深圳市城中村“非正规住房”空间特征与演化研究

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2016.12.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于住房普查和建筑普查资料,对深圳市城中村“非正规住房”的空间特征与演化进行研究。得出以下结论：① 城中村“非正规住房”的空间集聚特征明显并形成若干集聚区,且表现出明显的圈层分化,非正规住房规模比重从城市中心到边缘呈先增长后降低的发展态势。② 影响城中村“非正规住房”空间结构的主因子包括规模因子、住房构成因子、增长因子、建筑特征因子和使用状态因子,城中村“非正规住房”可以划分为边缘增长型、空间集聚型、相对稳定型和中心转化型等4种类型。③ 深圳市城中村“非正规住房”的发展演化过程包括形成阶段、快速发展阶段、高潮阶段和缓慢增长阶段,不同阶段的非正规住房具有差异化的演化背景与空间结构特征。

关键词: 非正规住房, 城中村, 空间特征, 演化, 深圳

Abstract:

China has been experiencing a rapid urbanization, together with a huge wave of immigrant population to cities. The housing problem of rural-urban migrants in China has become a focus of both academic and government concerns. Most of the rural-urban migrants cannot find suitable shelters through formal channels because of low-income and their Hukou registration. Due to the contradiction between housing supply and demand, the informal housing in urban village plays an important part in housing supply. Informal housing is widespread in urban village of rapid urbanization area. Scholars in western countries have established sound theoretical frameworks for studying informal housing, but the research fruits are rather limited in China. Therefore, the study on informal housing is of special importance to China's urban housing market and the healthy development of urbanization. Based on the census data, the article analyzes the spatial characteristics and evolution of informal housing in urban villages. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) Informal housing in urban villagesis appeared as spatial agglomeration and formed several concentrated area. The proportions of informal housing in different circles appear as significantly difference. 2) Taking use of the housing census data, this article divide the types of informal housing based on the method of factor analysis. The principal factors affected informal housing including the scale factors, housing constitution factors, growth factors, building characteristics and the using factors. The informal housing in urban villages is divided into four types: the fast growing informal housing, the spatial concentration informal housing, the relatively stable informal housing and the transforming informal housing. The fast growing informal housing tends to be distributed in the periphery of the city. The distribution of spatial concentration informal housing is likely along the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. The main types within the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone are relatively stable and transforming informal housing. 3) The spatial types of informal housing represent the different stage of urbanization. There are different building characteristics and development patterns of informal housing at different stage of urbanization. The formation and development of informal housing reflects the interaction of structure and agency. The results reflect the interaction between strength of top-down and bottom-up in the process of the housing supply.

Key words: informal housing, urban village, spatial characteristics, evolution, Shenzhen City

中图分类号:

F293.2

赵静, 闫小培, 朱莹. 深圳市城中村“非正规住房”空间特征与演化研究[J]. 地理科学, 2016, 36(12): 1802-1810.

Jing Zhao, Xiaopei Yan, Ying Zhu. Spatial Characteristics and Evolution of Informal Housing in Urban Village of Shenzhen[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2016, 36(12): 1802-1810.

图/表 9

表1

图1

图2

表2

城中村非正规住房空间结构载荷矩阵"

变量类型	变量指标	主因子1	主因子2	主因子3	主因子4	主因子5
规模变量	地均非正规住房栋数	0.879	0.316	-0.147	-0.058	-0.017
	地均非正规住房建筑面积	0.873	0.278	-0.082	-0.158	0.203
	地均非正规住房占地面积	0.902	0.317	-0.131	-0.129	0.090
	非正规住房栋数占住房总栋数的比重	0.183	0.925	-0.049	0.069	0.042
	非正规住房建筑面积占住房总建筑面积的比重	0.253	0.000	0.026	-0.078	0.017
	非正规住房占地面积占住房总占地面积的比重	0.233	0.954	-0.009	0.000	-0.037
演化变量	非正规住房栋数的增长率	-0.154	0.010	0.947	0.030	-0.070
	非正规住房占地面积的增长率	-0.053	0.035	0.933	0.146	-0.064
	非正规住房建筑面积的增长率	-0.108	-0.088	0.931	0.112	-0.055
建筑强度	10层以上非正规住房的比重	-0.059	0.115	-0.057	-0.037	0.684
	7~9层非正规住房的比重	0.409	-0.085	-0.023	-0.307	0.640
	4~6层非正规住房的比重	-0.041	0.050	0.013	-0.675	-0.226
	3层以下非正规住房的比重	-0.271	0.008	0.021	0.661	-0.480
使用情况	空置的非正规住房的比重	0.002	0.024	0.327	0.272	-0.055
	部分出租的非正规住房的比重	0.179	-0.070	-0.134	-0.365	0.736
	出租的非正规住房的比重	-0.054	0.108	-0.079	0.164	-0.503
	自用的非正规住房的比重	-0.192	-0.073	0.121	0.177	-0.391
房屋结构	其他结构非正规住房的比重	-0.057	0.055	0.175	0.165	-0.065
	砖混结构非正规住房的比重	-0.092	-0.015	0.153	0.835	-0.205
	框架结构非正规住房的比重	0.123	-0.009	-0.168	-0.809	0.198
建筑状态	停建非正规住房的比重	0.090	-0.053	0.007	-0.082	-0.030
	在建非正规住房的比重	-0.142	0.052	-0.008	0.031	-0.045
	已竣工非正规住房的比重	0.136	-0.030	0.010	-0.010	0.073
基础设施水平	道路网密度	0.374	-0.217	-0.106	0.134	0.331
基础设施水平	绿地率	0.150	-0.032	-0.072	0.039	0.373

表2

图3

表3

图4

表4

深圳市城中村“非正规住房”演化阶段"

	城市化特征	城市空间特征	相关政策背景	非正规住房内涵
形成阶段（特区成立之初至 1988年）	特区内城市化开始	城市空间扩张主要集中在特区内,尤其是罗湖、蛇口等区位优越地区	《深圳经济特区农村社员建房用地的暂行规定（1982）》;《关于严禁在特区内乱建和私建房屋的规定（1982）》;《关于严禁在特区内乱建和私建房屋的补充规定（1983）》;《关于进一步加强深圳特区农村规划工作的通知（1986）》;《关于严格制止超标准建造私房和占用土地等违法违章现象的通知（1988）》	初期非正规住房已具有明确的涵义,即在特区内自行私建的房屋。后期,非正规住房具有了量化的指标,240 m²成为判断的重要标准
快速发展阶段 (1989~1998年）	特区内全面城市化,撤宝安县成立宝安、龙岗区	城市空间快速扩展,在特区外区位较好的地方形成新的中心。农村地域逐渐被城市建成区所包围,城中村逐渐形成与扩大	《深圳市人民政府关于严禁在特区内兴建单门独院私房的通知（1991）》;《深圳市宝安、龙岗区规划、国土管理暂行办法（1993）》;《关于处理深圳经济特区房地产权属遗留问题的若干规定（1993）》;《中共深圳市委、深圳市人民政府关于进一步加强规划国土管理的决定（1998）》	非正规住房内涵仍为擅自建设的私房,界定标准仍然延续之前的规定
高潮阶段(1999~ 2004年）	特区内进入提升期,特区外实现全面城市化	城市居住用地进入快速增长阶段,增长重心由特区内向特区外转化	《深圳市人民代表大会常务委员会关于坚决查处违法建筑的决定（1999）》;《深圳经济特区处理历史遗留违法私房若干规定（2001）》;《中共深圳市委深圳市人民政府关于坚决查处违法建筑和违法用地的决定（2004）》	以1999年3月5日为界,之后建设的都属于非正规住房;之前建设的不符合《深圳经济特区处理历史遗留违法私房若干规定》的处理范畴或未经处理的部分
缓慢增长阶段 (2005~2007年）	城市化进入质量提升阶段	城市空间相对稳定,城中村数量与占地规模也相对稳定	《深圳市原村民非商品住宅建设暂行办法（2006）》	对于1999年3月5日以后新建部分,是否符合报建手续是判断标准

表4

图5

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类别	居委会数	项目	因子1	因子2	因子3	因子4	因子5	类型判断
1	158	均值	-0.058	0.063	0.965	0.812	-0.412	边缘增长型
1	158	平方和均值	0.419	0.646	0.323	0.924	0.268	边缘增长型
2	144	均值	0.132	-0.084	-0.258	-0.878	-0.235	空间集聚型
2	144	平方和均值	1.365	0.076	0.672	0.646	0.492	空间集聚型
3	45	均值	0.964	-0.275	0.368	-0.495	0.293	相对稳定型
3	45	平方和均值	0.782	0.161	0.752	0.351	1.562	相对稳定型
4	32	均值	-1.023	-0.136	-0.124	-0.186	1.883	中心转化型
4	32	平方和均值	1.311	0.192	0.782	0.879	1.274	中心转化型