中国村庄空间分布特征及空间优化重组解析

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2016.02.002

地理科学 ›› 2016, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (2): 170-179.doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2016.02.002

中国村庄空间分布特征及空间优化重组解析

杨忍¹(), 刘彦随²(), 龙花楼², 王洋³, 张怡筠¹

1.中山大学地理科学与规划学院,广东广州 510275
2.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京100101
3.广州地理研究所,广东广州 510070

收稿日期:2014-12-30 修回日期:2015-03-06 出版日期:2016-02-20 发布日期:2016-02-20
作者简介:
作者简介：杨忍(1984-),男,贵州毕节人,博士,讲师,主要从事乡村转型与村镇规划、城乡转型重构与区域研究、土地规划管理及GIS应用研究。E-mail: yangren0514@163.com;yangren666@mail.sysu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金青年项目（41401190、41101165、41401164）、中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金（15lgpy34）资助

Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Optimized Reconstructing Analysis of Rural Settlement in China

Ren Yang¹(), Yansui Liu^2,³(), Hualou Long², Yang Wang³, Yijun Zhang¹

1. School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
2. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
3. Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou 510070, Guangdong, China

Received:2014-12-30 Revised:2015-03-06 Online:2016-02-20 Published:2016-02-20
Supported by:
National Nature Science Foundation of China (41401190、41101165、41401164), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (15lgpy34)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以中国电子地图数据和分县经济社会数据为基础,利用最邻近距离R指数模型分析中国村庄分布模式格局,结合地理探测器的研究方法对影响因素进行探测识别,同时解析乡村空间优化重组背景和模式。研究得出以下主要结论：① 中国村庄空间分布呈现出聚集、随机、离散均匀分布的并存空间分布模式,村庄空间分布模式区域差异特征显著。东南半壁的村庄分布密度远大于西北半壁,不同地域类型区的村庄空间分布模式表现出各异的特征。平原地区的村庄空间分布密集,空间分布模式以随机、分散为主,村庄之间邻近距离较近。高寒山区、沙漠边缘地带,村庄空间分布密度极低,村庄之间邻近距离偏大,村庄空间分布相对聚集。丘陵、山地交汇过渡地带,村庄空间分布密度较大,空间分布模式偏向随机分布。② 村庄分布受到传统因素和经济发展双重因子的影响,传统影响因素依然在发挥作用,但经济发展的影响愈加明显。不同区域地形、水资源条件对村庄分布影响显著。交通条件、产业非农化、经济发展、农业现代化发展对乡村生活、生产空间的空间形态和分布模式产生剧烈影响。③ 伴随乡村各种生产要素非农化流失,村庄空间亟待优化重组,优化以镇区为依托的中心村-基层村体系空间组织结构应为乡村物质空间优化重组有效选择。④ 在不同地域类型区域,村镇格局的空间优化重组形态可以采用放射均衡、放射非均衡、多核心均衡、走廊式布局模式及混合模式。

关键词: 村庄空间分布模式, 地理探测器, 村镇体系重构, 村庄规划, 乡村地理学, 中国

Abstract:

This study focuses on the distribution characteristics, effect factors and optimized reconstructing analysis of rural settlement in China. Based on electronic map data in 2012 and socioeconomic data of counties in China, the spatial distribution pattern of rural settlement and effect factors have been examined using model of the average nearest neighbor distance and geographical detector method, while the background and mode for rural space optimization reconstruction were analyzed. Main results for this study are as follows: 1) the rural settlement spatial distribution mode consists of cluster, random and uniform discrete distributions in China, while the regional differences were significant. The density of rural settlements is greater in the southeastern region than in the northwest region with Hu Huanyong's population distribution line for the boundary in China. There were a variety of characteristics for the rural settlement distribution in different type of regions. The spatial distribution of rural settlement was intensive, and those spatial distribution modes were mainly random and disperse with a short average nearest neighbor distance in plain areas. On the other side, the density of rural settlement was low, and those spatial distribution modes were mainly cluster relatively with a long average nearest neighbor distance in highland and cold areas and fringes of the desert. In addition, the density of rural settlement was high, and those spatial distribution modes were mainly random in the intersected transition zone between hill and mountain. 2) The dual factors affect the rural settlement distribution from traditional and economy. Although the traditional factors still play a significance role, the influence of the economic developed more and more obviously. There were a large amount of factors attributing to impacting rural settlement distribution, the spatial form of production and life space, including natural topography and water resources natural conditions, etc. That also included traffic condition, industry, economic development level and agricultural modernization. 3) With factors of production non-agriculture in rural region, the rural space need be a reconstructing optimization. The priority selection is to rebuild village-town system for optimizing rural physical space. Theoretically, village-town system is a sort of hierarchical structure, consisting of central regional town, general agricultural town, central village and basic village. 4) The multiple modes will been made use of restructuring rural space in different geographical areas, including balance forms of radiation, radiation disequilibrium forms, multicore equilibrium forms and corridor layout pattern or mixed modes. From the system and the hierarchical logic level to deconstruct the rural space theory for optimization, a reasonable village-town system is rebuilt orderly, which will provide a scientific basis for urban and rural urbanization.

Key words: spatial distribution modes of rural settlement, geographical detector, village-town system reconstruction, village planning, rural geography, China

中图分类号:

K901.8

杨忍, 刘彦随, 龙花楼, 王洋, 张怡筠. 中国村庄空间分布特征及空间优化重组解析[J]. 地理科学, 2016, 36(2): 170-179.

Ren Yang, Yansui Liu, Hualou Long, Yang Wang, Yijun Zhang. Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Optimized Reconstructing Analysis of Rural Settlement in China[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2016, 36(2): 170-179.

图/表 7

表1

图1

图2

图3

图4

表2

图5

参考文献 32

[1]	刘彦随, 杨忍. 中国县域城镇化空间特征与形成机理分析[J]. 地理学报, 2012, 67(8): 1101-1110.
	[Liu Yansui, Yang Ren.The spatial characteristics and formation mechanism of the county urbanization in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 67(8): 1101-1110.]
[2]	Zhou Guohua, He Yanhua, Tang Chengli et al. Dynamic mechanism and present situation of rural settlement evolution in China[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2013, 23(3): 513-524. doi: 10.1007/s11442-013-1025-7
[3]	金其铭, 董昕, 张小林. 乡村地理学[M]. 南京: 江苏教育出版社, 1990.
	[Jin Qimig, Dong Xin, Zhang Xiaolin. Rural Geography.Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Publishing House, 1990.]
[4]	金其铭. 我国农村聚落地理研究历史及近今趋向[J]. 地理学报, 1988, 43(4): 311-317. doi: 10.11821/xb198804003
	[Jin Qiming.The history and current trend of research on rural settlement geography in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1988, 43(4): 311-317. ] doi: 10.11821/xb198804003
[5]	Yang Ren, Liu Yansui, Long Hualou, et al.Spatio-temporal characteristics of rural settlements and land use in the Bohai Rim of China[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2015, 25(5):559-572. doi: 10.1007/s11442-015-1187-6
[6]	DeMarco M, Matusitz J. The Impact of Central-Place Theory on Wal-Mart[J]. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 2011, 21(2):130-141. doi: 10.1080/10911359.2011.542991
[7]	沃尔特•克里斯塔勒. 德国南部的中心地原理[M]. 常正义等译. 北京: 商务印书馆, 1998.
	[Christallerr Walter.Die Zentralen Orte in Süddeutschland. Translated by Chang Zhengyi et al. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1998.]
[8]	席建超, 赵美风, 葛全胜. 旅游地乡村聚落用地格局演变的微尺度分析——河北野三坡旅游区苟各庄村的案例实证[J]. 地理学报, 2011, 66(12): 1707-1717.
	[Xi Jianchao, Zhao Meifeng, Ge Quansheng.The Micro-scale Analysis of Rural Settlement Land Use Pattern: A Case Study of Gouge Village of Ye Sanpo Scenic Area in Hebei Province. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(12): 1707-1717.]
[9]	韩非, 蔡建明. 我国半城市化地区乡村聚落的形态演变与重建[J]. 地理研究, 2011, 30(7): 1271-1284. doi: 10.11821/yj2011070013
	[Han Fei, Cai Jianming.The evolution and reconstruction of peri-urban rural habitat in China. Geographical Research, 2011, 30(7): 1271-1284.] doi: 10.11821/yj2011070013
[10]	单勇兵, 马晓冬, 仇方道. 苏中地区乡村聚落的格局特征及类型划分[J]. 地理科学, 2012, 32(11): 1340-1347.
	[Shan Yongbing, Ma Xiaodong, Qiu Fangdao.Distribution Patterns Characteristics and Type Classification of the Rural Settlements in Central Jiangsu Province. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2012, 32(11): 1340-1347.]
[11]	杨忍, 刘彦随, 龙花楼. 中国环渤海地区人口-土地-产业非农化转型协同演化特征[J]. 地理研究, 2015, 34(3): 475-486. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201503007
	[Yang Ren, Liu Yansui, Long Hualou.The study on non-agricultural transformation co-evolution characteristics of “population-land-industry”: case study of the Bohai Rim in China. Geographical Research, 2015, 34(3): 475-486.] doi: 10.11821/dlyj201503007
[12]	李君, 李小建. 国内外农村居民点区位研究评述[J]. 人文地理, 2008, 23(4): 23-27.
	[Li Jun, Li Xiaojian.A review on location of the rural settlement. Human Geography, 2008, 23(4): 23-27.]
[13]	李君, 李小建. 综合区域环境影响下的农村居民点空间分布变化及影响因素分析——以河南巩义市为例[J]. 资源科学, 2009, 31(7): 1195-1204.
	[Li Jun, LI Xiaojian.Study on the effect factors and distribution changes of rural residential under the multiple regional environment: A case study of Gongyi City in Henan Province. Resources Science, 2009, 31(7):1195-1204.]
[14]	Long Hualou, Liu Yansui, Wu Xiuqin et al. Spatio-temporal dynamic patterns of farmland and rural settlements in Su-Xi-Chang region: Implications for building a new countryside in coastal China[J]. Land Use Policy, 2009, 26(2): 322-333. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.04.001
[15]	Hill M.Rural Settlement and the Urban Impact on the Countryside[M]. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2003: 58-72.
[16]	叶超, 蔡运龙. 地理学方法论变革的案例剖析——重新审视《地理学中的例外论》之争[J]. 地理学报, 2009, 64(9): 1134-1142.
	[Ye Chao, Cai Yunlong.Re-evaluating Schaefer and his criticizing on exceptionalism in Geography: A case study on the innovation of methodology. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(9): 1134-1142.]
[17]	叶超. 人文地理学空间思想的几次重大转折[J]. 人文地理,2012, 27(5): 1-5.
	[Ye, Chao.The significant turns of thoughts on space in human geography. Human Geography, 2012, 27(5): 1-5.]
[18]	Gregory D.Human geography and Space[M]// R J Johnston. The Dictionary of Human Geography. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000:767-773.
[19]	Tian Guangjin, Qiao Zhi, Zhang Yaoqi.The investigation of relationship between rural settlement density, size, spatial distribution and its geophysical parameters of China using Landsat TM images[J]. Ecological Modelling, 2012, 231(24): 25-36.
[20]	Woods M.Engaging the global countryside: Globalization, hybridity and the reconstitution of rural place[J]. Progress in Human Geography, 2007, 31(4): 485-507.
[21]	Woods M.Rural Geography: Processes, Responses and Experiences in Rural Restructuring[M]. London: Sage, 2005:3-26.
[22]	王远飞,何洪林. 空间数据分析方法[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2008.
	[Wang Yuanfei, He Honglin.Spatial data analysis method. Beijing: Science Press, 2008.]
[23]	杨忍,刘彦随,陈玉福,等. 环渤海地区复种指数遥感反演及影响因素探测[J].地理科学, 2013, 33(5): 521-527.
	[Yang Ren, Liu Yansui, Chen Yufu et al. The remote sensing inversion for spatial and temporal changes of multiple cropping index and detection for influencing factors in the Bohai Rim in China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2013, 33(5): 521-527.]
[24]	Wang J F, Li X H, Christakos G, et al.Geographical detectors-based health risk assessment and its application in the neural tube defects study of the He shun Region, China[J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2010, 24(1): 107-127. doi: 10.1080/13658810802443457
[25]	北京灵图软件技术有限公司. 中国电子地图[CD]. 北京:人民交通音像电子出版社, 2012.
	[Beijing Lingtu Software Technologies Ltd. China Electronic Map.Beijing: People Traffic Audiovisual Electronic Press, 2012.]
[26]	国家统计局国民经济综合统计司. 中国区域经济统计年鉴[M]. 北京:中国统计出版社, 2013.
	[National Bureau of Statistics. China Statistical Yearbook for Regional Economy. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2013.]
[27]	国家统计局农村社会经济调查司. 中国县域统计年鉴[M]. 北京:中国统计出版社, 2013.
	[National Bureau of Statistics. China County Statistical Yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2013.]
[28]	Bai Xuemei, Shi Peijun, Liu Yansui.Realizing China’s urban dream[J]. Nature, 2014, 509(8 May 2014):158-160. doi.10.1038/509158a
[29]	Liu Yansui, Yang Ren, Long Hualou.Implications of land-use change in rural China: a case study of Yucheng, Shandong province[J]. Land Use Policy, 2014, 40:111-118. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.03.012
[30]	杨忍, 刘彦随, 陈秧分. 中国农村空心化综合测度与分区[J]. 地理研究, 2012, 31(10):1876-1882. doi: 10.11821/yj2012090015
	[Yang Ren, Liu Yansui, Chen Yangfen.Comprehensive measure and partition of rural hollowing in China. Geographical Research, 2012, 31(10): 1876-1882.] doi: 10.11821/yj2012090015
[31]	杨忍, 刘彦随,郭丽英等. 环渤海地区农村空心化程度与耕地利用集约度的时空变化及其耦合关系[J].地理科学进展, 2013, 32(2): 181-190. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1033.2013.00181
	[Yang Ren, Liu Yansui, Guo Liying et al. Spatial-temporal characteristics for rural hollowing and cultivated land use intensive degree: taking the Circum-Bohai Sea region in China as an example. Progress in Geography, 2013, 32(2): 181-190.] doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1033.2013.00181
[32]	葛丹东. 中国村庄规划的体系与模式——当今新农村建设战略与技术[M].南京: 东南大学出版社, 2010.
	[Ge Dandong.The system and mode of rural planning in China: Technology and strategy of the new rural construction. Nanjing: Southeast University Press , 2010.]

阈值	x₁(m)	x₂(mm)	x₃(%)	x₄(km)	x₅(10⁸元)	x₆(km)	x₇(10³元)	x₈(%)	x₉(10³元)	x₁₀(人/km²)	x₁₁(10³kg/人)	x₁₂(kW/hm²)	x₁₃(hm²/人)
一级区	<500	<400	<30	<15	<25	<90	<4.5	<50	<15	<100	<2.0	<1.0	<0.1
二级区	500~100	400~800	30~50	15~30	25~50	90~150	4.5~7.5	50~75	15~30	100~300	2.0~3.0	1.0~1.5	0.1~0.2
三级区	>1000	>800	>50	>30	>50	>150	>7.5	>75	>30	>300	>3.0	>1.5	>0.2

P值	高程	降水	城镇化率	交通通达度	固定资产投资	离中心城市距离	农民人均收入	产业非农化	人均 GDP	人口密度	劳均粮食产量	农业机械总动力	人均耕地面积
密度	0.49	0.64	0.59	0.51	0.43	0.48	0.40	0.40	0.41	0.57	0.41	0.44	0.38
R指数	0.65	0.53	0.60	0.56	0.45	0.53	0.58	0.41	0.42	0.57	0.42	0.51	0.41
邻近距离	0.60	0.81	0.70	0.80	0.47	0.83	0.61	0.44	0.59	0.70	0.68	0.57	0.63

中国村庄空间分布特征及空间优化重组解析

Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Optimized Reconstructing Analysis of Rural Settlement in China

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

赞

可视化

被引次数

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 7

参考文献 32

相关文章 15

Metrics

本文评价

推荐阅读 0

[1]	辛晓华, 吕拉昌. 中国主要城市技术创新影响环境污染的空间分异与机理[J]. 地理科学, 2021, 41(1): 129-139.
[2]	张子昂, 保继刚. 多重距离对中国入境与出境旅游流的影响:基于组态的视角[J]. 地理科学, 2021, 41(1): 13-21.
[3]	郑德凤, 王佳媛, 李钰, 姜俊超, 吕乐婷. 基于节水视角的中国水资源压力时空演变及影响因素分析[J]. 地理科学, 2021, 41(1): 157-166.
[4]	谭雪兰, 王振凯, 蒋凌霄, 安悦, 雷济华, 任辉. 洞庭湖地区农业功能时空演变的影响机制研究[J]. 地理科学, 2020, 40(8): 1355-1364.
[5]	刘云刚, 刘玄宇, 张争胜. 渔民视角下中国南海的领域构建[J]. 地理科学, 2020, 40(7): 1062-1071.
[6]	汪德根, 沙梦雨, 赵美风. 国家级贫困县脱贫力空间格局及分异机制[J]. 地理科学, 2020, 40(7): 1072-1081.
[7]	夏函, 张万顺, 彭虹, 李琳, 黄攀攀, 夏晶晶. 基于主体功能区规划的中国城市化地区生态功能评估[J]. 地理科学, 2020, 40(6): 882-889.
[8]	罗小龙, 曹姝君, 顾宗倪. 回流城镇化：中部地区城镇化开启新路径[J]. 地理科学, 2020, 40(5): 685-690.
[9]	吴媛媛, 宋玉祥. 中国人口老龄化空间格局演变及其驱动因素[J]. 地理科学, 2020, 40(5): 768-775.
[10]	屠爽爽, 龙花楼. 乡村聚落空间重构的理论解析[J]. 地理科学, 2020, 40(4): 509-517.
[11]	杨忍, 陈燕纯, 张菁, 徐茜. 20世纪90年代以来西方乡村地理研究的主要理论演变与启示[J]. 地理科学, 2020, 40(4): 544-555.
[12]	曲衍波. 论乡村聚落转型[J]. 地理科学, 2020, 40(4): 572-580.
[13]	范建红, 梁肇宏, Steven B Emery. 第二次世界大战后英国乡村景观研究的脉络走向及启示[J]. 地理科学, 2020, 40(4): 590-598.
[14]	张新林, 仇方道, 谭俊涛, 王长建. 中国工业生态效率时空分异特征及其影响因素解析[J]. 地理科学, 2020, 40(3): 335-343.
[15]	姜洪强, 梅林, 杨立青. 中国淘宝店铺服务质量空间分异及影响因素[J]. 地理科学, 2020, 40(3): 428-436.