factors influencing the evolution of air passenger transport spatial pattern in China using spatial pattern similarity analysis method. The results show that: 1) From 2000 to 2019, Chinese air passenger transport pattern showed a trend of spatial expansion and northwest movement; Compared with the distribution of civil airports in China, the pattern of air passenger transport is significantly concentrated in eastern China, showing a northeast-to-southwest trend, indicating that the regional distribution of air passenger transport in China is more uneven. 2) The outward expansion of air passenger space structure and space-time evolution trend in China mainly comes from the contribution of central, western and northeast regions. The evolution of the center of gravity and area of air passenger transport in eastern China is not consistent with the characteristics of the whole country, which inhibits the spatial expansion of air passenger transport and the center of gravity moving to the northwest. 3) Tourism, economy, income and scale have a significant positive impact on the evolution of air passenger traffic pattern in China, the opening factor has no significant impact, while the market factor has a certain negative impact on the evolution of air passenger traffic pattern. In addition, the distribution of air passenger transport pattern is more southerly than that of the influencing factors, indicating that there is still a large space for optimizing the development of air passenger transport pattern. Finally, based on the research results, some suggestions are put forward to promote the healthy development of air passenger transport, such as building new airports and optimizing the capacity and operation level of the current airports in the central and northern regions, strengthening the capacity scale and service quality of the existing airports and optimizing the comprehensive transport system.in the eastern region.

Abstract: Dunhuang, a small-scale inland city in western China, has transformed from a traditional agricultural county to an international tourist city, a platform for world cultural exchanges, and a node city along the Belt and Road, which mainly relies on its unique and brilliant resources Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang culture, and state policy of economic reform and open up. As a tourism governance model with a cultural position and unique resource endowment, this provides a unique perspective and rethinking for existing urban tourism governance and modernization transformation research. Thus, based on interview recording texts, various statistical data and the qualitative method of actor network, the emphasis of this study lies in the process of Dunhuang tourism construction and governance and the governance mechanism at different stages. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) Dunhuang's tourism governance has mainly experienced four stages, that is, the flooding of inbound tourists, massive construction of tourism infrastructure, centralized operation of the tourism market and development driven by international mega-events. Additoonally, the tourism machanism can be divided into two periods of world cultural heritage sites, centralized operation, and urban marketing. Specifically, the development pathway is that Dunhuang's world cultural heritage tourism is initially driven by global visits and international hospitality. Subsequently, the international tourism boom promotes notable urban transformation and centrilized governance. Ultimately its urban transformation and cultural stock repackaging fed back afresh urban tourism and marketing; 2) In the construction stage of world cultural heritage sites, the global popularity of Mogao Grottoes and Dunhuang culture attracts large-scale inbound tourists, city government and Dunhuang Academy mobilize other actors to form an interests' lliance to realize the supply of Dunhuang tourism needs; 3) In the stage of centralized operation and city marketing, the city government monopolizes the city-owned tourism resources for centralized market operation. Equally important, in respond to One Belt and One Road and Silk Road (Dunhuang) International Cultural Expo, the city government develops Dunhuang cultural tourism through the governance mechanism, and establishes a key node city on the Silk Road and an international tourist city. Dissent and barganining mainly revolve around market regulation and profit distribution, land utilization, sustainable livelihoods of residents, and resource redevelopment; and 4) four driving forces promote Dunhuang tourism govrnance, Unique Resource Driven Heritage Tourism and Transformation Route in Dunhuang, unique tourism resource and cultural stock facilitate urban heritage tourism and transformation route in dunhuang, Dunhuang Academy invigorates the vitality and sustainability of Dunhuang grotto tourism, market accelerates the social participation and tourism provision, different levels of government lead the centrilized governance and the stock development of Dunhuang cultural assets.

Rural settlement plays an important role in the settlement system, but for a long time there has been a lack of in-depth research on the internal mechanism of the spatio-temporal evolution of rural settlement scale, resulting in the lack of effective theoretical guidance for the planning, construction and management of rural settlement. In this study, the spatial distribution data of rural settlements in Guangdong Province in 1980, 1995, 2005 and 2015 were obtained based on remote sensing images. Taking rural settlement patches as the unit, the spatio-temporal geographical weighted regression model was used to reveal the spatio-temporal differences of the factors influencing the evolution of rural settlement scale, and the periodic rules of the influencing mechanism were summarized. The conclusions are as follows: 1) The evolution of rural settlement scale in Guangdong Province showed a trend of increasing, stable and decreasing, and the total settlement scale decreased slightly in the past 35 years, but the regional structural difference was obvious. The evolution of rural settlements in the Pearl River Delta region is consistent with the trend of the whole province. The continuous expansion of the original rural settlements in east Guangdong led to a continuous increase in the total scale, but the trend gradually weakened. In northwest Guangdong Province, some rural settlements mainly expand in situ and some shrink gradually. The urbanization rate of new rural settlements and rural settlements is not high. 2) There are obvious spatio-temporal differences in the influencing factors on the evolution of rural settlement scale. The influence of terrain conditions, road network density, county GDP per capita and base period settlement area on rural settlement scale generally presents an "inverted U-shaped" trend, while the driving direction of other natural environment background, location accessibility and socio-economic factors is stable, but the influence changes with the stage. 3) In the past 35 years, Guangdong Province experienced three development stages: Rural-urban division, rural-urban impact and rural-urban integration. The dynamics of rural settlement scale evolution in each stage showed significant differences. In the stage of rural-urban division, rural settlement development had obvious path dependence. In the stage of urban-rural impact, the settlements with high level of social and economic development, superior natural conditions and complete transportation infrastructure are more likely to be urbanized. In the stage of urban-rural integration, the influence of natural environment background gradually weakens, while the importance of location accessibility gradually becomes prominent.

By examining the relevant monographs and other literature in the field, we analyze the research characteristics and theoretical intersections of four major schools of Economic Geography in the international academics: Geographical Political Economy (GPE), Institutional Economic Geography (IEG), Evolutionary Economic Geography (EEG), and Relational Economic Geography (REG), being proposed and embraced by Economic Geographers. We conclude that there are many similarities among those schools in a common context. GPE and IEG intersect in the study of institutions; PEG and EEG both emphasize the study of "process" or "evolution"; and GPE and REG share commonalities in the relationship between people and organizations. REG and EEG share a common focus on path dependence; EEG emphasizes the relationship between institutions and economic evolution, while REG focuses on the relationship between institutions and economic interaction, and they cross with IEG. The core features of each school are: GPE focuses on the geographic process of political economy (production relations), IEG examines specific institutions at each place that shape or constrain economic behavior and economic outcomes, EEG focuses on the spatial evolution of economic actors such as firms and industrial clusters, and REG focuses on the interrelated role of various factors that shape the economic landscape. These schools of thought make up for some of the shortcomings of the normative analysis of Economic Geography, while forming a deficiency in the study of universal laws. Theoretical construction of Chinese Economic Geography should pay attention to the balance between the specificity of economic phenomena and the generality of theories while encouraging academic views to contend.