Abstract: By using the 53-year NCEP/NCAR reanalysis monthly mean data for the period 1948-2000, the influences of the temperature and/or precipitation on the surface water resources (surface potential evaporation, surface runoff, 0-10cm soil moisture content and 10-200cm soil moisture content) in Northeast China in different seasons have been studied. The simple statistical evaluation models about the influence of the temperature and/or precipitation on the variables of the surface water resources have been also established. Based on these models, the responses of the variables of the surface water resources in Northeast China to the different climate variations have been assessed. The results are summarized as fallows:The temperature variation in Northeast China has some influence on the variables of the surface water resources. When the temperature is higher (or lower) than its normal, the surface potential evaporation tends to increase (or decrease), the surface runoff and the soil moisture content tend to decrease (or increase). Especially the variables of the surface water resources in the west part of Northeast China are the most sensitive to the temperature variation in summer and in autumn. And in the southeast part of Northeast China, the influence of the temperature on the surface water resources is smaller relatively.The variables of the surface water resources in Northeast China have the very closely relations with the precipitation. When the precipitation is more (or less) than its average, the surface potential evaporation tends to decrease (or increase), the surface runoff and the soil moisture content tend to increase (or decrease) greatly. The correlation coefficients can reach 0.70 to 0.98, far exceeding 99.9% significance level. The influence of the precipitation on the surface runoff is the biggest. In summer, when the precipitation increases or decreases 20%, the surface runoff can even increases or decreases 55% to 60% in Northeast China. The statistical evaluation models about the influence of the temperature and the precipitation on the variables of the surface water resources established in this study have the very good capability of prediction and assessment. In summer the variations of the variables of the surface water resources are mainly controlled by the precipitation, but the influence of the temperature on the variables of the surface water resources in spring is also important. The responses of the surface runoff to the simultaneous variation of the precipitation and the temperature are also the most significant. When the precipitation and the temperature increase (or decrease) 10% and 1℃, the surface runoff can increase (or decrease) 25% to 30%, i.e. "the smaller climatic fluctuation" can result in a bigger change in the surface water resources in Northeast China.