关键词: 史前聚落遗址, GIS, 空间形态, 洛阳

Abstract:

Settlement archaeology is a composit subject about spatial location and geographical distribution of settlement and relic and vestige. Conforming to some society organization principle, the prehistoric settlements congregated to kinds of settlement groups closely in space, which not only was a token of general life style of prehistoric person, but also provided a viewport and a platform for revealing and researching on the historical evolution in prehistoric society. The Luoyang area (mainly Luoyang basin) of the core of Central Plains was taken as a typical example and representative for studying the grouping pattern of prehistoric settlements and society evolution, and the research emphasized on the Era of the Yangshao and Longshan. Based on GIS , the data processing was done (including the digitalization and registration and database design and so on) firstly, and then the number ,scope , spatial distribution and space relationship of the discovered prehistoric settlements in the area were visualized with kinds of graphics and tables. And thirdly the spatial relationship of the settlements with topography and physiognomy were analyzed combined with some historical events and environment of the time. To be concrete, there were three results: More than 80% settlements located the area that gradient was lower than 3°,which showed the historical person were inclined to reside in the smooth area.More than 50% settlements located in the area less than 1 km far from the closest watershed and more than 90% settlements located in the area less than 4 km far from the closest watershed, which showed the prehistorical person were inclined to select the area where was moderate distance far from the closest watershed. The area of almost more than 60% settlements were 1~10 km² moderately and the number and the area of the front 4 eras were balanced comparatively but that decreased in the Shang Era and increased largely in the West Zhou and East Zhou Dynasty, which were supposed to relate to some historical events. In this article, the space and attribute information were mined enough to reveal the modality characters of settlement group and union of settlement groups. Three factors were considered to assist and analyze the settlement modality: space distance between settlements, their scopes and some natural barriers (such as great river, jebel etc.). Based on the above analysis the settlements were plot out 24 settlement groups (in a group the distance among the settlements were generally short, and significantly greater than the mutual distance between the internal settlement ruins of the settlement group) and 5 unions of settlement groups (the Yi River, Luo River and Yiluo River were chiefly the partition boundaries ) on the Yangshao Era, which was a reflex of the society structure and class of the time.

Key words: prehistoric settlements, GIS, spatial modality, Luoyang area