Export processing zones are special areas established by developing countries or regions to promote economic development by providing favorable measures and barrier-free environment to attract foreign investment and develop export-oriented industries. With the regional economic development, the internal and external development environment of the export processing zone has changed, and the function and nature of the export processing zones have an unceasing evolution and change, and thus to explore the life cycle evolution law of the export processing zones has very important significance. This paper builds an analysis framework of life cycle evolution and industrial evolution of export processing zones based on Product life cycle theory and the corporate life cycle theory, and then analyzes the evolution characteristics and mechanisms of Jinqiao Export Processing Zone life-cycle in Shanghai, which located in the eastern coastal areas of China. The results show that, according to the evolution characteristics of the product structures and enterprise structures, the life cycle of the Jinqiao Export Processing Zone can be divided into three stages: processing-oriented stage, manufacturing-oriented stage and innovation-oriented stage, the increasing proportion of new products and agglomeration of MNCs headquarters and R&D institutions can be observed in the evolution of life cycle. The nature of Jinqiao Export Processing Zone life cycle is the continuous transition of the land-use types and the continuing upgrading of the industrial value chain, and this is the result of the two types factors: The first is push factors which are generated by the internal investment environment, such as the increasing of production costs and the investment threshold; The second is pull factors which are generated by the external investment environment, such as the international industrial transfer has changed to high-tech and services, enhancing competitiveness of Export Processing Zones in the Midwest China and industrial associated-action between local development zones. These all reflect that the evolution of Jinqiao Export Processing Zone life cycle is an investment-driven process, this is different with the market-driven evolution process of life cycle of the export processing zones which are close to the markets of developed countries in the world.
Based on the principle of spatial equilibrium and analysis of the significance of construction land for spatial balance, the equilibrium index was built to assess the degree of equilibrium in the regional construction land development with the provincial land and socio-economic data of China. Results showed that: 1)Among the 31 provinces in China(exclude Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao), a total of 23 provinces were in the equilibrium state, accounting for 74.2% with huge regional differences between each other. A total of 15 provinces were of high quality equilibrium state, accounting for only 34.3% of the total land area of ??the country. But a total of 8 provinces were in a serious imbalance state, accounting for 47.7% of the total land area of the country. Furthermore their equilibrium degree indices were less than 0.3 which meant serious imbalance. 2) The analysis of construction land exploitation intensity index and construction land supply capacity index showed that 8 provinces of all were over exploited and 17 provinces were developed inadequately. 3) The construction land space allocation should not only take into account the needs of the local economic, more attention should be paid to the coordination between the construction land development exploitation and supply capacity. Particularly in the context of China's regional development policies, the construction land quota should be used more in some areas of the western and central China.
Currently, the polycentric development pattern of urban agglomeration has developed as a trend in the global urbanization. On the basis of reviewing Chinese and foreign polycentric development patterns, the article estimated the degree of agglomeration-fragmentation and the economic concentration force for Zhongyuan urban agglomeration in various scales of regional space, and then analyzed the effect of transport network on the spatial development of Zhongyuan urban agglomeration. Moreover, this article scrutinized the long-term development characteristics and problems that have existed in Zhongyuan urban agglomeration. Therefore, the traditional monopole mode confined the development of Zhongyuan urban agglomeration. Then, based on the empirical analysis of these studies, the polycentric network development pattern for Zhongyuan urban agglomeration is proposed. Our research showed that, 1) The Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration is consistent with the typical development pattern of the plain-type Urban Agglomeration, which demonstrates a continuously homogeneous developing trend among all the city regions. Its development is in accordance with K-value principles of the central place theory. These phenomenon noticed in the past development testified that the Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration has long been in the development path of homogeneous and decentralized evolution for quite a while; 2) Zhengzhou city, as the growth pole of the Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration is weakly leading the growth of other regions, and has phased out from the concentration stage to the concentration-diffusion stage, but hasn′t yet entered into the stage of intense concentration, and therefore it need to further strengthen the concentration force of economic development to improve the radiation force and scale of the whole range of Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration; 3)The node cities in Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration are homogeneously developing in a relatively independent way; the disparities between each city are relatively small in the degree of economic development. The downtowns of each node city almost simultaneously entered into the same stage of concentration-diffusion, but the node cities are still in the stage of intense agglomeration; 4) Zhongyuan urban agglomeration should implement the polycentric development pattern under the strategic framework of the Central Plains Economic zone, which take Zhengzhou as the major pivot, other node cities as the minor pivot, and the transport pathway as the network. Each node cities, as the pivot in the regional network should develop independently and collaboratively, be specialized and functionally complementary; 5) The node cities in Zhongyuan city agglomeration are connected with advanced transport network, and have sculptured the polycentric framework of development, which provide the necessary condition and lied the foundation for the consistent polycentric network-style development of spatial pattern. In brief, the research conducted above prove the inevitable trend of the polycentric spatial pattern of development for the Zhongyuan city agglomeration. With the empirical methodology, the above-mentioned polycentric development patterns of agglomerations development model is specific with the characteristics of Zhongyuan urban agglomeration, which distinct from the Western European countries′ patterns.
FDI (foreign direct investment) location selection is an important subject in international economics and transnational business field. Following the seminal work of Dunning (1973), many researchers have been persisting in contributing to it. Such type of study is advanced along with related theoretical progress and changing circumstances of international economy, and has been far from ended yet. Today, FDI has evolved differently from its original form. One of its development trends is growing into foreign clustering investment (FCI) introduced in this article, which is agglomeration of foreign direct investment through industrial linkages. In comparison with traditional FDI, FCI has two distinctive characteristics, i.e., firm agglomeration and industrial linkages. This means that they may be different in location selection. With respect to FCI location determinants, extant literature has some shortcomings. For instance, little literature has listed location-specific attributes completely and identified their dimensions explicitly; most of literature has depended on second and aggregate data collecting at regional or industrial level. The aim of this study is to investigate latent dimensions of location-specific attributes and factors influencing location decision of foreign clustering investment, so it can be expected to make up for the defects of previous research to a certain extent. Under a review of extant literature, this study proposes that there are four dimensions constituting FCI determinants system, i.e., location conditions, inputs cost, firm agglomeration, and industrial linkages. Then this study put forward a 13-item measurement scale to capture the four dimensions. Through a survey of 106 foreign firms coming from three counties of Kunshan, Wujiang and Pinghu in Yangtze River delta, the confirmatory factor analysis confirms FCI determinant dimensions proposed above. The empirical results indicate that, in addition to traditionally location-specific and cost-driven factors, firm agglomeration and industry linkage should also be taken into consideration of location determinants of FCI. The implication of this study is that future studies should incorporate such dimensions as firm agglomeration and industry linkage into location determinants of FCI-type foreign direct investment, and then they can get relatively correct and complete results.
Based on the measurement of entrepreneurship-based culture capital, with employments in private ownership enterprises and patents granted as proxy variables for entrepreneurial spirit and innovative spirit, culture capital and its influence on the development of regional economy are analyzed on county-level and provincial-level in Jiangsu Province from 1990 to 2010. The results of the study are showed as follows: 1) The regional cultural capital is dynamic. The measurement of cultural capital indicates that, with the optimization of macro environment and the active innovation of cultural subjects, the entrepreneurial spirit and innovative spirit have been continuously enhanced and have gradually shaped the humanistic spirit of Jiangsu with entrepreneurship and innovation as its core, leading to the continuous escalation of the cultural capital in the province. 2) Cultural capital shows regional differences. Jiangsu can be divided into three cultural regions, such as Wu cultural region in the south, Chuhan cultural region in the north and Jianghuai cultural region in the middle. Owing to the difference of cultural genes in different regions and cultural inheritance, the cultural capital on the county level in Jiangsu shows great regional differences with spatial characteristics of stronger cultural capital in the south than in the north. 3) Cultural capital has economic effects. On the county level, a medium-level correlation can be found, on the provincial level, a strong and positive correlation can be found between the employment in private ownership enterprise, patents granted and the 4 variables of GDP, GDP per capita, social investment in fixed assets and regional employment; also the OLS regression on regional GDP and the employment in private ownership enterprise are extremely significant. This indicates that the cultural capital with innovative spirit and entrepreneurial spirit as its core performs an important role on increasing resident income, promoting employment and boosting economic development, moreover, cultural capital exerts different influences at different levels on economy. And 4) cultural embeddedness has the characteristics of distinct locality. The local government entrepreneurship is an important component of entrepreneurial spirit of Jiangsu. In this study, the measurement of the local government entrepreneurship in Jiangsu culture has been realized by private ownership containing mixed ownership. When the private ownership includes mixed ownership, there is a higher correlation between the employment in private ownership enterprises and economic growth and other control variables of economic growth, the OLS regression coefficient is also obviously increased. This shows that the influence of entrepreneurial spirit on economy is particularly enhanced when local government entrepreneurship is concerned and the cultural embeddedness of economic development in Jiangsu shows distinct local traits.
The land consolidation of hollowing village is a grand strategy during the process of rapid urbanization in China. It might contribute to balance the land supply and demand, promote new countryside building and enhance coordinated development between urban and rural areas. Participation of peasant households is the basement of land consolidation of hollowing village. The willingness of peasant households is the most fundamental reason why land consolidation succeeds or fails. In this study, Yucheng County of Shandong Province was taken as an example of traditional agricultural regions in this research. Based on aerial images and sampling survey data to peasant households, the willingness of households and its caused factors were analyzed. 27.1% of total households agreed land consolidation unconditionally, 59.9% of them depended on the compensation from governments, 7.1% of them didn’t agree and 5.9% of them with no attitude. The agreement probability of households had significant correlation with the age of the host, the characteristic of children, structure of household income, time of housing construction, area of housing land, residential location, area of contract farmland, and vacant housing land proportion. It was the structure of household and their existing benefits that the peasant made decision depend on. The characteristic of the host had no significant correlation with probability of households except their age variable. There was higher probability agreement responded to higher vacant housing land proportion. There were three important suggestion to develop land consolidation of hollowing village: (1) The mechanism of land-displaced between rural and urban should established, it can improve rural land values in traditional agricultural regions; (2) the system to safeguard household property should be established to protect peasants’ existing benefits; (3) to develop a mid-term and long-term plans for land consolidation of hollowing village, and formulate developmental stratagem for different regional depopulation process.
Climate comfortable degree is an important factor that influences the tourist destinations. It directly affects yearly variation of tourist traffic. This article, using climate data in the past 54 years (1954-2009), makes a comment on the tourist climate comfort in Lijiang and divides grades of fitness and periodic distribution. Combining monthly visitors index of overseas tourists and domestic tourists in Lijiang in the past five years , based on numerical value of climate comfortable degree and fictitious factors, OLS method was adopt to establish the correlation of monthly visitors index and related climate comfortable degree and fictitious factors. The result shows that: 1) Yearly variation of overseas tourists is divided into two periods during the year. It is mainly affected by climate comfort degree in the dry season from October to April of the next year, and also affected by the New Year holiday. Monthly index of climatic coefficient of elasticity is 1.31%. It is more evenly distributed in the rainy season from May to September. The average monthly index of overseas tourism is 8.33%. 2) For domestic tourism, yearly variation of tourists is primarily affected by climate comfort degree during the year. Summer vacation in July and August, National Day “Golden Week” have effect also. The correlation of yearly variation of tourists and climate comfort degree is significantly. Monthly index of climatic coefficient of elasticity is 0.56%. This study provides scientific basis for the forecast of yearly variation of tourist traffic, and the development of tourism in Lijiang.
China is one of the few countries severely affected by natural hazards. Since 1990s, the economic losses caused by natural disasters have been an obvious upward trend. According to the statistics, the farmland area which affected by various natural disasters each year reaches to 34 × 106hm2, natural disasters caused great economic losses which take up 3%~6% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Guanzhong region locates in the Loess Plateau and belongs to the arid and semiarid area, Because of the vulnerable ecological environment and complex topography of the region, soil erosion, debris flow and other disasters happened frequently. Meanwhile, drought, flood and other natural disasters have great impact on the agricultural production. Therefore, assessment, especially comprehensive assessment of natural disaster for agricultural production is very significant. The main influence factors of each disaster were selected based on the analysis of the type and character of natural disaster in the present paper. Furthermore, comprehensive assessment model is developed to analyze and evaluate the natural disaster risk which the agricultural production of Guanzhong region may suffer. The results show that agricultural production natural disaster risk in Guanzhong region is generally high. The corresponding area of different risk grade for higher-grade, medium-grade and lower-grade is 28.2%, 46.6%and 25.2% , respectively. The higher-grade risk area is mainly located in Fengxian County, Taibai Country, Linyou County and the northern part of Longxian Country, medium-grade risk area is mainly distributed in the tableland edge of the area and low mountain areas, while lower-grade risk area is mainly distributed in the Guanzhong basin. The main type of disaster in higher-grade risk area is geological disaster and water and soil erosion, the main type of disaster in medium-grade risk area is water and soil erosion and ecological environment, while the main type of disaster in lower-grade risk area is drought and flood.
To explore the influences of human activities on global carbon cycle, anthropogenic carbon emission has become the major concern and a “hot spot” in academic circles. The most important anthropogenic influences on climate are greenhouse gas emissions and land use changes. As the direct embodiments of industrial activities and government policies, the alteration of land use structure will change the pattern, structure of human energy consumptions, and will further change the natural and human carbon emission intensity and affect regional carbon cycle processes and efficiency. So, the impact of human economic and energy activities on regional carbon cycle is largely achieved by changing the land use structure and pattern. Therefore, land use is an important aspect in the research of low-carbon economy and carbon emission, and is also one of the important tools for carbon emission regulation and control. Research on land use carbon emission is helpful to promote the developing of low-carbon economy through land use planning, industrial structure regulation and control and territorial development, renovation and management. Since 2007, depending on the Non-profit Industry Financial Program of Ministry of Land and Resources of China and National Social Science Foundation of China, based on the research background and discipline advantages in Human Geography, researches on land use carbon emission appeared in human geography discipline of Nanjing University, which was quite earlier in China. Research process of land use carbon emission in Nanjing University includes two stages: research on regional carbon emission estimation and its driving mechanism on different scales, and the research on carbon emission effect of land use change and its optimization and regulation and control. According to the literature review on land use carbon emission research of Nanjing University, the main directions and achievements in the past several years was summarized. The main researches are: regional carbon emission estimation, decomposition analysis and carbon emission reduction potential, carbon emission effect of land use change, carbon footprint of regional land use and industrial space, low-carbon land use structure optimization and regulation, carbon cycle of urban system and its regulation through land use control, etc. Generally, researches on land use carbon emission in Nanjing University not only promoted the deepen of land use research in geography, but also provide practical guide for local government to assess carbon emission effect and carry out low-carbon land use structure optimization in land use planning. Finally, with considering the discipline advantages of Human Geography in Nanjing University, the future research trends of land use carbon emission was put forward, such as: carbon circulation and carbon emission of typical industrial districts, relationship between urban renewal of land use space, urban environmental design and carbon emission, carbon emission of different urban functional districts, establishment and application of low-carbon urban planning and land use planning schemes, mechanism and method system of land use regulation and control on regional carbon emission.
Public opinion on climate change influences greenhouse gas emission of individuals and households and their support of climate policy. Based on five global surveys (Pew Global Attitudes Project Survey 2006, BBC World Service 2007, World Public Opinion 2009, BBC World Service and GlobeScan 2009, and World Bank 2009), this article compared public opinion on climate change and support for climate policy between China and USA. Surveys showed that about four-fifth of Chinese respondents heard about climate change and believed that human activity was a significant cause of climate change, whereas more American respondents heard about climate change and less believed that human activity was a significant cause of climate change. About two-thirds of Chinese respondents thought that climate change has already affected our life, whereas only one-third of American respondents held this view. If no actions are taken to mitigate climate change, more than four-fifths of Chinese respondents believed that future climate change will have significant, negative influences on the likelihood of natural disasters, rainfall and available water resources and the types of food, whereas American respondents had a more positive perception. Chinese respondents had greater worry about climate change than American ones, and 70% of Chinese respondents supported urgent actions to limit emission of greenhouse gases, including change in individual life style and behavior, acceptance of higher energy costs, preserving or expanding forested areas, gradual increase in fuel efficiency of automobiles and gradual reduce of government subsidies that favor private transportation, whereas less American respondents supported such actions. 90% of Chinese respondents thought that the central government should place a high priority on addressing climate change, whereas less than 50% of American respondents held this view, and more than two-thirds of both Chinese and American respondents took the view that both rich and poor countries should take measures to address climate change. Finally, future studies were discussed.
Vegetation is critical for researches about global environmental change and regional sustainable development, and remote sensing is an important method for obtaining classification result. However, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series method classification was limited by the coarse spatial resolution, and application of the medium high data such as Landsat TM was limited by the coverage and accessibility of remote sensing data. The Chinese environmental mitigation HJ satellite CCD sensors are capable of large area, all-time monitoring, and have a great advantage in coverage and frequency of repeated observations. A case study of Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia was carried out in this paper. The NDVI time series curve of 7 vegetation types were extracted from both MODIS and HJ CCD data. Then, the curves and eigenvalue were analyzed. The result showed that between the 7 vegetation types, there was significant differences in the value range of early May NDVI, early August NDVI and the ratio of the two NDVI image. The vegetation classification rules were extracted based on these differences. The HJ-CCD was used as the main data sources in this paper. Three images including two NDVI and one ratio were extracted and the decision tree method was applied. Based on the result, 30 m spatial resolution vegetation classification result was carried out. By field verification, the result shows a 83.64% overall accuracy in the level one classification, and 70.91% in the level two classification. The cartographic accuracy of evergreen coniferous forest can achieve 100%, followed by cropland 82.61%, mixed forest 76.19% and desert steppe 75%. The accuracy of shrub is relatively low to 50%. This result proved a fast, simple and accurate method for vegetation classification, and provided the theory and data support for application of the Chinese HJ satellites.
Agricultural land use right transfer (LURT) is an important rural land reform in recent years in China. The LURT was affected by many factors, and social-economic factors were usually studied. However, the landscape processes of LURT and the impact of regional land use types on LURT is little understood. According to the effects of LURT on landscape, LURT can be divided into two processes: land use right transfer in rural operating land and non-agricultural occurrence in the transferred land. Based on the two processes, this article defined the transferred type and non-transferred type for the land use right transfer, and non-agricultural type and agricultural type for the non-agricultural occurrence. Changping district of Beijing was took as a case, and the relationships between the regional land use types and LURT landscape processes were established with Logistic and Autologistic models. The results showed that urban and city land is the most important land use type to cause the occurrence of land use right transfer, meanwhile, the type also stimulated the change of agricultural use to non-agricultural use in transferred land. On the scale of historical land uses effects, the influence of these land uses was mainly reflected at the medium scale region (1-5 km) and the small scale region (0-1 km) for the occurrence of land use right transfer and the occurrence of non-agricultural uses in transferred patches respectively. Compared with traditional Logistic model, Autologistic model containing the spatial autocorrelation effects has higher accuracy, thusspatial autocorrelation effects cannot be ignored for the study the driven forces on LURT.
Regional climate changes in different regions in the Tibetan Plateau in 1971-2008 are analyzed based on the monthly temperature and precipitation data from 52 meteorological stations. Regional weighted average values of meteorological elements are calculated by factor analysis. Rate of linear tendency and moving t-test are used to indicate the change trends and detect abrupt changes of meteorological elements respectively. Besides, lake environment changes in the Tibetan Plateau are discussed as the responses to the regional climate changes. The results show that the annual mean temperature has continued to rise at the rate of 0.22-0.49℃/10a in all the subregions in the Tibetan Plateau in recent 40 years,the increase of annual mean temperature is particularly significant in the Qaidam region with a warming rate of 0.49 ℃/10a. The annual mean temperature experienced two abrupt changes from low to high in 1987 and 1998 respectively and the latter is more significant than the former. The interannual variations of annual available precipitation show some differences among the subregions in the Tibetan Plateau, an overall trend of humidification is found in the Qaidam region and the east part of south Qiangtang Plateau in the northern Tibet. The variation of lake environment is affected by the climate change in the Tibetan Plateau notably. The increase and decrease of lake water volume are corresponding with humid and dry period of climate. Climatic condition has shifted from warm-dry to warm-humid since the late 20th century or early 21st century in Qinghai, the northern and southern Tibet. In some large lakes such as Qinghai Lake, Eling Lake, Donggi Conag Lake and Zige Tangco Lake in the Tibetan Plateau, water level has risen and water ion concentration has decreased in recent years, which reflects the increase of lake water volume under the warm-humid climatic conditions.
The Wenquan area is located in the southeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Administratively, it extends across four counties, Xinghai, Maduo, Maqin and Dulan of the Qinghai Province, western China. It is a transitional area from the seasonally frozen soil to permafrost. In order to understand distribution patterns of permafrost in the area, a comprehensive field exploration was carried out, from September to October, in 2009. Based on the methods of field exploration, as well as theoretic analysis and model building in doors and the data of digital elevation model and field, it was found that aspect has important influence on the distribution of permafrost. In this paper, sub-region classification method was proposed to deal with the distribution of permafrost because of the impact of complex terrain. For the plain area, the permafrost distribution map in Kuhai area was completed by the expert knowledge and other areas’ maps which completed by means of annual ground temperature model. For the mountain area, the effects of aspect on the distribution of permafrost were studied quantitatively and a permafrost distribution model was constructed. Taking ground temperatures of permafrost as classification principles, the distribution map of permafrost and the spatial distribution patterns analysis were carried out. The results showed that the area of permafrost was 1 681.4 km2, accounting for 66.7% of the whole area. The transitional and sub-stable permafrost were the major types of permafrost, accounting for 50.8% of the whole area; unstable permafrost was accounted for about 11.4% of the total area, yet the percentage of stable and extreme-stable were smaller relatively, the percentage was 4.4% and 0.2% respectively. From the distribution pattern of permafrost, vertical zoning characteristics were demonstrated in the distribution of permafrost, i.e., the type of frozen ground would be altered with the increase of altitude and the decrease of permafrost ground temperature. A change was that seasonal frozen ground changed into unstable permafrost, then transitional permafrost, then substable permafrost, then stable permafrost, and extremely stable permafrost eventually with the increase of elevation.
In May 2009, the spatial distribution patterns of carbon and nitrogen contents in the tidal marsh soil of the Yellow River estuary were studied by geostatistic methods. Results showed that the horizontal variability of TC, TN and C/N in the tidal marsh was significant and decreased with depths, in the order of TN> C/N> TC. The horizontal distribution of TN contents and C/N in different soil layers had significant spatial structure, which accorded with different variogram theoretical model and had a strong or moderate spatial correlation. The maximum spatial variability was observed in the direction extending to the low tidal marsh, which was greatly affected by the ebb and flow of tide. The natural structure factors had significant effects on the spatial variability, while the effects of random factors were relatively low. The spatial distribution patterns of TN contents and C/N in different soil layers were significant, the low TN contents in topsoil was generally observed in the direction extending to the low tidal marsh and the high value appeared on the edge of the study area, while the C/N ratio of the different soil layers and the TN content in subsurface layer were opposite. This study indicated that micro-physiognomy characteristic and tidal micro-domain physical disturbance were two important random factors to induce spatial heterogeneity, while water and salinity statuses, soil types and tide physical disturbance were three important structure factors. The sources of organic matter in the tidal marsh were mainly land-based sources, and the effects of land-based sources on organic matter in the tidal marsh were greater in the direction closer to the sea.
With the progress of urbanization, Urban Heat Island (UHI) has been becoming a key factor in deteriorating the urban ecological environment. Studying spatial-temporal evolution and its cause of typical area′s UHI and quantitatively evaluating effect from rapid urbanization on urban heat environment will provide theoretical foundation for relieving UHI effect and also have some useful reference value for ecological environment planning of urban planning. Based on LandsatETM+ and TM images of Lanzhou in 1999 and 2010, with the aid of GIS and RS, this article has retrieved the land surface temperature (LST) of Lanzhou City by Qin’s mono-window algorithm, and then analyzed spatial-temporal pattern and evolution characters of UHI in Lanzhou City in this decade, and the results show that: 1) The spatial pattern and stretch of UHI are consistent with distribution of built district in Lanzhou City. With the expansion of built district, UHI area constantly expanded and the area of less medium temperature and medium temperature had a large reduction, accordingly, the area of less high temperature and high temperature had a large increase, and consequently UHI intension obviously enhanced. Also, as building density of urban area has been increasing gradually, besides land use/covers type, low temperature belt caused by the Yellow River has been becoming a key factor in affecting the spatial pattern of UHI, and within a certain distance, it has the trend that LST tends to go down from the Yellow River to both sides. 2) From 1999 to 2010, average LST of each land use/cover type had a increase, and LST of different land use/cover type had obvious difference. LST of urban construction land and unused land was the highest, and they had the largest contribution to UHI effect, that is to say, they are the main contribution factor, on the contrary, green land and waterbody can reduce LST significantly, therefore, rational planning can effectively relieve the UHI effect. 3) This article has achieved 37 profiles from southeast to northwest of basin valley and calculated their land use index values (NDVI、MNDWI、NDBI and NDBaI) and LST, the results show that there existed significant correlation and corresponding relations between LST and the four land use indices.
Rainstorm, which is of great importance for regional flood control and city municipal drainage, is closely related to the regional security and urban running. In this paper, the rainstorm intensity formulas for every station were deduced using complete rainfall-in-minute data of Tianjin and Tanggu stations and annual maximum rainfall data for other stations. According to the difference in design rainfall volume between the urban area and four districts around urban area, the effect of urbanization on design rainstorm intensity was determined. In addition, the spatial difference of design rainfall between the urban area and Tianjin Binhai New Area was analyzed. The results showed that urbanization effect had apparent influence on design rainfall volume, showing decrease trend in rainstorm intensity of 1 year recurrence period, whereas increasing rainstorm intensity with the recurrence period of 3-10 years. Importantly, the urbanization effect showed a clear consistency in different districts around urban area. This suggests, with the recurrence period of shorter than 1 year, urbanization should be considered in the drainage system design of suburbs. By contrast, it is safe to use the rainstorm intensity formula of the urban area under recurrence period of longer than 3 years. Rainstorm intensity was very higher in three districts, especially Tanggu in Binhai New Area compared with the urban area. This indicates that rainstorm intensity formula for the urban area is unsafe in the design of drainage systems of the Binhai New Area. The local rainstorm intensity formula should be deduced to satisfy the design of drainage systems in the Binhai New Area.
