从生态系统服务角度探究土地利用变化引起的生态失衡——以莱州湾海岸带为例

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2016.08.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以莱州湾海岸带为研究区,基于2000年、2005年、2010年和2014年多时相土地利用数据,应用生态系统服务价值评估,逐层剖析土地利用变化对生态系统服务失衡特征的影响。结果表明：莱州湾海岸带供水与空气组分调节服务呈负值,2000~2014年,生态系统服务总价值丧失43%（147亿美元/a）,生态系统服务多样性降低甚至丧失,呈向海性,围填海造成162亿美元生态损失。土地利用变化方式是造成生态失衡的主因,主要包括：交通工矿、盐田、养殖及城镇扩张,滩涂、河口湿地、耕地被侵占。滩涂和河口湿地减少,导致废物处理、栖息地、基因多样性、干扰调节、侵蚀防护服务丧失严重,交通工矿和城镇扩张,引起供水服务负效应加剧。

关键词: 土地利用, 生态系统服务失衡, 海岸带

Abstract:

Based on RS and GIS technology, using high-resolution Landsat TM image data in 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2014, taking typical Laizhou Bay coastal zone as the study area, the paper analyzed land use change in Laizhou Bay coastal zone from 2000 to 2014, and assessed the changes of ecosystem functions and ecosystem services value (ESV) by drawing a connection between the observed land use dynamics and the evaluation of ESV, based on the benefit transfer method. The outcomes indicated that: 1) During the period 2000 to 2014, ESV of Laizhou Bay coastal zone decreased by 43%, from US 34.3 to 19.6 billion per year, net loss of yearly ecosystem service value was about US 14.7 billion. The ecosystem service functions were lost seriously. 2) The values of water supply service and air quality regulation are US -6.48 and US -0.22 billion per year, respectively. 3) The main causes of the decline of total ecosystem service value were the expansion of the construction land, salt pan, aquaculture, urban land and the decrease of the coastal wetland and cropland. 4) Sea and wetland reclamation caused US 16.2 billion loss of ecosystem service value yearly. The ecosystem service values of waste treatment, nursery service, genetic diversity, disturbance moderation, erosion prevention were lost seriously due to the loss of coastal wetlands. The ecosystem service value of water supply was lost seriously due to the expansion of the construction land and urban land. Results in this paper would lead government officials to realize the importance of ecosystem functions and services in Laizhou Bay coastal zone and identify the core ecosystem services from a socio-economic perspective. Land use change may seem economically profitable. However, after losing ecosystem services such as regulating or supporting services, the imbalance in ecosystem services would impact the human well-being and socio-economic development. Policy making should consider imbalance in ecosystem service, protect regional ecosystem services function and maintain its stability, so that ecosystems are preserved and society benefited.

Key words: land use, imbalance in ecosystem services, coastal zone

中图分类号:

Q148

李晓炜, 侯西勇, 邸向红, 苏红帆. 从生态系统服务角度探究土地利用变化引起的生态失衡——以莱州湾海岸带为例[J]. 地理科学, 2016, 36(8): 1197-1204.

Xiaowei Li, Xiyong Hou, Xianghong Di, Hongfan Su. Effects of Land Use Change on Imbalance in Ecosystem Services:A Case Study of Laizhou Bay Coastal Zone[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2016, 36(8): 1197-1204.

图/表 9

图1

表1

表2

各类土地利用生态系统服务的类型多样性及价值单价[美元/(hm2?a),2014年物价水平]"

LU	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
11^**	86	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
12^**	86	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
21^*	341	218	207	0	0	0	0	174	0	0	8	6
22^*	171	109	103	0	0	0	0	87	0	0	4	3
23^*	59	0	194	0	0	37	0	8	0	0	0	15
24^*	341	218	207	0	0	0	0	174	0	0	8	6
31^*	1361	69	61	0	1	0	0	46	0	0	86	50
32^*	680	34	30	0	1	0	0	23	0	0	43	25
33^*	272	14	12	0	0	0	0	9	0	0	17	10
41^***	0	-13843	0	0	0	0	-539	0	0	0	-632	0
42^***	0	-13843	0	0	0	0	-539	0	0	0	-632	0
43^***	0	-61976	0	0	0	0	-2834	0	0	0	-5919	0
51^*	121	2064	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	214	0
52^*	121	2064	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	214	0
53^*	121	2064	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	214	0
54^*	701	466	485	0	113	130	0	557	3409	6401	3442	2977
61^*	1269	1390	409	11	344	0	0	74	6110	0	185109	4486
62^*	2722	0	14	0	0	0	0	547	0	0	0	28964
63^*	1269	1390	409	11	344	0	0	74	6110	0	185109	4486
64^*	2722	0	14	0	0	0	0	547	0	0	0	28964
65^*	106	0	9	0	0	0	0	74	0	0	0	0
71^#	0	0	7872	0	0	0	0	207	0	0	8179	4
72^##	11413	0	4434	0	0	0	1110	571	0	0	236	0
81^###	3	0	6	0	0	0	9	20	0	11	41	27
LU	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	总计	类型多样性
11^**	0	22	38	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	147	3
12^**	0	22	38	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	147	3
21^*	106	0	268	0	984	0	1129	0	0	1	3442	11
22^*	53	0	134	0	492	0	565	0	0	1	1721	11
23^*	0	35	0	1453	3	0	8	0	0	0	1813	9
24^*	106	0	268	0	984	0	1129	0	0	1	3442	11
31^*	0	0	0	0	1386	191	30	0	0	0	3279	10
32^*	0	0	0	0	693	95	15	0	0	0	1640	10
33^*	0	0	0	0	277	38	6	0	0	0	656	10
41^***	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	-15014	-3
42^***	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	-15014	-3
43^***	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	-70729	-3
51^*	0	0	0	0	0	0	2473	0	0	0	4872	4
52^*	0	0	0	0	0	0	2473	0	0	0	4872	4
53^*	0	0	0	0	0	0	2473	0	0	0	4872	4
54^*	1956	0	1082	1469	1334	1475	2524	799	0	0	29322	17
61^*	51	0	0	12158	7410	0	2504	0	0	0	221323	13
62^*	0	0	0	222	206	0	292	0	24	25	33015	9
63^*	51	0	0	12158	7410	0	2504	0	0	0	221323	13
64^*	0	0	0	222	206	0	292	0	24	25	33015	9
65^*	0	0	0	0	6	0	364	0	0	0	559	5
71^#	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	16263	4
72^##	0	0	0	0	223	0	0	0	491	0	18479	7
81^###	0	0	0	0	63	0	38	0	0	0	218	9

表2

图2

图3

表3

图4

表4

表5

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离海岸距离（km）	减少量 (10⁶$)	增加量 (10⁶$)	滨海湿地丧失 (10⁶$)	转为城镇用地 (10⁶$)	转为农村居民点 (10⁶$)	转为交通工矿 (10⁶$)	转为未利用地 (10⁶$)
10	-15197	5273	-13783	-253	-119	-2295	-3871
20	-4292	614	-3103	-272	-67	-1080	-44
30	-609	198	-3	-85	-66	-326	-3
40	-179	32	0	-72	-40	-25	-1
50	-290	51	0	-132	-36	-105	0
60	-281	24	0	-101	-44	-120	0

	耕地	林地	草地	城镇用地	农村居民点	独立工矿交通	内陆水体	滨海湿地	盐田	养殖	未利用地	总计
耕地	0	2.6	2.5	-471.7	-300.6	-655.9	64.3	4.9	130.5	117.9	0	-1105.5
林地	-0.9	0.1	-0.2	-8.2	-15.3	-43.8	0.8	3	0	0.5	0	-64
草地	-86.5	0.2	-8.5	-36.8	-37.5	-435	37.4	1469.8	152	183.1	-7.3	1230.8
城镇交通工矿等	60.7	5.9	108.8	277.2	8.8	-5.4	198.2	178.7	359.4	124.5	37	1353.8
内陆水体	-100.7	-0.6	-45.8	-12.9	-8.8	-225.5	-92.6	158.3	14.7	18.5	-5.2	-300.9
滩涂	-39.3	-20.3	-1096.6	-225.7	-27.3	-274.1	-433.6	-110.9	-2989	-226.9	-3645.6	-9089.4
河口水域	0	0	-0.2	0	0	0	-0.5	7.5	0	0	-0.6	6.3
河口三角洲湿地	-16.6	0	-151.8	0	0	-1202.3	-1321.7	-404.4	-1770.8	-2675.7	-254.3	-7797.6
沿海泻湖/瀉湖	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3.9	0	0	0	3.9
浅海水域	0	0	0.1	-6.4	-1.4	-198.3	0.5	2026.4	0.1	17.2	-2.3	1835.9
盐田	-22	0	-11.1	-133.5	-7.4	-609.9	-0.6	5.4	0	18.1	-2.8	-763.8
养殖	-6.6	-0.1	-1.1	-17.2	-1.2	-10.2	0.1	8.3	-27.8	0	-0.5	-56.4
未利用地	-0.8	0	2.2	-20.9	-1.8	-336.3	16.9	191	87.3	58.2	0	-4.2
总计	-212.8	-12.1	-1201.6	-656.1	-392.6	-3996.7	-1530.9	3541.9	-4043.7	-2364.6	-3881.7	-14751

二级生态系统服务	城镇用地	工矿交通用地	滩涂	河口三角洲湿地	其他LU类型	总计
1.食物生产	0	0	-39	-37	330	254
2.供水	-1064	-1358	-43	-41	121	-2384
3.原材料	0	0	-13	-12	492	468
4.遗传资源	0	0	0	0	0	-1
5.医药资源	0	0	-11	-10	-1	-22
6.景观资源	0	0	0	0	-1	-1
7.空气组分调节	-41	-62	0	0	43	-61
8.气候调节	0	0	-2	-2	24	19
9.干扰调节	0	0	-189	-179	-24	-392
10.水体调节	0	0	0	0	-44	-44
11.废物处理	-49	-130	-5738	-5430	345	-11001
12.侵蚀防护（土壤保持持留）	0	0	-139	-132	128	-142
13.营养循环	0	0	-2	-2	-14	-17
14.授粉	0	0	0	0	-1	-1
15.生物防治	0	0	0	0	-9	-9
16.栖息地/避难所	0	0	-377	-357	-9	-743
17.基因多样性	0	0	-230	-217	-77	-524
18.美学	0	0	0	0	-21	-21
19.休闲娱乐	0	0	-78	-73	8	-143
20.灵感	0	0	0	0	-6	-6
21.宗教价值	0	0	0	0	17	17
22.认知发展	0	0	0	0	0	0
总计	-1154	-1550	-6860	-6492	1304	-14751

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