商洛市水源涵养服务功能空间格局与影响因素

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2016.10.012

地理科学 ›› 2016, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (10): 1546-1554.doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2016.10.012

商洛市水源涵养服务功能空间格局与影响因素

陈姗姗^1,²(), 刘康¹(), 包玉斌¹, 陈海¹

1.西北大学城市与环境学院, 陕西西安 710127
2.宝鸡文理学院陕西省灾害监测与模拟重点实验室, 陕西宝鸡 721007

收稿日期:2016-01-20 修回日期:2016-05-14 出版日期:2016-10-20 发布日期:2020-09-07
作者简介:
作者简介：陈姗姗（1984-）,女,陕西宝鸡人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为生态评估。E-mail:chenshanshan018@163.com
基金资助:
环保部重点项目（STSN-05-27）、西北大学研究生自主创新项目（YZZ14009）、国家林业公益性行业科研专项（201304309）资助

Spatial Pattern and Influencing Factors of Water Conservation Service Function in Shangluo City

Chen Shanshan^1,²(), Liu Kang¹(), Bao Yubin¹, Chen Hai¹

1.College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, Shaanxi, China
2. Key Laborary in Shaanxi Province for Monitored Calamity and Mechanism Simalation, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721007, Shaanxi, China

Received:2016-01-20 Revised:2016-05-14 Online:2016-10-20 Published:2020-09-07
Supported by:
Key Project of the Environmental Protection Department (STSN-05-26), Graduate Student Self-innovation Project of Northwest University (YZZ14009), Special Scientific Research of State Forest Public Welfare Profession of China (201304309)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以商洛市为例,利用InVEST产水量模型和多年平均涵养水量模型,以参数本地化、实地率定和结果验证,对该区水源涵养功能的空间格局分异规律及其影响因素进行分析。结果表明：① 商洛市水源涵养总量为27.48×10⁸m3/a,水源涵养能力为324.85 mm。五大流域水源涵养功能依次为旬河>乾佑河>金钱河>丹江>洛河。② 气候因素对产水能力空间格局影响最大,10 a土地利用变化和下垫面植被、土壤因素则对水源涵养空间异质性影响显著。③ 子流域单元产水能力相关性强的因子为多年平均降水、实际蒸散发和植物可利用水,水源涵养功能关键驱动因子是潜在蒸散量、土壤饱和导水率与森林覆盖率。

关键词: 产水量, 水源涵养功能, InVEST模型, 商洛市

Abstract:

As a major water source region of the of South to North Water Diversion Project, Shangluo City was selected as a case study. Water yield sub-model of the InVEST Model and Water Retention Model were used to reveal the spatial heterogeneity and influencing factor of the service of water retention. Through the process of in-situ acquisition, the field calibration and model verification, several conclusions were drawn as the following: 1) The gross amount of water conservation was 2.748×10⁹m3/a, and the capacity of water conservation was 324.85 mm in Shangluo City. The order of the capacity of water conservation of five watersheds was the Xunhe River, the Qianyou River, the Jinqian River, theDanhe River and the Luohe River. 2) Climate factors had the greatest effect on the spatialpattern of water yield capacity, and the land use change in recent 10 years and vegetationand soil properties in different underlying surface impacted significantly on the spatial heterogeneity of water conservation. 3) There was probably a stronger correlation among the space of water yield capacity and mean annual precipitation, actural vaporation, and the effect of plant available. The key driving factors of water conservation function was potentialevaporation, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity and forest cover rate.

Key words: water yield, water conservation function, InVEST Modle, Shangluo City

中图分类号:

P964

陈姗姗, 刘康, 包玉斌, 陈海. 商洛市水源涵养服务功能空间格局与影响因素[J]. 地理科学, 2016, 36(10): 1546-1554.

Chen Shanshan, Liu Kang, Bao Yubin, Chen Hai. Spatial Pattern and Influencing Factors of Water Conservation Service Function in Shangluo City[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2016, 36(10): 1546-1554.

图/表 10

图1

表1

数据来源与参数本地化"

模块	需要数据	参数获取与校验处理
产水	土地利用	HJ-1卫星CCD数据2000、2010年（陕西省生态10 a下发解译后的数据）
	流域边界	大面积流域边界范围基础上提取商洛市县域
	子流域	基于DEM水文与河网子流域提取^[15],生成385个子流域
	降水量	商洛市及周边站点共19个站点1981~2013年月降水量,计算年平均降水量,考虑海拔采用协同克里格插值,用交叉验证法对插值进行精度校正^[16]
	潜在蒸散发	采用Modified-Hargreaves哈格里夫斯公式计算,包括1981~2013年日最大气温、日最小气温、大气顶层辐射等^[17~19]
	土层厚度	商洛地区土壤普查数据,商洛土壤资源质量评价参数表获取。川原地土层剖面25类;低山丘陵区土层剖面11类;中山区主要土层剖面7类
	根系深度	基于陕西省植被类型与植被覆盖度数据,结合研究实验区（丹江流域典型区商南县鹦鹉沟）流域植被类型分布深度界限值赋值。共13类,其它非植被赋值为1^[20~23]
	植物可利用水含量	商洛地区土壤普查数据,土壤质地组成与分类表。基于商洛地区土壤类型亚类级58种,包括土壤粘粒、粉粒、细砂和粗砂、有机质等含量。参考商洛市土壤的田间持水量（9类）和土类吸水凋萎系数（7类）的最大吸湿水与凋萎系数
	Zhang系数	基期的降水径流关系得到2000~2013年平均自然径流量,然后反复校验得出。遵循数值最接近自然径流量。估算数据为2.87
涵养	地形指数	根据土壤深度、百分坡度和汇水面积计算获得
	土壤饱和导水率	基于实地土壤粘粒、粉粒、和粗砂质量分数值用Neuro Theta软件预测出饱和导水率^[24]。经过训练数据可信度分析,S.D平均达到0.011
	流速系数	采用模型参数表数据
	百分比坡度	基于GIS空间分析模块,根据DEM算得。本区河谷川原坡度1°~7°、浅山丘陵坡度10°~25°、中山地貌坡度大于25°
	集水栅格数	基于GIS空间分析模块,根据DEM算得
	数字高程图	30 m×30 mDEM,洼地填充处理

表1

图2

图3

表2

表3

子流域暴雨、历史洪水与实验区数据"

子流域	站名	年数（a）	1976~2004年			地类	稳渗速率（mm/min）
子流域	站名	年数（a）	均值 $H 3 h$ （mm）			Cv	洪峰径流模数 [m³/(km²·s)]
旬河	柴坪	16	48.4	0.85	0.89	林地	3.51
乾佑河	青泥湾	28	44.3	1.0	1.16	草地	3.21
金钱河	南宽坪	26	41.1	1.05	2.20	沟台地	1.2
丹江	丹凤	19	33.8	0.95	2.19	坡耕地	1.0
洛河	灵口	26	38.7	0.8	1.32	荒地	0.35

表3

图4

图5

图6

表4

子流域产水能力影响因子与水源涵养功能影响因子"

产水能力影响因子（wyield_mn）				水源涵养功能影响因子（retention_mn）
保留因子	$B$ （降序）	$R 2$	Sig	保留因子	$B$ （降序）	$R 2$	Sig
Precip_mn	1.151	0.967	0.000	PET_mn	0.591	0.721	0.007
AET_mn	-0.412	0.989	0.000	Ksat_mn	0.503	0.519	0.007
PAWC_sum_mn	0.211	0.989	0.000	AET_mn	-0.412	0.774	0.000
VF_sum	-0.077	0.972	0.000	VF_sum	0.383	0.808	0.000
Soildepth_mn	-0.060	0.987	0.000	旱地比例	-0.286	0.712	0.006
旱地比例	-0.034	0.990	0.034	DEM_mn	-0.204	0.794	0.000
				Soildepth_mn	0.184	0.800	0.000
				PAWC_mn	0.100	0.804	0.000

表4

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子流域数据比较	旬河	乾佑河	金钱河	丹江	洛河
模型计算子流域产水量（×10⁸m3）	3.50	5.14	8.34	13.64	4.23
水资源总量-地下水量（2008~2013年均值）（×10⁸m3）	5.53	5.75	9.84	12.56	4.86
模拟计算子流域产水深度（mm）	539.77	506.41	498.54	469.74	391.53
地表水资源径流深度（多年平均）（mm）	380	310	275	220	205

商洛市水源涵养服务功能空间格局与影响因素

Spatial Pattern and Influencing Factors of Water Conservation Service Function in Shangluo City

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