Abstract: The development and evolution of the Tianshan Mountain went through three stages:fold uplift in the Palaeozoic Era,denudation planation in the Mesozoic Era to the Early Tertiary,and fault-block uplift in the Late Tertiary to the Early Quaternary.The distribution pattern of precipitation in the Tianshan Mountain is that precipitation in the west part is more than that in the east part; the north slope more than the south slope;and the interior more than the outer fringe.The pattern of temper ature distribution has an opposite pattern.There are 210 rivers,big or small,in the Tianshan Mountain area.All of them are inland rivers.And most of them originate from glaciers and alpine snow cover area.The distribution of annual runoff volume present a large yearly variation,and a small interyearly variation.The vertical belts of mountainous geomorphology and landscape are all obvious,but the landscape belts of the south slope greatly differ from that of the north slope.