Against the background of new-type urbanization, rural-urban migration becomes one of the vital topics for academia and authorities. Meanwhile, migration, as an important spatial phenomenon, brings new opportunities as well as challenge to Chinese cities and society. This means the studies on floating population will be the key part of understanding new-type urbanization in a long time. Therefore, this article investigates the internal mechanism of how migrants make decision, what motivates them to move, and why they stay and attempt to contribute to a better understanding of new-type urbanization in China. This article reviews the recently migration research in China in 4 aspects: 1) Hukou and migration; 2) Circulation, settlement intention and family migration strategies; 3) Social network and migrant communities; 4) Migration, mobility and the everyday practice of migrants. The main findings are as followed: First, the influence of Hukou system becomes decreased while the accommodation, residential modes, residential space, social interactions, everyday life and practice, and identity construction of migrants will draw more attention in future. Second, we should put more emphasas on microcosmic and the everyday life of migrants from the perspective of new cultural geography. In other words, it is important to understand migrants from individual-level research through the lens of mobility. Last but not least, Chinese migration scholars should seize the opportunities to dig the basic geographical research on migration phenomenon, and critically engage with the migration research in western academia. It is important for Chinese scholars to draw the pictures of contemporary Chinese migrants in the era of globalization and to contribute the “Chinese knowledge” to world migration research.
Along with the rapid advancement of high-speed transportation technology, mobile communication and Internet technology, various factors have accelerated the flow on a global scale, causing changes in the spatial organization of regional economic society. The urban transportation hub area has gradually become a node for exchange of funds, information and technology in addition to passengers and goods. The problem of optimal allocation of land use space triggered by infrastructure construction in urban hub areas has become a hot spot in regional space research. Bertolini proposed the Node-Place model, and he believed that the hub area has node functions and place functions. Enhancing the node function of the hub and the attractiveness of the hub area can promote the intensification and diversification of activities in the hub area. In addition, increasing the function of the hub area and stimulating new transportation needs can encourage the development of transportation infrastructure. The coordinated development of nodes and places is the basis for the optimization of spatial structure in the hub area. The article systematically sorts out the research results of the Node-Place model and its application, and it finds that the existing research mainly focuses on the use of models to analyze the development characteristics of nodes and places in the hub area, hub type characteristics, and to predict the development potential of the hub areas. The research content of the previous research is mainly to conduct the research on the synergy and balanced development of node functions and site functions in transportation hubs, and to explore the spatial effects of traffic flow, especially passenger flow in hub areas. Based on the rapid development of high-speed transportation network as well as the Internet, the article puts forward that the key direction of Node-Place model can be applied in the future. First, based on the current reality of China's social and economic development, different types of transportation hubs should be selected as research objects to carry out research on the synergy between node functions and site functions in different types of transportation hubs. Second, the tourist scenic spot is the place where the tourist flow resides, which embodies the spatial attributes of the node function and the function of the place and their mutual relationship, thus the Node-Place model is supposed to be used to explore the balanced development path of the function of the space node and the function of the place. Third, according to the theoretical idea of the Node-Place model, future research should explore the coordinated development of nodes and places in node cities in different factor flow networks such as information, capital, and technology. Finally, taking China’s fierce human-land relationship and the complex relationship between urban and rural areas into consideration, the theory of Node-Place model should be extended to different spatial scales, different elements and different research fields, revealing the characteristics and laws of regional spatial evolution under the view of Node-Place model. Scientific and reasonable evaluation indicators should be selected to strengthen the application of new technologies and to build a multi-disciplinary research methodology. By strengthening the application research of Node-Place model, it is beneficial to optimize the regional spatial structure, improve the regional spatial function and enrich the theoretical research of regional spatial development, and it has important enlightenments to make regional space development plan.
In last 40 years, Chinese Human Geography has made great achievements in terms of the integrity of disciplinary system, number of research in geographical journals, and social and political impacts of Human Geography graduates. However, there are also many challenges in the development of Chinese Human Geography. The most salient one is the pluralism of Chinese human geographical studies, which leads to the blurred definition, undermined identification and reduced impact of human geography. The article tries to scrutinize and distinguish the types of pluralism in Chinese Human Geography in the aspects of philosophy, theory, method and practice. 3 types of pluralism are summarized and their implications for the future studies are discussed, i.e. the dispersed disagreements (sanjian) which require more communication and integration, the divided ideas (qijian) which need to be unified and bridged, and narrow prejudice (pianjian) which should be dispelled and opened up. This article suggests that Chinese Human Geography should enhance consciousness of raising good research questions and develop more original theories, abandon the excessive worship of new doctrines and methods, promote the communication and combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, improve the rigor of arguments, balance “realistic” and “pragmatic” orientations in policy-making, and integrate diverse research perspectives. We also provide some detailed practical recommendations in future research directions and disciplinary development.
Technological innovation is constantly changing the process of urban development, and the emergence of big data has attracted great attention of urban researchers. Some people believe that data will become the main driving force of future urban research. However, the development stage of human society and the historical transformation of urban research indicate the humanistic trend of future urban development. So, are future urban studies data driven or human-oriented driven? What is the relationship between them and the direction of future urban research? Firstly, this article reviews the traditional urban research and points out the limitations of methodological and data usage, which paid more attention on social-economic development instead of individuals’ needs. Secondly, it summarizes the big data booming in urban research field, and then put forward the argument of “data driven or human-oriented driven?”. Thirdly, the relationship between data and human-oriented in future urban research is analyzed from 3 aspects: the limitations of big data, the arrival of smart society and the trend of future urban development. Fourthly, the research paradigm of “human-oriented driven and data supported” is proposed. Finally, it also builds a new framework of future urban research from three aspects of residents' life, enterprise production and government governance.
With the rapid urbanized for Chinese metropolitans, the expansions of urban space are influenced by the efficiency of transport network, which means the different of megalopolises have been plagued by different degrees of travel congestion. By taking transportation network travel circuity as the entry point of transportation network efficiency analysis, the shape index and compactness are selected as indices of spatial morphological analysis in this paper. Then the spatial morphological layout of metropolitans is divided into types, which means spatial form layout of metropolitans is classified by urban form index. At the same time, it also tries to excavate the spatial distribution difference characteristics of urban transportation network efficiency. Finally, based on the multivariate regression model, the relationship between the spatial morphological layout of China's metropolitans and the efficiency of transportation network is analyzed. The result shows that the distributions of transport efficiency in five types form of metropolitans are obviously different. Low efficiency of transportation network for compact circular cities are in urban fringe areas and low efficiency of transportation network for non-compact belt cities are mostly distributed in the urban core areas. High network efficiency area distribution of compact square cities is more concentrated. The low network efficiency area distribution of non-compact squares cities is more dispersed. The smaller the size of the compact belt cities, the higher the transport network efficiency. It can be found out that with the increase of urban shape index, the urban transport circuity has not been further increased, which means that when the urban form layout is close to the circular uniform distribution, the urban transport network efficiency is higher; with the increase of urban compactness, the value of urban transport circuity is increasing, which shows that when the urban form layout is more compact, but the efficiency of transport network is lower. It means that the efficiency level of transport network is higher when the urban form layout is loose. What are the differences in urban traffic efficiency layout caused by the difference of spatial form in metropolitans? What is the relationship between the spatial form of metropolitans and the impact on transportation network efficiency? Under the influence of the rapid development of the construction environment of metropolitans, these two key issues have become the focus of this study. This article studies the transport network efficiency under the difference of spatial form layout, which can help to analyze and improve the travel efficiency of metropolitans.
Along with the aging and migration of population, deindustrialization and economic crises, the beginning of 21th Century there has witnessed a phenomenon of urban shrinkage across China, which is quite common for industrial and resource-based cities. The shrinkage caused a negative impact on social, environment and economic aspects so that it has gradually been a concerned topic for the future development of Chinese cities. As one of the major challenges that China are faced during the process of new-type urbanization, rather than highlighting urban growth, the smart urban shrinkage could be a possible way for shrinking cities to step into a sustainable way. The purpose of this article is to measure the urban negative externality and evaluate the impact of shrinkage on the change of such externality. With the usage of population data of all prefecture-level cities(Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan are excluded) in 2003 and 2014, this article identified the types of urban shrinkage through analyzing the population changes of municipal district and non-municipal district separately, as well as their difference during this period. Furthermore, a comprehensive index system has been built up to measure the negative externality of all prefecture-level cities. The index system includes aspects of estate price, urban environment, transportation, education, health and employment. By applying the method of principal component analysis (PCA), a synthesis score was calculated, followed by revealing the change direction of urban externality for each type of shrinking and potential shrinking cities. The results of the study are listed as follows: 1) urban development across China is still centered on urban growth, and the shrinkage and potential shrinkage are not very popular. Shrinking cities are mainly distributed in Northeast China (i.e. Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning) and part of Northwest China (i.e. the south of Gansu). However, potential shrinking cities tend to gather in Central China, including Henan and Hunan (two populous provinces), as well as in some inland provinces (i.e. Guangxi and Guizhou); 2) the urban negative externality of shrinking cities will exacerbate as their population increase, and the type of sheer shrinking cities is most remarkably reflected, followed by the type of dispersive ones. But in terms of suburbanized shrinking cities, the change of urban negative externality shows a bi-directional characteristic, namely the externality of part of these cities increase while others decrease equally in number; 3) an exacerbated urban negative externality with different degrees occurs on most potential shrinking cities, and they are mainly located in Hunan and Henan, two provinces in Central China. As for the urban shrinkage, which is not widespread across the whole country, the government should pay much attention on shrinking and potential shrinking cities. Implementing efficient and appropriate policies (i.e. economic restructuring, industrial upgrading, innovation encouragement) is imperative to make the shrinkage to be smart and maximize urban utility during the shrinking process.
The Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) has been widely installed throughout mainland China, and is playing an increasingly important role in the routine work of police department. Through the installation of the CCTV, it is expected to increase the risk of being exposed or being arrested of potential offenders, and thus reduce the occurrence of crime events. Despite vast amount of money has been invested, however, there is no scientific evaluation of the crime reduction effect of police CCTVs in China. To fill this gap, this article takes Gusu district in Suzhou city as a study case, and uses a Difference in Differences (DID) method to evaluate the effect of police CCTVs based on the crime incidents data from April 2014 to September 2016. For the DID method, a control area should be identified for each given target area, and the crime densities for a period of seven months before and after the installation of the police CCTVs in the target and control areas are then compared to determine the specific effect of each police CCTV. In this study, the target areas are defined as the areas which are directly viewed by the police CCTVs rather than the simple buffer areas. After merging some very near police CCTVs, at last 217 target areas are obtained. In addition, the spatial pattern of police CCTV’s effect is analyzed with the Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA). For the local areas identified as significant spatial clusters or outliers, both field observations and interviews with police officers are carried out to understand the interactions between the environment and crime in those areas. The empirical results show that: Overall, the police CCTV has a significant crime reduction effect based on both the boxplot graph of the DID values and the regression results. The DID values for most police CCTVs are below zero. In terms of crime types, the police CCTV has equal reduction effects on the general criminal and public-order cases. The effect of police CCTV on the general theft crime is stronger than those on the specific theft of electric bicycle and the specific theft of battery of electric cars. When grouping crime events by the type of temporal period, it is found that police CCTV has a stronger reduction effect for the crime happened during the weekdays than those happened during the holidays & weekends. Also, the police CCTV is found to reduce more crimes happened during the daytime than the nighttime period. The results of local Moran’s I show that the police CCTVs with crime-reduction or crime-increase effects are concentrated in several local areas. The police CCTVs in the old city have a significant crime-reduction effect while those in the old communities with large population flow have a significant crime-increase effect. In summary, the effects of police CCTVs on crime level subject to the influence of the geographical environment in the vicinity, the volume of population flow, and the performance of policing work.
Based on literature review, we clarified the concept of Eco-geography after thorough discussion and discrimination from related disciplines such as Biogeography, Eco-geographical Planning and Macroecology. We considered that Eco-geography is the interdisciplinary science between Ecology and Geography. It concerns the geospatial pattern and/or temporal change of biotic interactions and ecological processes of ecosystems and how they are coupled with geographical parameters. The aim of Eco-geography is to demonstrate the universal rules and underlying mechanisms of biotic interactions and ecological processes of ecosystems along various environmental gradients and/or at different time scale. Meanwhile, we discussed several classical eco-graphical studies, particularly those from field controlled experiments in global change and other areas: 1) Global litter decomposition and carbon sink at different climatic regions; 2) Carbon flux and carbon sink of major terrestrial ecosystems in China; 3) Fragility and adaptability of terrestrial ecosystems along NECT and NSTEC transects of China; 4) Ecosystem studies of temperate grassland transect in northern China. Our aim is to facilitate the development of Eco-geography by clarifying the concept and highlighting the future directions. Fur future eco-graphical study, we need to pay special attention to the following aspects: 1) To strengthen the geospatial network study on ecological processes based on field stations and facilities affiliated with National Ecosystem Research Network (NERN) of China; 2) To launch key project in support of innovative ideas with well-designed field controlled experiments along geospatial gradient; 3) To enhance the large scale application of remote sensing technology coupled with long-term monitoring of ecological processes.
The ability of regional innovation is the most important part of the regional knowledge capital. This article characterizes knowledge capital with the capacity of the innovative system, and analyzes the unequal geographical evolution of regional knowledge capital and its influencing factors. The results show that: 1) The regional unequal development of innovation comprehensive ability between East and Central East and West China continue to expand from 1998 to 2014, and the differences between East and West are relatively greater than those in eastern and central regions. 2) The degree of interannual variability of the comprehensive ability of regional innovation decreases gradually from East to West, and the comprehensive ability of innovation shows gradient spatial distribution pattern along the eastern coastal innovation belt, central inland innovation zone and the western region. 3) The labor force concentration index, per capital capital formation, the degree of economic privatization, the level of infrastructure and the degree of openness are main driving forces of the spatial heterogeneity of the level of comprehensive innovation; The overall impact of fiscal expenditure is smaller. The spatial heterogeneity effect of all variables on innovation comprehensive ability is evident, which often plays a positive role in promoting the central and eastern regions, but mostly with the negative impact on the western region. Thus, it strengthens the differentiation characteristics of the formation of the innovation comprehensive ability of ‘high in the east and low in the west’.
Logistics connection is an important form of interurban connections. Thus it could be applied to the analysis of the pattern, structure and function of urban network. In order to calculate the strength of interurban logistics connections, a variety of data and methods are used by researchers, which include gravity model, interlocking model, freight traffic, etc. Nevertheless, these data and methods could only partly reflect the “actual” logistics flow among cities. Therefore, this study aims to extract the microscopic logistics data directly from the express waybill and subsequently apply the data to the analysis of spatial pattern, structural characteristics and functional organization of China's logistics network. The results can be summarized as follows. 1) The network presents a highly uneven spatial pattern, with two major belts at the national scale and hub-and-spoke systems at the regional scale. In terms of flow directions, the one-way connections are relatively scattered while the two-way connections are relatively concentrated. In terms of primate connections, the output network presents a long distance and fan-shaped spatial structure, and the input network presents a relatively short distance and radial structure. 2) As for the structural characteristics, the logistics network has an obvious distance and temporal decay effect. In terms of concentration, the rank-size distribution of nodes presents a power law characteristics and, specifically, a double fractal structure, with the lower-grade cities lagging far behind the high-grade cities. 3) With regard to functional organization, the logistics hubs present an obvious core-periphery structure. Certain logistics hubs and backbone connections both play supporting roles in the network. In terms of functional vulnerability, the nodes that have greater influence on the network’s fragility are mostly located in areas with intensive branches of ZJS Express. Compared with the previous studies, the innovation of this research is to extract the logistics information directly from the express waybill, and analyze the spatial pattern, structural characteristics and functional organization of the logistics network based on this microscopic data. Therefore, the data and methods used in this study could directly reflect the pattern and nature of China’s interurban logistics network, thus reducing the deviation caused by factors such as index selection and weight distribution.
Fossil-fuel subsidies result in excessive and wasteful energy consumption through energy price distortions. Once the policy is not targeted, the injustice of regional distribution will be exacerbated. However, few literatures discuss the effects of fossil energy subsidies at the regional level. Since energy subsidy reform directly affects energy prices, it has an important impact on economic development and is likely to have a negative effect and expand regional economic development imbalance. Therefore, it is necessary to study the spatial distribution of China's regional energy subsidies and its relationship with regional energy conservation and emission reduction, in order to formulate regional energy conservation and emission reduction policies fairly and effectively. This article estimates the subsidy from 2006 to 2015 in China (Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan are excluded), adopting the price-gap approach, and uses the interregional input-output model to measure the change of the living cost of residents in different regions under the background of canceling energy subsidy. The input-output analysis of this paper is based on the 2007 China Inter-regional Input-Output Table and merges the eastern region, the Beijing-Tianjin region, the northern coastal region, the eastern coastal region and the southern coastal region into the eastern region; the central region is the central region of this paper; the western region is formed by the combination of the southwest region and the northwest region. Results are as flows: 1) Spatial inequality is obvious for energy subsidies, which decrease gradually from the eastern region (2.72 trillion yuan), the middle region (1.80 trillion yuan), to the western region (1.53 trillion yuan). From the analysis of global and local Moran index I, there is a significant "club" distribution of provincial energy subsidies. 2) It has great significance for the achievement of national energy conservation target during the Eleventh Five-Year period, the average emission reduction rate of energy subsidies was 4.14% and the energy intensity would decrease by 22.36% rather than 19.10%. In the emission reduction rate on the eastern region > western region> the central region, while the energy-saving rate was on the western region> eastern region> the central region and removing energy subsidies contribute least to the energy conservation of the middle region. 3) The total cost of living in rural areas and urban residents rose 7.44% and 6.81%, the total cost of living in rural areas and urban residents rose 3.99% and 3.19%, the eastern part of the total cost of living in rural areas and urban residents were up 3.94% and 3.16%, respectively, among which the residents of the central region are facing the greatest impact, especially the rural residents. In the process of fossil energy subsidies reform, the government needs to consider regional energy saving and regional differences, priority in the eastern region and the western region to promote energy subsidies reform, and then gradually implemented to the central region, and to increase the central and western regions, especially rural residents, which support efforts to offset the risk of further widening the gap between rich and poor.
Consumer’s e-shopping behavior has a pervasive effect on urban physical commerce. To provide a clear insight into understanding of the spatial reconstruction of physical commerce in information era, it becomes a key issue for geographers to investigate the spatial distribution of online consumption. To date, plenty of studies have enriched our understanding by focusing on the key issue, and two hypotheses are proposed. The first is innovation diffusion hypothesis, which states that residents in highly urbanized cities are more likely to adopt e-shopping, because they are always younger, better educated, more affluent, and better internet skills. The second is efficiency hypothesis, which agrees that residents in low urbanized cities are more likely to adopt e-shopping, because they always face a spatial constraint of lower accessibility to stores. However, two hypotheses seem to be opposing to each other, and it is unknown that which hypothesis is reasonable in China. Taking Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) e-commerce of Chinese prefecture-level cities as research objects, this paper attempts to explore the relationship between urbanization level and resident's online consumption likelihood. The result indicates that: 1) The spatial distribution of resident's online consumption follows a hierarchy of decreasing from the east coast areas to the inland areas in China. In particular, two outstanding cores with more consumption share have emerged in the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta respectively. And several secondary cores have emerged in Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Chengdu, Xi’an, and so forth. Furthermore, based on Hot Spot Analysis in GIS, a significant agglomeration area is identified in the southeast of China, which represents that there are many cities with high index of online consumption clustering. A significant agglomeration area is also identified in the northwest of China, which represents that there are many cities with low index of online consumption clustering. 2) The proportion of young people, the level of income and the development level of conventional commerce have a promotion effect on resident's online consumption. However, the accessibility level of urban public transportation has an inhibition effect on resident's online consumption. 3) The part concepts of innovation diffusion hypothesis and efficiency hypothesis are reasonable for explaining the spatial pattern of resident's online consumption in China. However, innovation diffusion hypothesis is more reasonable, since the residents who live in highly urbanized cities contribute more online consumption share in China. Given that C2C e-commerce has a substitution effect on urban conventional commerce, east coast cities will suffer more from the reconstruction effect of e-commerce. Thus, the development gap of urban conventional commerce between east coast areas and inland areas, to some extent, will be narrowed in a long run.
The concept of regional economic resilience has unique theoretical value for analyzing the evolution of old industrial bases. The article divided the economic cycle of Liaoning old industrial base in 1990-2015 according to the economic growth rate, and constructed a counterfactual function to measure the economic resistance and recoverability of the urban and sub-industry in different stages, revealed the evolution characteristics of regional economic resilience, and reflected the economic revitalization process of Liaoning old industrial base. There were three main findings. First, there was a negative correlation between resistance and recoverability in the same economic cycle, the cities with low resistance were recovering well in the course of subsequent economic revitalization, and there was a 'creative destruction' process. Second, the regional economic resilience was an evolving process, the level of regional resistance to shock was influenced by the recoverability of the previous economic cycle, the shock and the process of recovery itself may lead to change in the region’s economic structure and functions, and these in turn will influence the region’s resistance to subsequent shocks, in other words, resilience both influenced the evolution of regional economies and itself evolved. Third, the economic revitalization process of the Liaoning old industrial base experienced a recession-recovery-decline process, and the process presents an inverted 'N' type, the level of resistance to disturbance was low in Liaoning old industrial base, the secondary industry was more vulnerable to shocks and the tertiary industry had relatively high resistance. Liaoning old industrial base had path dependence and institution locking phenomenon, and the structural-system problem was serious. Liaoning’s economic development relied excessively on traditional heavy-chemical industry, and the development of new strategic industries and modern service industry was slow. Aiming at the regular characteristics of the evolution process of the old industrial base, the paper put forward some suggestions for the economic revitalization of Liaoning old industrial base.
Land surface temperature (LST) is one of the most important indicators of the urban thermal environment. The aggravation of urban thermal environment effect is closely related to the substitution of urban underlying surface by impervious layer and urban development. The urban space grows rapidly and the building height increases. The building height is an important index to measure the spatial distribution of buildings in a region. The vertical characteristics of urban buildings are remarkable. This article is based on the Zhongshan District of Dalian city building and remote sensing data, by using the single window algorithm and correlation analysis method, variation of the surface temperature of 2007 and 2017 space in the study area. The correlation between land surface temperature and the height of the building. The results show that: 1) The minimum temperature in the 2007 and 2017 study area increases from 22.497℃ to 29.015℃, and the maximum temperature increases from 36.091℃ to 43.213℃. Owing to the sea reclamation and the establishment of the Donggang Sub-district, the temperature in the northeastern part of the study area increased significantly. The study area in the northern Jiefang Road, and along the south, Qingniwa-Tianjin Street business gathering area near the temperature increases significantly. 2) In 2007 and 2017, the buildings are mostly distributed in the north and central parts of the study area. The buildings in the north of the study area are relatively high, while those in the middle of the study area (along Jiefang Road and Zhongnan Road) are relatively low. The regional construction has increased the north of Zhongshan District and Qingniwa-Tianjin Street business gathering area near the building of district construction has increased significantly, the trend spread south. 3) The data of land surface temperature and building height are divided grid (30 m×30 m) and the correlation analysis of ground surface temperature and building height is carried out by bivariate correlation analysis method. In 2007 and 2017, land surface temperature and building height show low correlation, the correlation coefficients are 0.346 and 0.331, respectively. To a certain degree, the correlation between land surface temperature and building height is discussed.
The development of prairie tourism is an important driving force for rural revitalization in pastoral areas. The herdsmen of XilaMuren prairie tourism area in Inner Mongolia was selected as the research object, and the impact of grassland tourism development on the livelihood of herdsmen was analyzed. The results indicated that: 1) Prairie tourism differentiated the herdsmen into pure herdsmen, predominantly herdsmen, tourism-leading herdsmen, and tourism-exclusive herdsmen. In addition, it presented the general rule that the pure herdsmen were excessive to the dominant herdsmen. The dominant model was excessive to the tourism-leading type, and the tourism-leading model was excessive to the exclusive herdsmen. 2) The livelihood capital stock of herdsmen had been generally increased due to the development of prairie tourism. However, there were significant differences in the stocks of livelihoods between different types of pastoral households. The order of livelihood capital from high to low was: tourism franchise, tourism dominant, worker dominant, pure shepherd. 3) From the criterion level, the obstacles for herdsmen’s participation from high to low in prairie tourism were: human capital, financial capital, material capital, social capital, natural capital . From the indicator level, the top 6 barrier indicators were: adult education, adult labor force, debt, community network, production and living equipment and social participation. 4) There were significant differences among different types of herdsmen to the participation in the development of prairie tourism. The main obstacle for pure herdsmen was the low level of education, for the dominant herdsmen was the low per capita income of the family, and for the tourism-dominated and tourism-exclusive herdsmen was the pressure on external debt.
：Since the international financial crisis in 2008, large-scale industrial transfer from the eastern coast to the inland has happened in China. A new round of industrial transfer mainly occurred in Henan-Anhui-Hunan-Jiangxi Region, and the spatial pattern of manufacturing sectors in these provinces has been reshaped. The article makes a research on the space differences and the forming mechanism of the undertaking industrial transfer of these 4 provinces, using the methods of standard deviation, coefficient of variation, Herfindahl index, cluster analysis, ESDA, spatial econometric model and so on. The findings can be summarized as follows: 1) The total amount and absolute disparity of the four provinces’ undertaking industrial transfer are widening and have a stable tendency after the relative disparity and degree of concentration’s decreasing; 2) In the spatial distribution, center on the provincial capital city and the rating-circle structure which is high in the middle and low on all sides have been roughly formed; 3) In the spatial pattern, the spatial agglomeration situation is further strengthened.The high-high agglomeration areasand the core of Zhengzhou and Nanchang, are gradually formed; 4) Spatial interaction plays a decisive role in the formation of spatial variation of four provinces’ industrial transfer; 5) Labour cost has a negative effect on the industrial transfer, while the economic development level, market attractiveness, capability of technological innovation, agglomeration effect, cost factors, degree of openness, geographic conditions and the industrial structure have a positive effect on industry transfer, especially the market attractiveness, agglomeration effect and degree of openness are the most influential factors.
Rural tourism is a new kind of industries in rural areas. It is of great significance to increase farmers' income, promote the adjustment of rural industrial structure, achieve poverty alleviation, realizes the country revitalization etc. The rapid development of rural tourism has brought a series of problems, such as vicious competition, similar products, environmental pollution. Taking 17 cities of Shandong Province as the research object, this article evaluates the competitiveness of rural tourism rural tourism development level and analyzes the degree of obstacles to make suggestion on the development of rural tourism in this region. Based on the theoretical analysis of the development of the rural tourism, this article constructs the main index evaluation system of rural tourism competitiveness. The evaluation system mainly includes rural tourism resources conditions, environment condition, economic conditions, social conditions and the tourist marketing conditions, which consists of a total 12 factors. The TOPSIS method is used to measure the level of rural tourism competitiveness. Then reveal the factors that hinder the improvement of the competitiveness of rural tourism in this region by using the Obstacle Degree Model (calculating factor contribution, index deviation and obstacle respectively). First, the development level of rural tourism in 17 cities is not balanced. Among them, the highest scores of 0.582 8, the lowest was 0.175 0. The competitiveness of Yantai is the highest, while the competitiveness of Heze, Dongying, Dezhou and Liaocheng is the lowest. Second, there are differences in the competitiveness of cities in the regions. The competitiveness of rural tourism in the eastern is high, with Low competitiveness in the western and northern areas of Shandong Province. Third, the Obstacle Degree Model results show that the tourist reception capacity is the common factors that hinder the improvement of the competitiveness of rural tourism in Shandong Province. Furthermore, the obstacle factors are different between cities. All localities and municipalities in Shandong Province should make efforts to solve the restrictive factors of enhancing the competitiveness of rural tourism and realize the rational and orderly development of rural tourism. Each city should continuously optimize the industrial structure, improve the economic development level, rationally and effectively improve the proportion of the tourism industry in GDP. Government should give full play to the level and ability of the financial and public services, increase the investment in rural tourism infrastructure. In particular, government should guide and rationally support the creation of star farm, improve the reception capacity of rural tourism and solve the biggest obstacle to the development of rural tourism.
This research takes the DPSIR concept model as the basic form of tourism ecological security system aimed to explore the internal mechanism of tourism ecological security system, and analyzes the social feedback management ability of tourism ecological safety system. Based on the theoretical framework of the DPSIR conceptual model and the characteristics of the tourist cities, it defines the 5 elements of tourist city ecological security system (driving force, pressure, state, impact and response) and analyzes 7 relationships among those five elements. And then, it analyzes the characteristics of 4 subsystems of tourist urban ecological security system (economy, society, natural environment and tourist industry), extracts the specific indexes of the five elements, and constructs the corresponding evaluation index system. And it decomposes tourism ecological security system into 2 step stages, named as natural operation stage, management feedback stage and employs the network DEA model to explore the efficiency of different stages and the integrated situation of the whole system from the perspective of ‘input-output’. To enhance the applicability of the network DEA model, this article employs the structural equation model to identify the frameworks of tourist ecological security system, limit the structures and nodes weight of the assessment model and build the network DEA model with nodes weight. The article is the measure and evaluation of ecological security system of Chinese main tourist cities. This article selects 30 tourist cities (excluded those in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and Tibet) as the study objects, and adopts the above proposed system evaluation model of tourist urban ecological security, combined with the empirical data of 30 cities to evaluate their tourist urban ecological security systems. According to the result of the quantitative relationship among systemic elements, the negative effect of ‘R’ to ‘P’ is failed to be supported, which indicates response measures of those tourist cities have still been lack of efficacy to alleviate the dissipation of pollutants and the impact to environment. The positive effects of ‘R-D’ and ‘R-S’ reflect that response measures could maintain the state of ecological security system and improve the economic and social development. According to research result of compressive evaluation of tourist urban ecological security system, this article evaluates the efficiency values of ‘natural operation stage’ and ‘management feedback stage’, and makes the integration of two efficiency values to get the comprehensive evaluation values of various tourist urban ecological security systems. Based on the comprehensive evaluation values and the two stages' evaluation values, those 30 major tourist cities are divided into five kinds of basic categories, which are ‘green development type’,‘steady development type’, ‘high efficient development type’, ‘two-way promotion type’ and ‘management ability lack type’. And then, it identifies the characteristics of these 5 types and puts forward to the targeted strategy suggestions of improving various types of tourist urban ecological security systems.
People are the direct recipients of disaster risk and the executors of risk management. To understand the acceptability of disaster for people is a necessary part of risk management. Taking Dongchuan of Yunnan and Zhouqu of Gansu where debris flows are prone to occur as case studies, through questionnaire investigation and statistical analysis, the similarities and differences of the consequence and acceptability of debris flow disaster and their influencing factors were approached. The conclusions are as follows: 1) The people in Dongchuan were most concerned about property loss, while the disease occurrence received the most attention of the people in Zhouqu, and the people’s concerns to environment destructions and house loss were high in both areas. 2) For the population percentages of the numbers of debris flow occurrence (Frequency) and the willingness to pay for annual disaster insurance (Insurance premium), the acceptability with very high grade in Dongchuan was more than that in Zhouqu; for the population percentages of the warning time for debris flow disaster (Warning time) and the distance from residence to debris flow hazard location (Distance), the acceptability with very high grade in Zhouqu was more than that in Dongchuan. 3) In both areas, the acceptability of Frequency was the lowest, while the acceptability of Insurance premium was the highest, and the acceptabilities of Warning time and Distance were moderate. 4) There were common influential factors on debris flow acceptability in both areas, including the factors of age on Distance, sex on Frequency, Distance, educational level on Warning time and Insurance premium, and income on Frequency, Distance and Insurance premium. The other influencing factors are different in the two areas. This study may provide references for risk management in debris flow prone areas.
