农业土壤固碳对缓解全球变暖的意义

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2003.01.101

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 大气CO₂浓度急剧升高引起的全球气候变暖是人们关注的环境问题之一。以美国和加拿大为代表的发达国家正在热衷于研究农业土壤作为大气CO₂的"汇"。文章评述了这一领域研究的现状,认为中国农业土壤固碳潜力较美加两国要大。加强农业土壤碳"汇"的研究不仅有助于恢复中国退化中的土壤肥力,同时也有助于在未来的温室效应气体控制谈判中保护中国发展中的工业。

Abstract: Global climate change resulting from human activities, particularly related to anthropogenic release of CO₂ to the atmosphere, is one of the most critical environmental problems facing human beings today. Scientists in West Country, mainly in US and Canada, are seeking to sequester C in agricultural soil (C sink) to offset their commitment to the Kyoto act. This paper reviews the progress in this field and suggests that the potential of Chinese agricultural soil sequestering C is over the sum of the US and Canada's. Studying C sequestration in Chinese agricultural soil not only can help to recover our degraded farmland, but also can benefit Chinese industry in future global negotiation over greenhouse gas release control.

中图分类号:

S153

杨学明, 张晓平, 方华军. 农业土壤固碳对缓解全球变暖的意义[J]. 地理科学, 2003, 23(1): 101-106.

YANG Xue-Ming, ZHANG Xiao-Ping, FANG Hua-Jun. Importance of Agricultural Soil Sequestering Carbon to Offsetting Global Warming[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2003, 23(1): 101-106.

参考文献

[1] IPCC. Climate Change 1995: The science of climate change (Report of Working Group I ). New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996,4.
[2] United Nations.United Nations framework convention on climate change.United Nations, New York, 1992.
[3] United Nations. Report of the conference of the parties on its third session. Kyoto Protocol, FCCC/CP/Add.a, United Nations, New York, 1997.
[4] Kimble J, Cook T, Eswaran H. Organic matter in soils of the tropics. In: Proc. Symp. Characterization and role of organic matter in different soils. Int. Congr. Soil Sci. 14th, Kyoyo, Japan. 12-18 Aug. 1990. ISSS, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1990.
[5] Bohn H L. Estimate of organic carbon in world soils[J]. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.,1976,(40): 468-470.
[6] Buringh P. Organic carbon in soils of the world[J]. SCOPE, 1984,(23): 91-109.
[7] Eswaran H, VanDenBerg E, Reich P.Organic carbon in soils of the world[J]. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1993,(57): 192-194.
[8] Batjes N H, Sombroek W G. Possibilities for carbon sequestration in tropical and subtropical soils[J]. Global Change Biol., 1997,(3): 161-173.
[9] Post W M, Peng T H, Emmanuel W R., et al. The global carbon cycle[J]. Am. Sci. 1990,(78): 310-326.
[10] Pepper W J, Leggett J, Swart R, et al. Emissions scenarios for the IPCC. An update: Assumptions, methodology, and results. Support document for chapter A3. In: Houghton J T, Callander B A and Varney S K. Climate Change: Supplementary report to the IPCC scientific assessment. Cambridge :Cambridge University Press, 1992, 200.
[11] Duxbury J M. The significance of agricultural sources of greenhouse gases[J]. Fertilizer Research, 1994,(38): 151-163.
[12] Somebroek W G, Nachtergaele F O, Hebel A. Amounts, dynamics and sequestration of carbon in Tropic and Subtropical soils[J]. AMBIO, 1993,(22) : 417-426.
[13] Burke I C, Laurenroth W K, Coffin D P. Recovery of soil organic matter and N mineralization in semiarid grasslands: Implications for the conservation reserve program[J]. Ecological Applications, 1995, (5): 793-801.
[14] Cole C V, Flach K, Lee J, et al. Agricultural sources and sinks of carbon[J]. Water Air Soil Pollution, 1993,(70):111-122.
[15] Lal R. Global soil erosion by water and C dynamics. In: Lal R, Kimle J M, Levine E, et al. Soils and Global Changes. Boca Raton: CRC/Lewis Publishers, 1995. 131-142.
[16] Houghton R A, Skole D L. Carbon. In: Turner B S, Clark W C, Kates R W, et al. The earth as transformed by human action. Cambridge :Cambridge Univ. Press, 1990. 393-408.
[17] Cole C V K. Agricultural options for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. In : Watson R T, Zinyowera M C, Moss R H. Climate Change 1995- Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1996. 1-27.
[18] Lal R. Residue management, conservation tillage and soil restoration for mitigating greenhouse effect by CO₂ enrichment[J]. Soil Till. Res., 1997,(43): 81-107.
[19] Bruce J P, Frome M, Haites E, et al. Carbon sequestration in soils[J]. Soil Water Conservation, 1999, (54) : 382-389.
[20] Schlesinger W H. Carbon sequestration in soils[J]. Science, 1999, (284): 2095.
[21] Cole C V, Cerri C, Minami K, et al. Agricultural options for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. In: Watson R T, Zinyowera M C, Moss R H. Climate Change 1995 Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific:Technical Analyses. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 745-771.
[22] IPCC. Climate Change 1995-Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1996b.
[23] Houghton R A. The annual net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use 1850-1990[J]. Tellus, 1999, (51B): 298-313.
[24] Batjes N H. Mitigation of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations by increased carbon sequestration in the soil[J]. Biological Fertility Soils, 1998,(27): 230-235.
[25] Smith P, Powlson D S, Gledining M J, et al. Potential for carbon sequestration in European soils: preliminary estimates for five scenarios using results from long-term experiments[J]. Global Change Biol., 1997, (3): 67-79.
[26] Angers D A, Bolinder M A, Carter M R, et al. Impact of tillage practices on organic carbon and nitrogen storage in cool, humid soils of eastern Canada[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 1997,(41): 191-201.
[27] Paustian K, Andren O, Janzen H, et al. Agricultural soil as a C sink to offset CO₂ emission[J]. Soil Use and Management, 1997, (13): 230-244.
[28] Yang X M, Kay B D. Impacts of tillage practices on total, loose- and occluded-particulate, and humified organic carbon fractions in soils within a field in southern Ontario[J]. Can. J. Soil Sci., 2001,(81): 149-156.
[29] Lal R, Bruce J P. The potential of world cropland soils to sequester C and mitigate the greenhouse effect[J]. Environmental Science and Policy, 1999, (2): 177- 186.
[30] IPCC. Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. In: Metz B, Davidson O, Swart R, et al. The science of climate change( Report of Working Group III of The International Group of Climate Change). Cambridge :Cambridge University Press, 2002.
[31] Allmaras R R, Dowdy R H. Conservation tillage systems and their adoption in the United States[J]. Soil Till. Res.,1995, (5): 197-222.
[32] Halvorson A D, Reule C A, Follett R F. Nitrogen fertilization effects on soil carbon and nitrogen in a dryland cropping system[J]. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1999,(63): 912-917.
[33] Yang X M, Kay B D. Rotation and tillage effects on soil organic carbon sequestration in a typic Hapludalf in southern Ontario[J]. Soil & Till. Res., 2001, (59): 107-114.
[34] Mrabet R, Saber N, El-Brahli A, et al. Total particulate organic matter and structural stability of a Calcixeroll soil under different wheat rotations and tillage systems in a semiarid area of Morocco[J]. Soil & Till. Res., 2001, (57): 225-235.
[35] Tian G, Kolawole G O, Salako F K, et al., An improved cover crop-fallow system for sustainable management of low activity clay soils of the tropics[J]. Soil Science, 1999, (164): 671-682.
[36] USEPA. Inventory of US greenhouse gas emissions and sinks:1990–1999,2001. http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/publications/emissions/us2001/index.html
[37] Robins B. Carbon credit traders don't think it's a Don Kyoto treaty. 2001, http://www.smh.com.au/news/0107/25/biztech/biztech15.html
[38] Ag Climate. Canadian energy companies to pay US farmers for carbon credits. Wall Street Journal, 1999-10-21.
[39] 汪业勖,赵士洞,牛栋. 陆地土壤碳循环的研究动态[J]. 生态学杂志,1999,18(5):29~35.
[40] Ellert B H, Bettany J R. Calculation of organic matter and nutrients stored in soils under contrasting management regimes[J]. Can. J. Soil Sci., 1995,(75): 529-538.
[41] Yang X M, Wander M M. Tillage effects on soil organic carbon distribution and estimation of C storage[J]. Soil and Till. Res., 1999, (52): 1-9.
[42] Post W M, Izaurralde R C, Mann L K, et al. Monitoring and verifying changes of organic carbon in soil[J]. Climatic Change, 2001, (51): 73-99.
[43] Janzen H H, Campbell C A, Izaurralde R C, et al. Light fraction organic matter in soil from long-term rotations[J]. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1992, (56): 1799-1806.
[44] Parton W J, Ojima D S, Schimel D S. Models to evaluate soil organic matter storage and dynamics. In: Cater M R, Stewart B A. Structure and Organic Matter Storage in Agricultural Soils. Adv. Soil Sci. New York: CRC Press, Lewis Publishers, 1995. 421-448.
[45] Donigan A S, Patwardhan A S, Chinnaswamy R V, et al. Modeling soil carbon and agricultural practices in the central US: An update of preliminary study results. In: Lal R, et al. Soil Processes and Carbon Cycle. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1997. 499-518.
[46] Jefferson M. Potential Climate Change: Carbon Dioxide Emissions 1990-1996[J].World Energy Council Journal, 1997, 76-82.
[47] World Bank. Issues and options in greenhouse gas emissions control[M]. Washington D C, 1994.
[48] Streets D G, Jiang K J, Hu X L, et al. Recent reductions in China's greenhouse gas emissions[J]. Science, 2001, (294): 1835-1837.
[49] Li Z, Zhao Q G. Carbon dioxide fluxes and potential mitigation in agriculture and forestry of tropical and subtropical China[J]. Climatic Change, 1998, (40): 119-133.
[50] 王绍强,周成虎, 李克让, 等.中国土壤有机碳库及空间特征分布分析[J]. 地理学报,2000, 55(4): 533~544.
[51] 杨昕, 王明星. 陆地碳循环研究中若干问题的评述[J]. 地球科学进展, 2001, 16(4): 427~435.
[52] 杨学明. 利用农业土壤固定有机碳-缓解全球变暖、提高土壤生产力[J]. 土壤与环境,2000, 9(3): 311~315.
[53] Guo L P, Lin E D. Carbon sink in cropland soils and emissions of greenhouse gases from paddy soils: A review of work in China[J]. Chemosphere Global Change Science,2001, (3): 413-418.
[54] 王绍强,周成虎. 中国陆地生态系统土壤碳库的估计[J]. 地理研究,1999,18(3): 349~356.
[55] 王庆一.中国农村能源问题与对策[J]. 能源政策研究, 1999,(2):30~39.
[56] 杨瑞珍.我国耕地水土流失及其防治措施[J]. 水土保持通报, 1994, (14): 32~36.
[57] 黎赔肆,周寅康,彭补拙. 试论我国农村土地产权制度对农村生态环境的影响[J]. 农村生态环境, 1999, 15(4): 59~62.
[58] 彭珂珊,徐振兴. 中国土地环境面临的问题与保护对策[J]. 生态经济,1993,(5):18~22.