Environmental pollution incidents have become a major challenge for human social development, seriously restrict the sustainable development. Therefore, it is urgently necessary to clarify the temporal and spatial characteristics of pollution incidents and its influencing factors, in order to provide references for the formulation of effective environmental protection policies. In this paper, used the Theil index, coefficient of variation, ESDA and other methods to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of pollution incidents from 2006 to 2016 in China, and the GeoDetector to identify the influencing factors at different scales. The results showed that: 1) At the provincial scales, the occurrence frequencies of environmental pollution incidents and the occurrence of environmental pollution incidents at different levels both showed fluctuating downward trends, and their frequency and regional differences all showed 'East-Central-West' low-lying land patterns. 2)At the prefecture-level cities scale, the frequency of environmental pollution incidents is reduced as the decreases of city scale, and the U-shaped change occurs with the decrease of economic development level, the frequency of pollution incidents in key environmental protection cities is higher than ordinary cities, difference of environmental pollution incidents is reduced as the decreases of city scale and economic development level, and the environmental protection key cities are higher than ordinary cities. 3) The environmental pollution incidents in east of the 'Hu Line' are frequent and diverse, and the western pollution incidents are rare and single, and the spatial distribution of different levels of environmental pollution incidents were quite different. 4) There existed differences in impacting factors at different scales, and as the scale increased, the correlation between impacting factors and environmental pollution incidents also increased. Among them, the level of economic development and the level of environmental supervision all had vital impacts on environmental pollution incidents. The interaction between environmental supervision and other factors had the significant impacts to the environmental pollution incidents.
Based on population mobility data between all prefecture-level cities in China acquired from Tencent mobile phone locations, this article examines the evolution of the spatial correlation model of China's prefecture-level economic growth under the population mobility network. And the spatial spillover effect of economic growth among these cities is also measured in this article by utilizing the network analysis method. The main conclusions obtained in this article are: 1) The construction of the spatial weight matrix should be based on the data that characterizes the interaction and degree between regions. The spatial weight matrix that conforms to reality should be asymmetric and change with the modifying of interaction. 2) Factors such as population mobility networks that interact with prefecture-level cities play an important role in the spillover of economic growth. China's prefecture-level cities show a more obvious ‘center-periphery’ structure. Five central cities: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Chengdu form five fulcrums from north to south and from east to west. The prefecture-level cities with which these five cities have population relationships are concentrated in the eastern and central regions in terms of spatial distribution, and slightly less in the west and northeast. Meanwhile, sub-central prefecture-level cities have formed a hexagonal population mobility network pattern from northeast to southwest. Changchun, Lanzhou, Hangzhou, Dongguan, Nanning and Kunming are vertices of this network. Population mobility is very frequent in this hexagon network and is relatively infrequent outside this hexagon. 3) Network growth effect is an important factor in the economic growth of prefecture-level cities. Using the population mobility network, the population factor has a negative network spillover effect, while foreign direct investment has a positive spillover effect on economic growth. The population factor also has a negative spillover effect on local economic growth, while the fixed asset investment and total retail sales of consumer goods have a significant positive spillover effect, if the geographical proximity network and geographical distance network are used. Finally, according to the research in this article, the policy recommendations are proposed to narrow the economic differences between prefecture-level cities and to achieve coordinated development.
Since the 1980s, under the collision of the spatial turn of Humanities & Social Sciences and the Culture Turn and Relational Turn of New Economic Geography, Innovative Geography has gradually become the main research direction of current Human-Economic Geography. In the process of development, a great number of outstanding achievements have emerged, and many issues have also been highlighted. There is an urgent need to make innovations on the scale, perspective and methodology. By constructing the identification system from patent classification to industry classification and taking information and communications technology industry, machinery industry, electrical equipment industry and medical equipment industry as 4 examples, the spatial and temporal changes of technological innovation capacity of the 4 major industries in the world were discussed. In addition, including the number of patent categories within the framework of the evaluation system for technological innovation capabilities, this article then studied the spatial evolution pattern of global technological innovation system. The results showed the identification system from patent classification to industry classification (IPC-USPC-NAICS) provides a new perspective and method for studying the changes in industrial technology innovation under different spatial scales. The most innovative industries in the world experienced the trend of change from the mechanical industry to the information and communications technology industry. Secondly, the global pattern of industrial technology innovation capabilities represented by the information and communications technology industry, machinery industry, electrical equipment industry and medical equipment industry have shown significant polarization and spatial agglomeration in these 25 years. Thirdly, the global technological innovation system has evolving from the Atlantic pattern to the Pacific pattern, and East Asia has become the growth pole of global technological innovation. At last, the scale of R&D expenditure, the scale of national economy and the national cultural inclusiveness have significant positive impacts on the national technological innovation capability. However, the number of R&D personnel and the total population have no obvious impact on the national technological innovation capability.
Since the 1980s, due to the great improvement of communication and transportation technologies, the reduction of international trade barriers and the fact that more and more countries are opening up from being isolated, economic globalization has ushered the third wave and the international division of labor has been greatly expanded and deepened. China's reform and opening-up policy coincided with this timing, enabling it to evolve from a nearly isolated economy into the "factory of the world" in a relatively short period of time. Deeply embedding into the economic globalization has definitely reshaped China’s spatial economic patterns. According to the situation whether open economy center spatially overlaps isolated economy center and with the background of China’s economy, this article interprets three theoretical channels of international task trade’s effect on spatial economic distribution in order to reexamine Krugman's openness hypothesis under the global value chain era. After theoretical analysis, we measure provincial embedding level of international task trade network and economic agglomeration degree by entropy index of processing trade and spatial Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (and Adjusted Geographical Concentration index) respectively; We use dynamic panel data model to carry out empirical analysis and robust test on proposed theoretical hypothesis using difference and system generalized moment method estimation with China's provincial panel data. Empirical results show that embedding into international task trade network has promoted China's provincial economic agglomeration, which is inconsistent with Krugman's openness hypothesis; Moreover, international task trade’ promotion effect on coastal economic agglomeration is bigger than that on inland. Finally, it theoretically explains the empirical conclusion considering economic geographical reality and makes conclusions with orientation of cluster upgrade based on current situation. This article is of great theoretical value and practical significance for us to think about the new benefits of international trade and the new causes of economic agglomeration. However, there are also some deficiencies in this article. Due to lack of long-term input-output data and micro trade data at provincial level, methods widely used in academic field to measure the regional participation level of international task trade cannot be used in this article.
Based on the conceptual definition and classification of technology-based start-ups, this article critically reviews the literature in geographical research in technology-based entrepreneurship. It focuses on two aspect: The spatio-temporal characteristics of technology-based start-ups and their interaction with regional environment. The primary research results are as follows: First, technology-based start-ups tend to be more concentrated in space, and their spatio-temporal evolution is not random, but has a certain continuous accumulation and path dependence. Second, regional environment affects the emergence and development of technology-based start-ups, and three primary representative theories have emerged in this regard, namely the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial ecosystem and regional entrepreneurial system theory. Meanwhile, as an important mechanism for breaking path dependency and lock-in, technology-based start-ups could improve regional production and innovation efficiency, create new paths for regional growth, and contribute to dynamic development of regional innovation systems. In addition, entrepreneurs, as the main body of initiative agency, can also reshape and transform the regional soft environment to a certain extent. At the end of the article, based on the progress of technology-based start-ups studies, existing inadequacies and future directions of technology-based entrepreneurship have been discussed.
Chinese political geography has been characterized with a duality of exogenous and endogenous studies, the former mainly adopts external (esp. imported from western academia.) concepts, theories and paradigms to interpret Chinese political geographical issues yet the latter mainly uses local and practical perspectives to analyze political geographical patterns and make strategies. The exogenous research generally takes a dominant part in Chinese political geography. This has led to several problems such as the disembeddedness between Chinese practices and foreign theories, ignorance of topics important in Chinese context yet not covered by western theories, and lack of original knowledge contribution. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the endogenous studies based on internal practices and terms. We argue that a theoretical inspection of political geographical thoughts should be a possible way to this direction. Based on our previous study (Liu and Wang, 2017), which mainly aims to provide a brief picture of ancient Chinese political geographical thoughts, we try to further discuss the specific topics (in this paper geopolitics) in detail based on certain ancient works (in this paper the Salt and Iron). In this line, we first propose a triple framework of weighing in making geopolitical strategies and then apply this framework to interpret the geopolitical debates in the Salt and Iron, which is a record of a famous debate on whether continuing the war on the Huns and whether maintaining the state-monopoly of sales of salt and iron in the Han Dynasty. It is shown that the two sides of the debate mainly weigh the pros and cons within the three dimensions of our triple framework: the security threats of the Huns, the cost and benefit of territorial expansion, and the legitimacy of different geopolitical strategies. We further compare the difference in ways of thinking, methods of analysis and aims of strategy-making between Chinese (ancient) and western (contemporary) geopolitical theories and summarize some special characteristics of Chinese geopolitical thoughts and theories. This paper also discusses three values and implications of the concept of "weighing" for both academic research and policy-making of Chinese geopolitics. First, weighing along with different dimensions in making geopolitical strategies and integrating multiple logics of territorial, economic and representation power is helpful to go beyond the dogma and traps of classic geopolitical theories and develop a more scientific Chinese geopolitics. Second, weighing gains and costs in different dimensions avails us to adopt cautious and rational view in geopolitical studies and avoid dangerous, extreme and risky tendency in making geopolitical strategies, and thus contribute to a more peaceful Chinese geopolitics. Third, weighing the issues and aims at both domestic and international scales is in favor of comprehensively examining the local and global processes and combining exogenous and endogenous studies, which may promote a more integrative Chinese geopolitics.
Discussing the spatial distribution of container railway transportation corridors from China to Europe is of great significant to optimize China Railway Express organization and the Eurasian integration development. In order to present this pattern, we extracted the shortest paths from cities to Europe based on the freight railway network, and adopt container source coefficient to get cities’ weighted imports and exports to Europe, which can be taken as potential container throughputs of cities. The study shows that: 1) Three corridors form along Dalian-Yingkou-Jinzhou-Tongliao-Baicheng-Qiqihar-Manzhouli, along Shanghai-Nanjing-Jinan-Tianjin-Beijing-Wulanchabu-Erenhot, and along Hangzhou-Hefei-Xi'an-Lanzhou-Urumqi-Alashankou in Manzhouli, Erenhot and Alashankou railway transport-dominated areas respectively. 2) The Yangtze River Delta region is the source area of the middle and west corridors, the costs of container transportation along two corridors are equivalent in this region. 3) There are 22 key container confluence nodes, of which Qiqihar, Wulanchabu, Beijing, Jinan, Nanjing, Urmuqi and Xi'an are the first level confluence nodes. This research can provide suggestions to China-EU container transport corridors construction and distribution centers distribution optimization in China, and provide a quantitative basis for exploring the mode of container intermodal transport by land and sea.
This article elaborated the logic from multilateral, from bilateral opening to unilateral opening by discriminating the concept of Free Trade Area, Free Trade Zone and Pilot Free Trade Zone, and clarified the current misunderstanding of PFTZ. Using social network analysis method, we treated 11 PFTZs and analyzed its macro layout and microeconomic linkages to locate and identify the differential development path of Liaoning Pilot Free Trade Zone. In this way, we start from the overall layout of the Pilot Free Trade Zone, then the centrality analysis combined with the economic and trade links between the respective Pilot Free Trade Zones is carried out. Finally, we can purposefully develop the respective trade pilot zones through the spatial network structure of the PFTZs. It can be targetedly done to a large extent and improve the efficiency of policy implementation. Result shows that cities in the PFTZs have not yet demonstrated a strong overall network, despite the uneven development, there is no Pilot Free Trade Zone is isolated, and the system of the PFTZs with Shanghai as the core has basically formed. According to the core-middle-edge model, the core layer and the edge layer are more different in trade ability and influence, the urban agglomeration spatial network is still in the initial stage, and the Pilot Free Trade Zones in edge layer have certain potential in trade development. Further, the Liaoning Pilot Free Trade Zone is on the edge-layer. It has a strong direct economic relationship with the coastal PFTZs, such as pilot free trade zones in Shanghai, Guangdong, Zhejiang (core-layer), and Tianjin Pilot Free Trade Zone (middle-layer). Besides, their system is worthy of being copied and promoted. For example, China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone focuses on financial innovation and customs innovation, while the financial reform has achieved remarkable results; The innovative ‘NRA+’ account of China (Guangzhou) Pilot Free Trade Zone is consistent with the financial system of Liaoning Pilot Free Trade Zone to a certain degree, and the Hong Kong free port has instructive significance for the construction of Dalian Port in the future; China (Tianjin) Pilot Free Trade Zone is known for its flourishing financial leasing industry, revitalization of Northeast China Old Industrial Bases is inseparable from the development of financial leasing; Commodity exchange can learn from China (Zhejiang) Pilot Free Trade Zone in promoting commodity liberalization; China (Tianjin) Pilot Free Trade Zone’s policy towards Taiwan provides experiences in handling trade relations with Japan and South Korea.
With the context of globalization and industrial upgrading, cross-border and domestic mergers and acquisitions (M&As) play an important role in facilitating the shifting of production elements and decision-making power among different sectors and places. Therefore, M&As are viewed as an determinant force to promote resource allocation, enterprise upgrading, industrial transformation and regional development, and M&A and related issues have attracted considerable attention form scholars in economic geography. More recently, under the profound impacts of financial crisis on global economy, cross-border and domestic M&As have undergone an rapid growth around the world. Especially, M&A initiated by Chinese multinational and listed corporations enjoyed fast growth with the development of China economy. And Chinese corporations and their investment have played an increasingly role in the global economic recovery and regional sustainable development. Based on the existed theoretical frameworks and empirical methodologies, this article applies spatial analysis and measurement model, and focuses on the geographical distribution of domestic M&A and involving firms in regional China. Particular attention will be given to the spatial correlations between acquirer and target firms. What’s more, highlighting the importance of regional characteristics and local embeddedness, we try to uncover the driving forces and dynamics of the changing distribution of domestic M&As in regional China. There are some illuminating findings in this article. First, the spatial pattern of acquirer and target firms shows a characteristic of co-agglomeration, and the geographical distribution of involving firms is similar to the T-shaped pattern of regional development and core-periphery urban hierarchy system in recent China. Second, domestic M&As and involving firms tend to concentrate in more developed provinces and metropolitan areas, such as Beijing, the Pearl River Delta and the Yellow River Delta. Although domestic M&As in the central and western China has undergone an increase, the regional disparities in M&As tend to be solidification. Firms located in major metropolises such as Beijing and Shanghai more play the role as acquirers in M&A events, while firms located in the central and western China, especially resource-exhausted regions, more takes the role as targets. Third, enterprise investment and related locational choices have been profoundly influenced by regional characteristics such as economic, social and institutional context. We find that the influential factors of the distribution of acquirers are similar to that of targets. The developed stock and financial market, skilled labor and attractive innovative milieu are the determinant forces of the geographical agglomeration of domestic M&As and involving firms in regional China. Meanwhile, the regional differences in economic development, incentive policies, industrial and ownership structure are the influential factors of the changing distribution of Chinese domestic M&As. Moreover, the driving dynamics of geographical concentration and dispersion of domestic M&As are evolving along with the changing economic and institutional context.
The big data of Web site are important complementary sources for phenological site observation data. Using Sina Weibo big data, 2.95×10 6 peach blossom timing data were retrieved for 293 Chinese cities. Through data screening, space-time matching, and verification, 843 034 trusted microblogs were related to the peach blossom-viewing season; from those data, a peach blossom-viewing dataset was extracted and constructed for those cities in 2010-2018. The dataset was validated with respect to the following: whether it matched phenological site observation data; whether the peach blossom-viewing period was preceded by an increase in temperature; and whether the results matched the simulation produced using a phenological model. The results with the dataset were as follows: it was found to be in accordance with the change in the peach blossom period observed at phenological sites; the beginning of the peach blossom-viewing period was indeed preceded by an increase in temperature; and the findings were basically consistent with the peach blossom-viewing period simulated using the phenological model. Thus, the peach blossom-viewing dataset could be employed as an important supplement to observation data observed at phenological sites. Further analysis showed that for every 1° increase in latitude, the peach blossom-viewing date in China was delayed by 1.78 days. Among all the climate zones, the peach blossom-viewing date in the northern subtropics was most sensitive to latitude: for each increase in latitude, the peach blossom-viewing date was delayed by 2.56 days in that zone. Over the past 9 years, the peach blossom-viewing date with most Chinese cities has become earlier.
A game relationship has always been existed between equity and efficiency on the study of resource allocation of public services, and the rise of spatially integrated humanities and social science has made it a spatial optimization problem. Research on the optimization of public service allocation towards equity and efficiency is still weak. In terms of spatial allocation of medical resources, it is considered that planning problems need continuous decision-making, such as selecting the location of new facilities and then adjusting the capacities of facilities. Based on this, a two-step optimization for spatial accessibility improvement (2SO4SAI) is proposed. In view of the limited resources in rural areas, taking spatial accessibility as the main index, and the objective function towards equity and efficiency is established, which includes a quadratic programming model with the objective and constraint of minimizing variance of spatial accessibility, minimizing total travel distance, minimizing maximum medical distance and maximizing coverage. This article clarifies how to find the best locations to site new facilities and adjusts the capacities of facilities to ensure the equity and efficiency distribution of medical opportunities for rural residents under their free choice of medical treatment, and a case study of Xiantao City is carried out. The results show that in the first step of optimizing location allocation with emphasis on efficiency, the final option can reduce the average distance between settlements and the nearest hospital from 6.5 km to 6.1 km, and increase the coverage of settlements and population within different distances. In the second step of facility capacities optimization, the ratio of service capacity allocation of the three hospitals after optimization is 1.7:3.0:1.0. Combining the two steps, it becomes a real mixed optimization model and achieves the dual objectives of equity and efficiency balance. In fact, the health status of residents in areas where public service resources are scarce often lags behind other areas, thus the investment in resources in this area will improve their health status more effectively and get higher returns. Therefore, the slight improvement of equity and efficiency cannot be ignored, and the spatial allocation of public resources must be continuously optimized. However, 2SO4SAI method takes equity and efficiency into account and has certain operability and rationality, it also has some limitations. Patient seeking hospital care is more diverse and complex than we can imagine. For example, many residents tend to bypass the choice near their homes in order to obtain higher quality services, which largely depends on the income and education of them. It is necessary to collect and analyze patient flow data, economic and cultural data in order to better simulate such behavior. In addition, this study simulates the limited data of resources, yet it does not simulate the optimization scheme of the total amount of service capacity without setting a ceiling when the financial input can be increased. It has solved how to allocate and optimize resources to maximize efficiency and fairness under limited resources, but has not solved how much resources are needed to maximize the equity and efficiency of the whole region. Such problems need to be further explored.
China’s floating population is the biggest mobile population in the world. Most of its members are still not able to settle down and be fully integrated into the destination cities, and a growing body of literature has been devoted to understanding their settlement intention and its determinants in such a context. Housing greatly influences the settlement of both internal and international migrants. Nevertheless, within the growing body of literature, far less attention has been devoted to the role of housing conditions in migrant settlement in cities. In addition, the rise of housing marketization has broadened housing choices for migrants, encouraging settlement intention to be a more complicated process. However, few studies have addressed the diverse patterns of settlement intention under the interaction of institutional constraints and housing marketization. This study goes beyond this limitation and investigates how housing conditions measured by ownership, location, residential pattern and housing affordability affect rural migrant urban settlement intentions. Using the data from a migrant survey in Fujian Province in 2015, we first utilize a composite index consisting of three dimensions to measure migrants’ settlement intention, namely, long-term residence intention, permanent settlement intention, and hukou transfer intention. And then using the ordered logistic regression model, we explore the impacts of housing ownership, housing location, residential pattern and housing affordability on migrants’ settlement intention. The results show that: 1) The overall level of migrants’ permanent settlement intention is not high in the China’s cities, which is not strong as suspected in public debates. 2) The rate of the “High” degree of migrants’ settlement intention increases as the housing conditions level and their housing affordability increase. 3) After controlling for the effects of individual characteristics, migration patterns, migrants’ housing conditions play a critical role in affecting their settlement intention. With owner housing strongly promote migrants’ settlement intention, and migrants living in the central city are more likely to settle down in the cities than their counterparts in the suburbs. Furthermore, lower degrees of housing expenditure-income ratio have significant negative effect on the migrants’ permanent settlement intention. Meanwhile, migrants living with their family members are more likely to settle down in the cities than those living alone. Based on the above findings, we suggest that housing should be integrated into relevant policy making in China’s current efforts to boost migrants’ permanent settlement. For example, instead of granting urban hukou status, an open housing market with more eligible and affordable housing access would provide a broad channel for permanent settlement, which is the preference of rural migrants.
Using the natural fracture point method, multiple linear regression, and geographically weighted regression model, this article analyzes the urban-rural income gap’s spatial pattern, type characteristics and its mechanism in 3 provinces of Northeast China since 1990. The conclusion shows that: 1) In terms of the per capita net income of rural residents, the number of high-level and higher-level areas continue to decrease, while that of mid-level and low-level areas increase. However, most areas are higher than the national average. Judging from the per capita disposable income of urban residents, most cities are mainly with medium and high levels, and gradually evolve to higher levels. With the economic development, the per capita disposable income of urban residents has gradually increased, but most areas are still lower than the national average. The income disparity between urban and rural areas in the Northeast China was mainly at medium and low level, indicating that the urban-rural income gap there was overall low. With the regional development, the number of high and higher levels of urban-rural income gap has increased, and the overall gap slightly is larger, but still lower than the national average. Specifically, the distribution of the income gap between urban and rural areas in 1990 was contiguous, and gradually evolved into a medium-level and high-level layout. 2) 8 indices are selected including fertility rate difference between urban and rural areas, urban-rural labor force ratio, urban-rural fixed-asset investment ratio, per capita GDP, urbanization rate, per capita road mileage, per capita industrial added value, per capita tertiary industry added value. The study found that the spatial distribution of urban-rural income gap is affected by the spatial differentiation characteristics of regional economic development, industrial, service-driven and transport access. The development of regional economy has a positive influence on the urban-rural income gap, and then evolves into a negative inhibitory effect. 3) Based on the above analysis, we proposed to deepen reform and opening up, speed up the pace of mixed reform of state-owned enterprises, optimize regional industrial structure, improve tertiary development level and proportion, stimulate market vitality, and solve various obstacles to restrict regional economic development.
With widely development, the northwestern Guangxi karst area presents fragile ecological environment and low land productivity. The population and spatial distribution of the population in the region are quite different, and the difference was the result of the combined effects of various factors. The natural environment is the most fundamental influencing factor for survival. The influence of natural factors on the spatial distribution of the population in the karst mountainous areas of the northwestern Guangxi cannot be ignored. This article selected the smallest administrative unit of the sixth national census-township (town) as a basic unit, and used the Lorenz curve and spatial correlation analysis method to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of population in the township (town) scale of the karst mountainous area in the northwestern Guangxi. The detector method detected the intensity of the influence of the natural factors alone and the natural factors on the spatial distribution of the population in the study area. The results showed that: 1) At the township (town) level, the spatial distribution of population was higher in the southeast section and lower in the northwest part, and the spatial distribution of population in the study area was extremely uneven. In addition, the population distribution also presented a significant positive correlation in space, showing high-value spatial units and high-value spatial units, and low-value spatial units and low-value spatial units present adjacent spatial aggregation states; 2) The influence of spatial distribution of natural factors on population distribution is obviously different. There is no karst town in the northwest and south-central part of the study area. Population density increases with the increase of human living factors, but only 79 persons/km on average. In the villages and towns with karst distribution in the eastern and southern Guangxi, the spatial distribution of population density and natural factors is not simply increasing or decreasing, but fluctuates with the change of karst distribution area; 3) The results of factor detection in geo-detectors suggested that altitude has the greatest impact (0.17) on the spatial distribution of population. The results of interactive detection in the geo-detector showed that after superimposed and interacted any two natural factors, the intensity of the effect exhibited nonlinear enhancement and two-factor enhancement. Among them, the catalytic capacity of the karst mountain was the most significant factor. After the karst mountain area overlaps with other natural factors, the population and its distribution enhanced the intensity of the impact, and the average increase rate exceeded 80%. This indicated that the main factors affecting population distribution are different from the other non-karst areas in the karst mountain area of the northwestern Guangxi, but they also have certain similarities. For example, altitude is one of the most important factors affecting the spatial distribution of population in both karst and non-karst areas. However, the density of river network and unique geological features in karst mountains have a strong catalytic effect on the spatial distribution of the population. The superposition of these factors with other factors can further aggravate the imbalance of population distribution, and the influence of these factors on the spatial distribution of population cannot be ignored.
Promoting physical activity is a priority of public health strategy for preventing major chronic diseases because of its popularity and known health benefits. Therefore, the related research of physical activity is an important field of study, and it has become a hot theme between multiple disciplines at home and abroad. The point-based locations regularly visited and the time spend in the past week by 1 102 participants were collected in the main urban area of Nanjing, this study analyzes the spatial-temporal characteristics of daily physical activity of urban residents. The mixed effect model was used to furtherly explore associations between the range of physical activity space, social-demographic characteristics, health status and the difference of self-reported physical activity. The results show that: 1) The spatial and temporal heterogeneity of residents' daily physical activity is obvious. There were significant differences in time allocation of different types of physical activity and individuals between weekday and weekend. Work-, traffic-, housework-physical activity space are obviously restricted, while leisure-physical activity space distribution is more flexible. In addition, compared with the weekday, there are convergence and diffusion characteristics in the changes of range of different types physical activity space in weekend. 2) The range of physical activity space, individual social-demographic attributes, and their own health status all have significant effects on the difference of residents' daily physical activity. Specifically,, considering the locations of physical activity visited, this study found that the spatial scope of daily physical activity determine the spatial adaptation and choice of physical activity. Meanwhile, differences in social division of labor lead to physical activity in different sex and age groups. Besides, personal social and economic strength is negatively correlated with physical activity. However, good health may particularly encourages residents to maintain or increase more daily physical activity.
Based on multi-source geographic information data and GIS spatial technology, comprehensively analyzing the resources, current situation and potential of green tourism, this study conducts the exploratory spatial data analysis of the national green tourism resources, thus provides references for the construction, suitability assessment and site selection of green tourism bases. The results show that: 1) suitable area of China's green tourism development shows a fragmented agglomeration state, and the very suitable and suitable areas in each fragmentation are cross distributed spatially. 2) In the low latitudes area of central China, the green tourism resources base, current situation and potential are all relatively good. The distribution of resources in the western region is scattered, the development status and potential are relatively weak, but the regional characteristics are significant, which is suitable for deep development based on its regional characteristics. The green tourism in the northeastern mountainous region has reached to a certain scale. It is necessary to improve the quality of tourism and expand its influence. Other regions are difficult to develop green tourism industry due to the factors such as climate and terrain.
ArcGIS technology is used to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of the Holocene settlements in northeastern of Liaoning Province. Based on the natural environment background in northeastern of Liaoning Province, the relationship between site distribution and the changes of the natural environment is discussed. The results show that: 1) The Holocene cultural sequence in the study area is divided into the lower layer of Xinle period, the upper layer of Houwa period, the Pianbao period and the Beigou period, the number of sites and their proportion in the total number in the study area are firstly increasing and then decreasing and lastly increasing in a ‘N’-shape tend. 2) The site elevation of each site is mostly distributed in the area of 0-200 m, and the elevation distribution shows an inverted ‘V’-shaped change which firstly increasing and then decreasing. From the perspective of slope and the aspect of view, the settlement sites are mainly distributed in the range of 0-6° in the gentle areas, all of the sites in the sunny and semi-sunny slope except for the upper layer of Houwa period; Settlements in different periods showed the characteristics of riverside dwelling. 3) During the lower layer of Xinle period (7 000-6 000 cal.aBP), the humans were selected by the climate to be at a higher elevation in the plain area to avoid the humid low-lying area. During the upper layer of Houwa period (6 000-5 500 cal.aBP), the humans in the lower Liaohe Plain chose to move away from the river at a higher altitude to avoid flooding, while the upper-level cultural inhabitants of the Liaodong Mountain area migrated to the higher places while still prefer to live near the river to take advantage of the good fishing and hunting environment; During the Pianpu period (5 500-4 500 cal.aBP), it was hit by the cooling event, in order to seek a warmer and more food-rich station, the ancient humans entered the flat and warm plain from the mountains; During the Beigou period (4 500-4 000 cal.aBP), the climate was cold and dry, and the transgression entered a period of decline, the humans began to move toward the relatively warm coastal zone and settled in the area previously flooded by the sea.
