长沙市农村居民点景观格局变化及地域分异特征研究

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2015.02.203

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以1989年、1999年和2009年3期Landsat TM影像及2005年的土地利用现状图为数据源,结合野外实地调查,应用GIS空间分析、重心迁移定量模型和景观生态学方法,对长沙市1989-2009年农村居民点的用地面积、规模、空间分布、形状的动态变化过程及地域分异特征进行了研究。研究结果表明: ① 20 a来农村居民点总面积及斑块平均规模不断扩大,农村居民点空间分布日趋集中和密集,斑块形状不断向完整与规则转变;② 农村居民点空间布局地域分异特征明显,在平均斑块面积、斑块密度等指标方面平原区、丘岗区与山区之间存在着显著差异;③ 20 a来,长沙市农村居民点的空间分布重心由西向东迁移,迁移距离为6.62 km。

关键词: 农村居民点, 景观格局, 动态变化, 地域分异, 长沙市

Abstract:

In recent years, land supply and demand contradiction is increasingly outstanding in China. The landbase of rural residential area is experiencing a reverse development trend of "population decrease but land increase". The main reason is that rural residential area has been in a disordered development state with a chaotic layout for a long time in last years. So it is important to grasp the spatial pattern changes rule of rural residential area during rural residential land development planning. Based on the thematic maps of Land-use map in 2005 and TM images of 1989,1999 and 2009,and by integrating field survey and the method of GIS statistical software,offset of center gravity model and landscape ecology, the landscape pattern of rural residential area in Changsha from 1989 to 2009 is analyzed. In the recent 20 years,the class area(CA) of residential area in Changsha increase constantly, and the net increase is 2.52×10⁴hm². The number of patches(NP)increases from 197 867 to 206 289,the largest patch index(LPI) increase from 0.001 in 1989 to 0.004 in 2009.Furthermore,the mean patch size (MPS) increase from 0.425 to 0.531, the patch density (PD) take on an increase trend , which was 0.167/km² in 1989 while 0.174/ km² in 2009.The face margin ratio(AP) increase from 1.546 to 1.676, while fractal dimension(D) reduce from 1.679 to 1.672. The study finds that the landscape pattern of rural residential area has changed a lot from 1989 to 2009, the scale, number and acreage of the rural residential area increased , the landscape distribution of rural residential area is centralized and densified , and the landscape shape of rural residential area has obvious change with an anomalistic developing state existed. The characteristics of spatio-temporal differentiation of rural residential area are obvious, the scale, number, density and acreage of rural residential area in plain area are better than that of hilly and mountainous area. The center of Gravity of rural residential area offset 6.62 km from west to east in Changsha from 1989 to 2009. The quantitative analysis of landscape ecology can explain well the landscape pattern of rural residential area and provide useful information for studies of the small town construction , and for land trim and land intensive use.

Key words: rural residential area, landscape pattern, dynamic change, spatio-temporal differentiation, Changsha

中图分类号:

F301.2

谭雪兰, 周国华, 朱苏晖, 欧聪. 长沙市农村居民点景观格局变化及地域分异特征研究[J]. 地理科学, 2015, 35(2): 203-209.

Xue-lan TAN, Guo-hua ZHOU, Su-hui ZHU, Cong OU. Landscape Pattern Changes and the Characteristic of Spatio-temporal Differentiation of Rural Residential Area in Changsha in Recent 20 Years[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2015, 35(2): 203-209.

图/表 6

图1

表1

表2

长沙市农村居民点分布格局指数区域差异"

年份（年）	CA （hm²）	P （km）	NP （个）	MPS （hm²）	PD （个/hm²）	LPI	PLAND （%）	AP	D	F
1989 芙蓉区	537.19	222.35	393	1.367	0.090	0.059	0.64	2.416	1.278	1.222
天心区	555.91	441.19	1569	0.354	0.212	0.036	0.66	1.260	1.488	3.064
岳麓区	1254.00	717.76	2669	0.470	0.197	0.030	1.49	1.747	1.455	2.396
开福区	1714.56	1271.70	6146	0.279	0.324	0.019	2.03	1.348	1.547	3.148
雨花区	946.37	450.40	1436	0.659	0.128	0.052	1.12	2.101	1.379	2.120
长沙县	18174.25	11999.74	41637	0.436	0.207	0.003	21.56	1.515	1.633	2.519
望城县	13358.01	9591.88	38879	0.344	0.285	0.009	15.85	1.393	1.638	2.725
宁乡县	23279.03	15017.19	55062	0.421	0.188	0.001	27.61	1.543	1.638	2.742
浏阳市	24481.11	14727.39	50076	0.489	0.100	0.004	29.04	1.662	1.625	3.231
1999 芙蓉区	538.07	223.15	394	1.366	0.090	0.059	0.63	2.411	1.279	1.222
天心区	527.89	434.15	1548	0.341	0.209	0.038	0.62	1.216	1.495	3.205
岳麓区	1217.61	712.98	3035	0.401	0.224	0.031	1.43	1.708	1.459	2.631
开福区	1618.40	1237.55	5966	0.271	0.315	0.016	1.90	1.308	1.552	3.286
雨花区	953.28	453.65	1475	0.646	0.132	0.051	1.12	2.101	1.379	2.133
长沙县	18585.19	12364.83	43187	0.430	0.215	0.003	21.86	1.503	1.635	2.508
望城县	13614.57	9670.77	38975	0.349	0.286	0.016	16.01	1.408	1.637	2.677
宁乡县	23402.53	15029.52	54899	0.426	0.187	0.004	27.52	1.557	1.636	2.711
浏阳市	24575.77	14759.50	50244	0.489	0.101	0.004	28.90	1.665	1.625	3.224
2009 芙蓉区	435.06	419.32	402	1.082	0.092	0.052	0.40	1.038	1.532	1.526
天心区	674.14	566.80	1571	0.429	0.212	0.040	0.62	1.189	1.521	2.528
岳麓区	1311.56	828.98	3053	0.430	0.226	0.028	1.20	1.582	1.486	2.450
开福区	2498.90	1190.56	6312	0.396	0.333	0.028	2.28	2.099	1.456	2.189
雨花区	1788.37	958.54	2043	0.875	0.182	0.033	1.63	1.866	1.463	1.338
长沙县	19539.11	11081.38	40804	0.479	0.203	0.023	17.84	1.763	1.605	2.319
望城县	19167.17	9028.13	39013	0.491	0.286	0.016	17.50	2.123	1.566	1.902
宁乡县	29603.37	18298.94	57183	0.518	0.195	0.016	27.03	1.618	1.637	2.187
浏阳市	34517.20	22964.84	55908	0.617	0.112	0.010	31.51	1.503	1.657	2.421

表2

图2

图3

表3

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分区	CA （hm²）	P （km）	NP （个）	MPS （hm²）	PD （个/hm²）	LPI	PLAND （%）	AP	D	F
平原区	31971.95	16002.38	56155	0.569	0.243	0.014	29.19	1.998	1.867	1.782
丘岗区	64970.09	31638.04	115684	0.562	0.195	0.007	59.31	2.054	1.870	2.016
山区	12592.85	7245.69	34450	0.366	0.095	0.006	11.50	1.738	1.883	4.433